Sex Pheromone Traps for Monitoring the European Vine Moth,Lobesia botrana: Effect of Dispenser Type,Pheromone Dose,Field Aging of Dispenser,and Type of Trap on Male Captures

The effects of dispenser type, pheromone dose in the dispenser, aging of dispenser in the field, and trap type on trapping efficiency of males of the European vine moth,Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), were investigated. LB Pherocon caps and locally manufactured septa were equally effective in attracting males to traps. Within the range of 0.1 to 100 μg pheromone/dispenser, response of males increased positively with the pheromone dose. Within the first 7 days tested, pheromone loads of 1 or 10 mg/dispenser were significantly less attractive to males than 0.1 mg/dispenser. The effect of aging of the dispenser (loaded with 1 mg pheromone) in the field on trapping efficiency was significant. Captures in traps baited with 4- and 5-week-old septa were significantly lower (by 24%) than those in traps baited with 1-week-old septa. The fairly slow loss of attractancy exhibited by rubber septa indicates that septa may be kept in traps for at least 5 weeks. The release rate of the pheromone from the Israeli dispensers (1 mg loaded) was measured in a flow system. The emission of the pheromone decreased gradually as a function of age, correlating well with the lower trap catches of field-aged septa. Release rates were reduced by 56%, 70% and 84% after 4, 5 and 6 weeks, repectively. The nonsticky IPS trap was as effective in capturing the European vine moth males as the sticky Pherocon 1C trap. The possibility of using the non-sticky, nonsaturating and easy-to-handle IPS traps may lead to better and easier monitoring of the European vine moth populations.     

Sex pheromone traps for detecting and monitoring the raisin moth,cadra figulilella,in date palm plantations

Field tests were carried out to determine whether pheromone traps, baited with (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9,E12-14:Ac) impregnated in rubber septa (Maavit, Israel), could provide a reliable tool for monitoring the raisin moth,Cadra figulilella (Gregson), in date palm plantations. No significant differences were detected between captures of males in traps baited with 1 or 10 mg pheromone/dispenser. However, traps baited with 1 mg pheromone captured significantly more males than those baited with 0.1 mg pheromone/dispenser. No differences were found between captures of males in traps hung at a height of 8 m (near the bunches) or 2–3 m (on palm trunks). Two peaks of male capture were detected, one in May-June and the other during September-October (ripening period). Results indicate a positive relationship between captures in traps and infestation levels by larvae. Pheromone traps baited with 1 mg Z9,E12–14:Ac impregnated in rubber septa and hung on palm trunks (at a height of 2–3 m), were very useful for monitoringC. figulilella populations and for determining the accurate timing of insecticide applications.     

Sex attractant for the honeydew moth,Cryptoblabes gnidiella

A mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16: Ald), (E)-11-hexadecenal (E11–16: Ald), (Z)-13-octadecenal (Z13–18: Ald), and (E)-13-octadecenal (E13–18: Ald) on rubber septa (100∶10∶100∶10 μg, respectively) was superior to virgin females in attracting maleCryptoblabes gnidiella Mill. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to traps. A dichloromethane extract of 200 female ovipositors was separated into fractions by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) on OV-101 and Hi-Eff 8BP. Two fractions had significant electroantennogram (EAG) activity, and had the retention times ofZ11–16∶Ald andZ13–18∶Ald on each GLC column. These fractions contained insufficient material for further chemical work. SyntheticZ11–16∶Ald andZ13–18∶Ald had the greatest EAG activity of a series of monounsaturated 12?, 14?, 16?, and 18-carbon alcohols, acetates, and aldehydes. Various ratios ofZ11–16∶Ald andZ13–18∶Ald were tested in traps, and a 1∶1 mixture was the most attractive. Addition of small amounts of the correspondingE isomers significantly increased trap catches.     

