灵芝木霉病的发病原因及防治技术

2002～2004年,三明市泰宁县朱口、梅口、丰岩、音山等村农民种植的灵芝连续大面积受到木霉病的为害,损失干灵芝8～10t,损失金额20万元左右,个别农户朵芝无收。对此,笔者赴现场进行了调查分析,并提出了综合防治措施。1为害症状灵芝木霉病(Trichodermasp.)发生在栽培灵芝覆土内的段木中,可局部发生或迅速蔓延为害整个大田栽培芝床。受害的灵芝段木树皮剥脱,菌丝逐渐变黄后消亡;灵芝幼蕾受害后停止生长,成“蜡烛”状,表皮发干、粗糙,内部腐烂;即将弹射孢子和快成熟的灵芝子实体受害后,菌盖颜色变化不大,但菌褶由金黄色逐渐褪为乳白色或淡黄色,…     

灵芝病虫害的发生与防治技术

近年来 ,灵芝生产发展较快 ,随着栽培面积的不断扩大和栽培方式的增多 ,常因杂菌和害虫的发生造成严重损失 ,亟需科学、经济、无公害防治新技术。现就灵芝生产、贮存过程中病虫害的发生及防治技术介绍如下 :一、灵芝病虫害的发生危害特点常见的灵芝病虫害有 :绿色木霉病、青霉病、褐腐病、白僵病、菌甲类害虫、谷蛾、跳虫、蠼螋等。１．绿色木霉菌。生长期、贮存期均可感染。生长期侵染生活力较弱的芝蕾、畸形芝的前缘生长点 ;贮存期主要侵染潮湿的芝盖菌孔 ,病部初期为一层绒毛状污白色菌丝 ,很快形成一簇簇绿色分生孢子团 ,后期菌孔表层发…     

三种杀菌剂对灵芝栽培中4种霉菌生长的影响

灵芝是我国传统真菌药物,有很高药用价值。但在灵芝栽培中常遭受各种霉菌的为害。目前能在生产上用于控制霉菌污染的杀菌剂很少,所以筛选一些既能有效地抑制霉菌生长,又对灵芝生长影响较小的杀菌剂和使用浓度是十分必要的。作者在研究5种杀菌剂对灵芝菌丝生长影响的基础上选出3种对灵芝菌丝生长基本无影响的高效、低毒、低残留杀菌剂——可杀得、百菌清、大生M-45,观察其对灵芝栽培中常见霉菌菌丝生长、产     

树舌灵芝多糖的制备及除草活性研究

为了得到天然无毒的生物农药,研究了不同浓度树舌灵芝发酵液粗多糖的除草活性。以生菜、夏至草、小麦和稗草为受体植物,采用琼脂混粉法进行了室内除草活性的测定。结果表明,树舌灵芝多糖对各受体植物胚根表现出明显抑制作用,且抑制作用随多糖浓度增加而增大,除夏至草外对胚轴均表现出促进作用。     

胸角蕈甲为害灵芝

1990年3月,在出口灵芝检疫中发现一种严重为害灵芝的仓库害虫胸角蕈甲 Cismikagensis Nobuchi et Wada。灵芝被害后整个菌褶被蛀成孔洞,菌柄蛀成遂道,被害严     

树舌灵芝发酵液醇溶物对杂草植物生长的影响

以夏至草、稗草和反枝苋为受体杂草植物,采用琼脂混粉法研究了不同浓度树舌灵芝发酵液醇溶物对杂草植物生长的影响.结果表明:树舌灵芝发酵液醇溶物对稗草的胚根、胚轴具有明显的抑制作用;对夏至革和反枝苋胚根的抑制作用较弱,而对它们的胚轴具有促进生长的作用,且对反枝苋的促进作用尤其明显.     

西藏高寒植物垫状雪灵芝酯酶同工酶变异研究

以色季拉山的高寒植物垫状雪灵芝为材料,选取分布在海拔4500~4650m范围内的垫状雪灵芝3个居群为研究对象,采用聚丙烯酰胺琼脂电泳技术,对垫状雪灵芝3个居群的48个个体功能叶片的酯酶同工酶谱带进行测定并编码,依据酶谱带测定结果进行聚类分析;同时结合酯酶同工酶的3个遗传指标进行相关分析。结果表明:来自同一居群的个体,同工酶谱带相似性较大,居群内的遗传杂合度较小(HeA=0.735,HeB=0.765,HeC=0.726),这也说明居群内个体存在一定程度的遗传分化;酯酶在不同居群间的相似性系数的平均值相对较小,遗传距离相对较大(IAB=0.392,IAC=0.542,IBC=0.610;DAB=0.937,DAC=0.613,DBC=0.495)。研究数据显示垫状雪灵芝酯酶同工酶在不同的居群内与居群间存在不同程度的遗传分化,缺少有效的基因交流。     

温州所在出口灵芝中发现九节胸角蕈甲

1991年7月19日,笔者在温州市化工医药进出口公司出口到英国的灵芝中,发现大量活虫,经鉴定为九节胸角蕈甲。据有关资料记载,该虫在我国的分布仅限于天津、陕西、湖南、贵州等省市。     

