两种松梢斑螟的重要天敌—长距茧蜂

微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubella和果梢斑螟D. pryeri是我国马尾松、油松、黄山松和华山松等松树的重要钻梢蛀果害虫,引起梢枯干折,树冠畸形,果空籽瘪,严重影响松树的生长和成材,并造成种子园种子产量歉收。林间害虫种群观测和室内害虫饲育发现长距茧蜂Macrocentrus sp.(膜翅目、茧蜂科Bracodidae)是这两种松梢斑螟的重要寄生昆虫,种群数量较多,繁殖较强。该蜂幼虫寄生两种松梢斑螟幼虫体内。林间,微红梢斑螟越冬代幼虫寄生率为9.2％;果梢斑螟第一代幼虫寄生率为7.8％。在两种松梢斑螟幼虫种群数量增长中,该蜂起重要的制约作用。     

肾状线虫属重要种类的鉴定和特征描述

记述了目前世界上认可的肾状线虫属(Rotylenchulus sp.)已知的10个种的重要鉴定特征、世界分布和寄主范围。这10个种包括越南肾状线虫(R.anamictus)、短管肾状线虫(R.brevitubulus)、北方贝肾状线虫(R.borea-lis)、短尾肾状线虫(R.clavicaudatus)、离异肾状线虫(R.leptus)、大囊肾状线虫(R.macrodoratus)、长肾状线虫(R.macrosoma)、微小肾状线虫(R.parvus)、肾形肾状线虫(R.reniformis)和甘蔗肾状线虫(R.sacchari)。并对其最具经济意义的两种线虫的特征进行了描述。     

玉米地昆虫及捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态研究

南宁市郊玉米地害虫、捕食性昆虫、蜘蛛及中性昆虫由90科315种组成,害虫、蜘蛛及捕食性昆虫是玉米地节肢动物群落组成及功能作用的主要群落。禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)、玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、六斑月瓢虫(Menochilus sexmaculata)、龟纹瓢虫(Propylaea japonica)、食虫沟瘤蛛(Ummeliata insecticeps)、锥腹肖蛸(Tetragnatha maxillosa)、八斑鞘腹蛛(Coleosoma octomaculatum)、类奇异獾蛛(Trochosa ruricoloides)和脉娲蛛(Wadicosa fidelis)等是群落的主体。分析了4个亚群落的时空格局及数量变动规律以及天敌对害虫的控制作用。     

棉枯萎镰刀菌血清学初步研究

以棉枯萎镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum菌丝体中提取的蛋白质为抗原,制备出3个生理小种、6个菌系的抗血清。琼脂双扩散试验效价1/16—1/32。这些抗血清与串珠(F.moniliforme)、半裸(F.semitectum)、木贼(F.equiseti)和茄病(F.solani)等4种镰刀菌的双扩试验,无肉眼可见或仅有微弱的沉淀线出现,其血清学关系较远;与尖孢种内的黄瓜(F.oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum)、菜豆(F.oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli)和啤酒花(F. oxysporum f.spp.)等3个专化型的双扩试验,具有明显的沉淀线,其形状、条数及清晰度有差异并出现交叉,血清学关系较为密切;与棉枯萎镰刀菌3个小种14个菌系的双扩试验,具有多条沉淀线,融合多,分枝少,同源反应比异源反应清楚,其血清学关系更为密切。 综合分析镰刀菌的形态,致病性和琼脂双扩散试验结果,表明镰刀菌血清学关系与镰刀菌形态学、致病性有一定程度的一致性和相关性、血清学方法可作为棉枯萎镰刀菌分类的手段之一。     

贵州烟仓害虫天敌种类及优势天敌初步研究

贵州烟仓害虫天敌种类多,优势、有效天敌为麦蛾茧蜂(Habrobracon hebetor)、米象娜金小蜂(Lariophagusdistinguendus)。天敌对降低和减轻害虫的发生量及控制其对烟叶的危害发挥了重要作用。在烟叶储藏中开展生物防治,保护利用天敌有着广泛的前景。     

稻水蝇危害水稻产量损失研究

采用相关分析和通径分析法研究了稻水蝇危害与水稻产量损失的关系。结果表明:水稻产量(y,kg/hm²)与田间虫口密度(x,头 /m²)、穗损失率 (x₅,% )间0.01水平显著时的关系符合方程:y^=9433.965-6.6637x₁-402.7469x₅;产量损失(Y,kg/hm²)与田间虫口密度(x,头/m²)间关系符合下列方程 :Y^=-13.4989+6.0043x(r=0.9647^**)。通径分析显示 ,穗损失率和虫口密度对产量建成直接效应最大 ,分别为-0.9218和-0.1422     