Sex Pheromone Traps for Monitoring the Peach Twig Borer,Anarsia lineatella Zeller: Effect of Pheromone Components,Pheromone Dose,Field Aging of Dispenser,and Type of Trap on Male Captures

The effects of ratio between sex pheromone components, pheromone dose in the dispenser, aging of dispenser in the field, and trap type on trapping efficiency of males of the peach twig borer,Anarsia lineatella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), were investigated. To attract males, the optimal ratio between pheromonal components in a binary blend containing (E)-5-decenyl acetate (E5-10:Ac): (E)-5-decenol (E5-10:OH) was 72:28 or 83:17. Dosages of 7 or 0.7 mg of the binary blend containing E5-10:Ac: E5-10:OH (72:28) were equally effective in attracting males. The effect of aging of dispenser (Israeli dispensers, loaded with 7 mg pheromone) in the field on trapping efficiency was moderate. Captures in traps baited with 4-week-old septa did not differ from those in traps baited with 1-week-old septa. The fairly slow loss of attractancy exhibited by rubber septa indicates that septa may be used for at least 4–5 weeks. At high population levels, the nonsticky IPS trap was significantly more effective in capturing males than the sticky Pherocon 1C trap; at low populations, however, the Pherocon 1C trap was better.     

二化螟性诱剂和诱盆设置技术的研究

通过对二化螟性诱剂水盆诱捕器及其设置高度比较研究,结果表明：诱捕器的口径大小以２４ｃｍ为佳,绿色水盆的诱蛾量比其他颜色的要大;在越冬代诱捕中,诱盆的高度在２０ｃｍ左右效果较好;性诱剂离水面的高度对二化螟雄蛾的诱捕有一定影响,其高度在０.５～１.０ｃｍ的诱蛾量最高。     

Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth in apple orchards

The effects of field aging (0–28 days) and pheromone loading rate on the longevity of red rubber septa loaded with the sex pheromone blend of the oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta (Busck), were evaluated in North Carolina apple orchards in 2002. Separate field tests examined the influence of trap height and pheromone loading rate of rubber septa on trap catches of adultG. molesta males in an abandoned orchard. The loss of the major pheromone component, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8–12:OAc), from red rubber septa over a 4-week period exhibited a relatively constant release rate with 30, 100 and 300 μg pheromone. Trap catch was significantly higher in pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy than in those in the lower canopy. Pheromone traps baited with 100μg lures caught more moths compared with those loaded with 300 μg. There was no apparent relationship between pheromone trap catch and septa age, with trap catch appearing to be primarily a function ofG. molesta population density. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 14, 2006.     

(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and 1-undecanol increase male attraction to sex pheromone trap in Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The effects of host-plant volatiles (HPVs) on male oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and response to sex pheromone trap were studied in a pear orchard. Two HPVs compounds, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and 1-undecanol, combined with sex pheromone of G. molesta in traps were tested. The results showed that most of the male moths were captured in the traps baited with the sex pheromone combined with these two HPVs compounds than by the pheromone alone. Also, more males were captured by the trap containing pheromone plus (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate than by the one containing 1-undecanol. It appeared that these HPVs act as sex pheromone synergists to enhance the attraction of male G. molestato pheromone traps, since males were not captured in the traps baited only with (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and/or 1-undecanol.     

甜菜夜蛾性信息素组分的鉴定及其田间试验

采用气相色谱仪(GC)及气质联用仪(GC-MS)等技术对我国甜菜夜蛾性信息素组分的鉴定结果表明,雌蛾性信息素腺体中含有4种组分,分别为Z9,E12-14:Ac(A)、Z9-14:OH(B)、Z9-14:Ac(C)和Z9,E12-14:OH(D);田间和室内种群各组分的比例(A:B:C:D)分别为47:18:18:17和43:18:23:16,比例及滴度在两种群间未有显著差异;雄蛾田间引诱测定表明,组分A、B显示性信息素活性。几种不同配比的硅橡胶塞诱芯在田间均显示极高的诱蛾活性,以9:1的AB二元诱芯(剂量100μg)最高,其诱蛾量与黑光灯相当,两者呈显著的正相关性,表明该诱芯可替代黑光灯用于甜菜夜蛾的种群测报。利用性诱捕器进行田间种群监测显示,1999年浙江省慈溪市的甜菜夜蛾共发生6代,以第4、5代发生量最高。     

Efficacy of the pear ester as a monitoring tool for codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in New Zealand apple orchards