上海农田主要杂草田间发生消长规律

1972—79年调查研究了上海农田杂草的发生和消长。在野外调查189种农田主要杂草自然发生情况,提出了四个发生型:以藜等为代表的早春发生型;以马唐、稗草等为代表的春、夏发生型;以看麦娘等为代表的秋、冬发生型;以小藜等为代表的春、秋发生型。同时,明确了在不同年份,不同茬口、不同耕作情况下,因环境条件的变化,杂草发生也有差异。掌握它们的发生规律和生长发育特点,为防除杂草及合理、适时应用除草剂提供了一定的理论依据。     

瑞丽口岸截获瑞丽蕈甲

瑞丽口岸截获瑞丽蕈甲张朝良，任丽卿，张心忠（瑞丽动植物检疫局６７９６００）１９９２年１０月，瑞丽动植物检疫局在检疫一批由缅甸进境的灵芝时发现虫害严重，将虫样带回室内作镜检，初步鉴定为木蕈甲科害虫。后经郑州粮食学院黄建国教授鉴定为木蕈甲科的种，其中有双...     

木腐菌对台湾乳白蚁取食偏好性的影响

本文测定了经红芝、紫芝、茯苓、黄孢原毛平革菌和密褐褶孔菌5种木腐菌腐蚀的马尾松木屑对台湾乳白蚁行为和取食反应的影响。在双重选择性试验中,与未经木腐菌腐蚀的马尾松木屑相比,台湾乳白蚁嗜好聚集和取食木腐菌腐蚀过的马尾松木屑。在多重选择性试验中,结果显示台湾乳白蚁偏好取食经茯苓、红芝或密褐褶孔菌腐蚀过的马尾松木屑。     

褐背小萤叶甲［Galerucella grisescens(Joannis)］新寄主的发现及其生物学特性观察

褐背小萤叶甲为寡食性昆虫,嗜食蓼科植物,为蓼科田间杂草的重要天敌。本文首次报道了发生在千屈菜上的褐背小萤叶甲的生物学特性和危害情况,表明褐背小萤叶甲能在千屈菜上取食为害,完成其生活史,是一种千屈菜害虫。     

Toxicity of a formulation of the insecticide indoxacarb to the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), and the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Indoxacarb is a new oxadiazine insecticide that has shown outstanding field insecticidal activity. The toxicity of a 145 g litre-1 indoxacarb SC formulation (Steward) was studied on the tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris and the big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes. Both insect species responded very similarly to indoxacarb in topical, tarsal contact and plant feeding toxicity studies. The topical LD50 of the formulation was c 35 ng AI per insect for both species. Prolonged tarsal contact with dry indoxacarb residues did not result in mortality for either insect species. However, both species were susceptible to feeding through dried residues of indoxacarb after spraying on young cotton plants. Feeding on water-washed plants resulted in lower mortality than that observed with unwashed plants, and toxicity declined even more dramatically after a, detergent rinse, indicating that much of the indoxacarb probably resides on the cotton leaf surface or in the waxy cuticle. These results were corroborated by HPLC-mass spectrometry measurements of indoxacarb residues on the plants. Greater mortality for both species was observed in a higher relative humidity environment. Higher levels of accumulated indoxacarb and its active metabolite were detected in dead G punctipes than in L lineolaris after feeding on sprayed, unwashed plants. When female G punctipes ate indoxacarb-treated Heliothis zea eggs, there was significant toxicity. However, only c 15% of the females consumed indoxacarb-treated eggs, and the rest of the females showed a significant diminution of feeding in response to the insecticide. Cotton field studies have shown that indoxacarb treatments at labelled rates lead to a dramatic decline in L lineolaris, with negligible declines in beneficial populations. A major route of intoxication of L lineolaris in indoxacarb-treated cotton fields thus appears to be via oral, and not cuticular, uptake of residues from treated cotton plants. The mechanisms for selectivity/safety for G punctipes are currently under investigation and may be a combination of differential feeding behavior and diminution of feeding by females exposed to indoxacarb-treated eggs.     

新疆南部地区杏园蛀果害虫群落结构及防治药剂筛选

在杏园蛀果害虫发生期,通过室内饲养和田间诱捕研究了新疆南部地区杏园蛀果害虫发生的种类,结果表明,新疆南部地区杏园蛀果害虫共有4种,分别是李小食心虫Grapholitha funebrana Treitschke、梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)、苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)和桃条麦蛾Anarsia lineatella Zeller,其种群数量分占87.41%、3.81%、2.51%和6.27%;李小食心虫种群数量显著大于梨小食心虫、苹果蠹蛾和桃条麦蛾,为主要种类;梨小食心虫、苹果蠹蛾和桃条麦蛾为次要种类。室内药剂筛选试验结果表明,5%顺式氯氰菊酯乳油、1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油(烟碱0.7%,苦参碱0.5%)和5%杀铃脲悬浮剂药后1 d的防治效果差异显著,分别为95.02%、78.09%和20.15%;药后5 d,5%顺式氯氰菊酯乳油和1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油防治效果分别为89.71%和80.30%,无显著差异。综上,新疆南部地区杏园优势蛀果害虫为李小食心虫,5%顺式氯氰菊酯乳油和1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油可作为防控用药。     