我国禾草与小麦上条锈菌致病性的比较研究

国内首次发现,碱茅和甜茅可作为条锈菌的寄主。小麦条锈流行小种条中25和22号在北京近郊自然条件下分别侵染碱茅(Puccinellia distans)和纤毛鹅观草(Roegneria ciliaris)。湖北神农架一种甜茅(Glyceria sp.)上的条锈分离菌在小麦条锈鉴别寄主上的毒力范围比条中25号更广:对水源11有毒力,在洛夫林13和牛朱特上能产生具有正常萌发与再侵染功能的夏孢子。推测野生禾草在锈菌新致病类型的发生和维持方面可能有其特殊的意义。     

十字花科蔬菜枯萎病及其病原鉴定

报道了北京甘蓝上枯萎病发生危害情况及其症状。经病原菌分离鉴定、致病性测定和对 6种十字花科蔬菜侵染能力的测定 ,认为该病由Fusarium oxysporum Schl.f.sp .conglutinans (Wollenw .)Snyder&;Hansen寄生所致。该菌可侵染甘蓝、抱子甘蓝、青花菜、芥兰及樱桃萝卜 ,不能侵染大白菜。     

烟草赤星病危害烤烟产量产值损失测定

在烤烟生长中后期 ,应用40%菌核净500倍液人为控制烟草赤星病发生程度 ,形成不同危害梯度 ,以研究烟草赤星病对产量产值的影响。经试验分析 ,建立数学模型。中上等烟产量损失率(Y₁)与病情指数(X)的关系式:Y₁=0.1516+1.2824X;产值损失率(Y₂)与病情指数(X)的关系式:Y₂=0.3239+0.9831X。     

昆明市白车轴草上蓟马种群动态调查

对昆明市白车轴草上蓟马种类及其周年种群动态进行了调查。白车轴草上蓟马主要有西花蓟马(Fran-kliniella occidentalis)、丽花蓟马(F.intonsa)、八节黄蓟马(Thrips flavidulus)、端大蓟马(Megalurothrips distalis)、稻单管蓟马(Haplothrips aculeatus)和烟蓟马(T.tabaci),有时会出现黄胸蓟马(T.hawaiiensis)、玉米黄呆蓟马(Anaphothrips obscurus)、苏丹呆蓟马(A.sudanensis)和云南纹蓟马(Aeolothrips yunnanensis)。本文分析了前6种蓟马的周年种群动态,重点阐述了外来有害生物西花蓟马,该虫主要在3~6月发生,是此期间白车轴草上的蓟马优势种。     

针叶形质特征与马尾松对松突圆蚧抗性的关系

通过对松突圆蚧不同抗性程度的马尾松未受害针叶和受害针叶的针叶长度、叶鞘长、叶鞘松紧度、含水率、相对含水率和容重的测定,研究发现：马尾松针叶长度与其对松突圆蚧的抗性成反比,马尾松针叶的容重与其对松突圆蚧的抗性成正比,叶鞘长、叶鞘松紧度与抗虫性不相关。     

Impact and control of the cone tortricid Pseudococcyx tessulatana (Staudinger), damaging the cone crop of a selected clone of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Italy

The green cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) is of great interest for ornamental, reforestation and windbreak use in the whole Mediterranean basin. In Italy, seed material selected for resistance to the fungus Seiridium cardinale is produced in seed orchards by controlled crosses of parent trees. The insect pest showing the highest impact on seed cone production is Pseudococcyx tessulatana (Lep.; Tortricidae), which attacks cones during the initial growth period as well as full-grown cones. The impact on the seed cone crop of the tortricid was estimated on a clone patented for its resistance to cypress canker (Agrimed 1). The attack was inversely related to the cone crop, as it concerned 36.7% of cones in 1999 (high crop year) and the 66% in 2000 (low crop year). In both years, about 90% of the surveyed branches revealed cones attacked by P. tessulatana by the 1^st life-cycle larvae, whereas only 40% of branches were also attacked by the larvae of the 2^nd life cycle. The highest attack rate per branch was always observed on branches bearing a low number of cones. The potential of two control methods against P. tessulatana to protect cones which result from crossing a mother tree Agrimed 1 with selected father trees was also evaluated in 2000. The protection given by a sleeve surrounding the branch was almost complete (0.4% cone mortality), whereas a cone mortality of 24.3% was observed on branches treated by the insecticide diflubenzuron. Sleeves appear to be useful to protect branches on which special crosses were done, but are expensive and time-consuming and may favour the attack of the mealybug Planococcus vovae inside the sleeve. The insecticide application may represent a valid alternative, especially when protection should be directed toward a high number of branches.     