BACKGROUND: The behavioural response of both sexes of codling moth, Cydia pomonella to the pear-derived kairomone (ethyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate), codling moth sex pheromone (E,E-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol), and sex pheromone combined with the pear derived kairomone loaded into red rubber septum were investigated in trapping experiments in New Zealand apple orchards. A range of 0.01-10.0 mg of pheromone loading in rubber septum dispensers was tested and the highest catch of males was in traps baited with 1.0 mg. No dose response in trap catch of males was seen in traps baited with different amounts of pear-derived kairomone (0.01-10.0 mg). RESULTS: The number of females caught was significantly affected by the amount of pear derived kairomone used to bait traps, with the highest catch obtained at 10 mg loading. The attractiveness of sex pheromone was not enhanced by the addition of the kairomone either when used in the same bait or in a separate bait. The mean number of males captured in traps was reduced by 44% when the pheromone and kairomone were combined at ratio of 1:1 (0.1 mg pheromone: 0.1 mg kairomone) in separate sources. CONCLUSION: Kairomone baited traps showed some potential for monitoring the flight activity of female C. pomonella in apple orchards in two locations (Canterbury and Hawke's Bay). However, the number of male moths caught was low as compared to the number of male moths caught in pheromone-baited traps, and therefore the sex pheromone should continue to be used for monitoring male activity.     

二化螟性诱芯中不饱和十六醛的比例对诱捕效果的影响

作者于2006年夏季在河南信阳地区系统比较了二化螟性诱芯中Z11-/Z9-16∶Ald及Z13-18∶Ald剂量对2个世代的二化螟雄蛾诱捕量的影响。结果表明,二化螟越冬代成虫诱捕试验中,2个最佳配方中Z11-/Z9-16∶Ald分别为9∶1和8∶2,而比例在7∶3~1∶9之间的诱芯则无引诱作用。如果保持诱芯中Z11-16∶Ald和Z9-16∶Ald的剂量一致且质量比控制在2∶1,则二化螟诱捕量随诱芯中所含Z13-18∶Ald剂量的增加而下降。所有诱芯在二化螟第一代引诱效果显著下降,但该时期组分为Z11-16∶Ald(2)、Z9-16∶Ald(1)、16∶Ald(0.7)和Z13-18∶Ald(0.37)的诱芯诱捕量显著优于其他配比。     

Development of a pheromone trap monitoring system for orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, in the UK

Field-trapping experiments with synthetic 2,7-nonadiyl dibutyrate, the female-produced sex pheromone of the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), demonstrated that pheromone traps were highly attractive to males and caught very few non-target organisms. Different formulations of pheromone were tested to identify the optimum release rate and dispenser type for use in pheromone traps in the UK. Key findings were that racemic pheromone was as effective as enantiomerically pure (2S,7R)-2,7-nonadiyl dibutyrate, that release rates higher than 0.5 microg day(-1) were not necessary and that the optimal formulation was a 1 mg pheromone loading in a rubber septum. Pheromone traps gave a reliable indication of peak midge emergence, onset of flight and abundance of midges throughout the season. A strong correlation between maximum trap catch and crop infestation levels was obtained.     

Inhibition of pheromone response in Sesamia nonagrioides by the pheromone of the sympatric corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. and Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.) are two corn borers present in the Mediterranean area that share a similar feeding habitat. The female sex pheromones of the two species consist of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-11-hexadecenal and dodecyl acetate (77:8:10:5 w/w) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (97:3 w/w) respectively. Although the pheromones share no common components, previous work had shown the inhibition of the response by O. nubilalis males to their own pheromone owing to the presence of S. nonagrioides pheromone. In this study, the pheromone of O. nubilalis and its two components separately were shown to inhibit the attraction of S. nonagrioides males to the synthetic female pheromone in both laboratory wind-tunnel bioassay and field trapping studies. In the wind tunnel, the number of contacts of S. nonagrioides males with the source were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by the single pheromone components of O. nubilalis. In the field, the addition of 1% of O. nubilalis pheromone significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the catches of S. nonagrioides males. The components of both pheromones also elicited electroantennographic responses from antennae of male S. nonagrioides moths. The ecological consequences and the possibilities of applying this cross-inhibition for mating disruption techniques are discussed.     