小麦不同生育期地下害虫为害程度与其虫口密度的关系

为明确小麦不同生育期地下害虫为害程度与其虫口密度的关系,采用棋盘式10点取样法,在调查秋播前麦田地下害虫种类和数量的基础上,研究冬前秋苗期和春季返青拔节期地下害虫为害造成的麦苗死亡率。在陕西武功,秋播前麦田地下害虫有20种,其中以金针虫和蛴螬为优势种,分别占地下害虫发生总量的58.66%和21.91%。地下害虫为害引起的死苗现象主要发生在冬前秋苗期,供试5块田的死苗率达4.4%～9.1%;春季返青拔节期的死苗率较低,仅为1.0%～2.3%。相关分析表明,地下害虫为害造成的冬前秋苗期和春季返青拔节期死苗率与其虫口密度密切相关。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌G033A产业化现状及应用前景分析

苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）G033A是国内第一个获得农药登记证的工程菌,也是第一个防治鞘翅目害虫的Bt产品,同时对鳞翅目害虫也具有高毒力。本文总结了G033A产品研发背景、构建过程、安全性评价、产品登记及应用技术与推广示范情况,并对G033A的应用前景做了分析,以期对G033A的大规模应用提供指导。随着高毒化学农药禁用,以及害虫对化学杀虫剂抗性日趋严重,社会对于高质量、绿色安全农产品的需求越来越迫切,相信G033A在未来鳞翅目、鞘翅目的害虫防治中必将发挥重要的作用,应用前景广阔。     

Monitoring of beet armyworm resistance to spinosad and methoxyfenozide in Mexico

BACKGROUND: Resistance to spinosad and methoxyfenozide has been studied in several insect pests, but there is a lack of information on Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) in Mexico. Therefore, evidence for the development of resistance in this pest to both compounds was examined. The effects of methoxyfenozide on reproductive parameters of S. exigua adults were also determined.RESULTS: Third instars from a field population were exposed for 24 h to the LC(50) of spinosad or methoxyfenozide for over six generations (G(2)-G(7)). No significant reduction in susceptibility to either compound was detected for up to five generations. In G(7), LC(50) values for insects exposed to spinosad and methoxyfenozide were respectively 2.75-fold and 1.25-fold greater than for G(1) larvae. Oral treatment with methoxyfenozide reduced the fecundity and fertility of G(7) adults, confirming sublethal effects on reproduction. Finally, five populations (Se-La Floriza, Se-Lazareto, Se-Bachigualato, Se-Los Agustinos and Se-Villa de Arista) of S. exigua were collected from fields in three states of Mexico for resistance monitoring to spinosad and methoxyfenozide. With the exception of Se-Villa de Arista, the other populations showed significant resistance to spinosad, with resistance ratios between 16- and 37-fold, compared with a susceptible laboratory colony. In contrast, only one population (Se-Lazareto) showed significant resistance to methoxyfenozide (13-fold).CONCLUSION: Resistance management programmes should be established, particularly in areas where S. exigua has developed resistance to spinosad. Copyright (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌G033A大面积防治二代区亚洲玉米螟效果评价

亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)是黑龙江省玉米生产上发生最重、为害最大的常发性害虫,为明确苏云金芽胞杆菌G033A(Bt G033A)对2代区亚洲玉米螟的田间防效,分别于玉米心叶期和穗期,应用Bt G033A对1代和2代亚洲玉米螟进行了防治示范,测定田间平均防治效果、挽回产量损失率及产量...     

昆虫病原菌防治萝卜黄曲条跳甲田间应用技术

黄曲条跳甲是为害十字花科蔬菜的世界性害虫。本文研究了昆虫病原菌苏云金杆菌工程菌G033A和金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421防治萝卜黄曲条跳甲田间应用技术。结果表明,采用昆虫病原微生物苏云金杆菌G033A和金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421土壤处理防治黄曲条跳甲均具有较好的防效,其中32000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌工程菌G033A可湿性粉剂300 g/667 m²土壤处理防治效果显著优于对照化学药剂,且持效期较长,具有明显的减药、省力、降成本作用。针对萝卜主要病虫害开展了全程生物防控技术示范,结果表明全程生物防控技术不仅防治效果好,且较常规化学防治技术增产达到14.8%,品质得到提升,商品优良率提高12%,可进一步大面积示范推广。     

蚜虫嗅觉行为及昆虫嗅觉信号转导途径研究进展

综述了蚜虫较典型的3种嗅觉行为即报警信息素反应、植物挥发物对蚜虫的引诱行为和驱避行为以及嗅觉在寄主定位中的作用,结合由G蛋白介导的昆虫嗅觉信号转导途径的研究现状,从一个全新的角度总结了近年来针对蚜虫嗅觉反应及其机制的研究进展。文章还就麦蚜嗅觉信号转导途径研究的可行性及意义进行了讨论。