Impact and control of the cone tortricid Pseudococcyx tessulatana (Staudinger), damaging the cone crop of a selected clone of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Italy

The green cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) is of great interest for ornamental, reforestation and windbreak use in the whole Mediterranean basin. In Italy, seed material selected for resistance to the fungus Seiridium cardinale is produced in seed orchards by controlled crosses of parent trees. The insect pest showing the highest impact on seed cone production is Pseudococcyx tessulatana (Lep.; Tortricidae), which attacks cones during the initial growth period as well as full-grown cones. The impact on the seed cone crop of the tortricid was estimated on a clone patented for its resistance to cypress canker (Agrimed 1). The attack was inversely related to the cone crop, as it concerned 36.7% of cones in 1999 (high crop year) and the 66% in 2000 (low crop year). In both years, about 90% of the surveyed branches revealed cones attacked by P. tessulatana by the 1^st life-cycle larvae, whereas only 40% of branches were also attacked by the larvae of the 2^nd life cycle. The highest attack rate per branch was always observed on branches bearing a low number of cones. The potential of two control methods against P. tessulatana to protect cones which result from crossing a mother tree Agrimed 1 with selected father trees was also evaluated in 2000. The protection given by a sleeve surrounding the branch was almost complete (0.4% cone mortality), whereas a cone mortality of 24.3% was observed on branches treated by the insecticide diflubenzuron. Sleeves appear to be useful to protect branches on which special crosses were done, but are expensive and time-consuming and may favour the attack of the mealybug Planococcus vovae inside the sleeve. The insecticide application may represent a valid alternative, especially when protection should be directed toward a high number of branches.     

Insect pests and their parasitoids inhabiting cones of firAbies alba Mill. in Poland

During 1986–1990 a total of 15 059 individuals of cone and seed pests representing 5 insect species were obtained from over 2.500 cones ofAbies alba Mill. Besides cono- and seminiphagous insects 5 parasitoid species were obtained. The material originated from the Beskid Sądecki Mts., in southern Poland. Seed losses caused by insects were estimated on the basis of the analyses of about 17.700 seeds. Paper submitted for the XI World Forestry Congress, Antalya, Turkey, October 1997     

祁连山圆柏大痣小蜂成虫产卵特性

圆柏大痣小蜂Megastigmus sabinae Xu et He以幼虫在祁连圆柏健康球果内蛀食胚乳,并随球果同步发育,导致球果成熟后有果无仁,造成种子质量严重下降,严重影响祁连圆柏种子生产。为准确掌握圆柏大痣小蜂产卵特性,为其监测与防控提供基础信息,通过室内观察和室外布设样地,进行了圆柏大痣小蜂产卵特性研究。结果表明:圆柏大痣小蜂产卵行为包括交尾、产卵球果选择、穿刺及产卵4个阶段;圆柏大痣小蜂在球果不同部位的产卵量差异显著,在球果近柄部1/3处平均产卵率为70.34%、球果中部26.26%、球果脐部3.40%;在不同大小的祁连圆柏球果间其产卵量具显著差异,在纵径10.13～12.67 mm,横径9.18～10.38 mm的球果上产卵率最高(95.67%);在祁连圆柏树冠中部产卵量高于树冠上部和下部,在树冠中部的产卵数占总产卵数的53.43%,产卵量在树冠东、南、西、北方位上所占的比例分别为25.57%、34.10%、21.62%、18.71%;祁连圆柏幼龄林和成熟林与中龄林、混交林及林缘球果受害程度差异显著,(P0.05);不同坡位祁连圆柏林分球果受害程度差异显著(P0.05);祁连圆柏球果受害程度随着海拔升高呈逐渐减小趋势。圆柏大痣小蜂产卵行为分为4个阶段,产卵时对产卵位点、球果大小及树冠不同方位具有明显的选择性,不同林龄、坡位、海拔间祁连圆柏林分球果受害程度明显不同。     

Cono- and seminiphagous insects of Abies alba Mill. in the Gorce National Park in Poland during 1996?–?1998

A study was conducted on the insects infesting seeds and cones of Abies alba Mill. in the Gorce National Park, in southern Poland during 1996–1998. A total of 856 cones were collected from 66 trees growing at 11 sites located in partially or strictly protected forest reserves. Of this sample, 217 cones with 54,958 seeds were dissected. This study yielded 5,816 specimens of insects, namely: seminiphagous Resseliella piceae Seitn., Megastigmus suspectus Borr. as well as conophagous Earomyia impossibile Morge, Barbara herrichiana Obr. and Dioryctria abietella (Den. et Schiff.). The most abundant species was R. piceae with 4,186 individuals. The index of cone infestation was calculated. It showed great variability between forest reserves and study-years. The numbers of insect individuals, numbers of viable and infertile seeds, and seeds damaged by M. suspectus and R. piceae, in both strict and partial reserves in the consecutive years were compared statistically. The test of significant differences between two frequencies at 0.05 level was used in statistical analysis. In both strict and partial reserves, statistically significant differences were found between studied variables.     

Cono- and seminiphagous insects of Abies alba Mill. in the Gorce National Park in Poland during 1996?–?1998

A study was conducted on the insects infesting seeds and cones of Abies alba Mill. in the Gorce National Park, in southern Poland during 1996–1998. A total of 856 cones were collected from 66 trees growing at 11 sites located in partially or strictly protected forest reserves. Of this sample, 217 cones with 54,958 seeds were dissected. This study yielded 5,816 specimens of insects, namely: seminiphagous Resseliella piceae Seitn., Megastigmus suspectus Borr. as well as conophagous Earomyia impossibile Morge, Barbara herrichiana Obr. and Dioryctria abietella (Den. et Schiff.). The most abundant species was R. piceae with 4,186 individuals. The index of cone infestation was calculated. It showed great variability between forest reserves and study-years. The numbers of insect individuals, numbers of viable and infertile seeds, and seeds damaged by M. suspectus and R. piceae, in both strict and partial reserves in the consecutive years were compared statistically. The test of significant differences between two frequencies at 0.05 level was used in statistical analysis. In both strict and partial reserves, statistically significant differences were found between studied variables.     

Crop damage caused by powdery mildew on hop and its relationship to late season management

Powdery mildew of hop (Podosphaera macularis) may cause economic loss due to reductions in cone yield and quality. Quantitative estimates of crop damage from powdery mildew remain poorly characterized, especially the effect of late season disease management on crop yield and quality. Field studies in Washington State evaluated cone yield, bittering acid content and quality factors when fungicide applications were ceased at different stages of cone development. The incidence of cones with powdery mildew was linearly correlated with yield of cones, bittering acids and accelerated cone maturation. In cultivar Galena, the cumulative effect of every 1% increase in cones powdery mildew incidence was to reduce alpha‐acid yield by 0·33%, which was due to direct effects on cone yield but also indirect effects mediated by dry matter. In the more susceptible cultivar Zeus, alpha‐acid yield was increased 20% by controlling powdery mildew through the transition of bloom to early cone development compared to ceasing fungicide applications at bloom: additional applications provided only modest improvements in alpha‐acid yield. In both cultivars, the impact of powdery mildew on aroma characteristics and bittering acid content were less substantial than cone yield. The damage caused by powdery mildew to cone colour and alpha‐acid yield, as well as the effectiveness of fungicide applications made to manage the disease, appears inseparably linked to dry matter content of cones at harvest. Realising achievable yield potential in these cultivars requires control of the disease through early stages of cone development and harvest before maturity exceeds c. 25% dry matter.     

沧州地区深层地下水位降落漏斗演变特征与形成机理探讨

沧州地区深层地下水降落漏斗已经成为了制约当地经济发展的主要因素。通过对沧州地区第III含水层组地下水水位降落漏斗的形成和发展演化分析,将其划分为4个阶段,分别为直线发展阶段、稳定发展阶段、急剧扩张阶段和逐渐恢复阶段,并对不同阶段内漏斗的形态和演化特征进行了阐述,提出各阶段影响漏斗演变特征的主导因素。同时指出了地下水位降落漏斗的环境响应,提出了应对水危机的合理化建议。     

Disease and pest problems on Pinus sylvestris nurseries in Finland1

Pinus sylvestris constitutes 75% of the 250 million forest seedlings produced annually in Finland. The main disease problems are: (1) damping-off by fungi such as Fusarium and Alternaria already infecting the ripening seeds in the cone; (2) Botrytis cinerea in densely sown beds; (3) Lophodermium seditiosum occasionally causing needle cast, controlled with dithiocarbamates; (4) Gremmeniella abietina, controllable with chlorothalonil alone or in mixtures; (5) Phacidium infestans, which is a serious pathogen in central and northern Finland, controlled with quintozene or in trials with chlorothalonil or thiophanate-methyl. Nutrient imbalances cause seedling growth disturbances and insects like Lygus rugulipennis damage growing points.