Responses of the olfactory receptor neurons of the corn stalk borer Sesamia nonagrioides to components of the pheromone blend and their inhibition by a trifluoromethyl ketone analogue of the main component

Two types of olfactory hairs and three types of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) have been characterized on the antennae of male Sesamia nonagrioides Lef for the first time. Type A sensilla housed a cell which fired large spikes in response to (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), the major component of the sex pheromone, and a second cell firing smaller spikes in response to (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), a minor component of the pheromone blend. Type B sensilla housed one cell firing large spikes to Z11-16:Ac and a cell firing smaller spikes to another minor component of the pheromone blend, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl alcohol (Z11-16:OH). No cell responding to dodecyl acetate, another minor component of the natural extract, was found. Fluorinated ketones were tested as inhibitors of the cell responses to pheromone compounds. The fluorinated derivatives tested, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z11-16:TFMK), n-hexadecyl trifluoromethyl ketone (16:TFMK), (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z9,E11-14:TFMK), 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z11-11:TFMK) and 1,1-difluoro-(Z)-11-hexadecenyl methyl ketone (Z11-16:DFMK), had no or only weak excitatory effects. However, the neuron responses to the pheromone compounds were significantly decreased in the presence of a constant stimulation with Z11-16:TFMK and the effect was reversible. The latencies of the responses to the acetate and aldehyde cells were significantly increased. The effects were not specific, since Z11-16:TFMK also inhibited the responses of the ORNs of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. Correspondingly, Z9,E11-14:TFMK, an analogue of the main component of the pheromone of this latter insect, inhibited responses of S nonagrioides ORNs. Implications of these results on the utilization of Z11-16:TFMK as a communication disruptant are discussed.     

Catching Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with pheromone‐baited traps: optimal trap type,colour, height and distance to infestation

BACKGROUND: Field trapping experiments were carried out to evaluate effective trap characteristics for maximising Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg) catches in pheromone‐baited traps in China. RESULTS: Window‐slot and cross‐barrier traps had significantly higher catches than multiple‐funnel traps. The colour of window‐slot traps showed a significant effect on catches, with dark colours (black and red) being more effective than light colours, especially white and yellow. Window‐slot traps at a 1.5–2.0 m level caught more beetles than those at either ground level (0–0.5 m) or at 3.5–4.0 m. Ips duplicatus can be attracted to pheromone‐baited traps over a distance of > 100 m from the forest edge in an open grassy field. There was a strong diurnal pattern of flight activity, with catches on window‐slot traps occurring during the daytime with one broad peak at mid‐ to late afternoon. The seasonal flight activity of I. duplicatus as monitored by pheromone‐baited window‐slot traps during 2007–2008 indicated that three major flight peaks occurred in early June, late June–early July and late July respectively, suggesting the existence of a potential second generation. CONCLUSION: The optimal trap characteristics will improve the performance of pheromone‐baited traps as a critical monitoring or mass‐trapping tool to combat outbreaks of this pest species. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Captures ofEarias insulana males in water traps and dry funnel traps baited with synthetic pheromone or virgin females

(E, E)-10,12-hexadecadienal (HDD) effectively attracted males ofEarias insulana (Boisduval) when released from polyethylene vials but not from rubber dispensers. Traps baited with 3 mg HDD/trap were as effective in luring males as traps baited with four virgin females. Funnel traps baited with either HDD or virgin females captured significantly more males than water traps baited with the same lures.     

二化螟性诱芯不同存贮期对诱蛾效果的影响

二化螟性诱芯的存贮期对田间雄蛾诱捕量有明显影响。试验在长春市进行 ,根据诱芯存贮期长短设置 2个处理 ,分别为-18℃条件下存贮 2～6个月和同样条件下存贮 33～37个月。结果表明 ,从5月 19日到 9月20日两种贮存期的诱芯平均每盆每日诱蛾量分别为35.8头和5.5头 ,后者下降84.6%。两种贮存期处理的单盆1日最大诱蛾量分别为223头和 20头 ,但不同处理所反映的田间蛾期却基本一致     

暗黑鳃金龟性信息素田间应用的初步研究

系统研究比较了暗黑鳃金龟性信息素比例、剂量、溶剂类型、诱芯载体类型、诱捕器种类以及诱捕高度等几种因素对诱捕量的影响。结果表明,当L-异亮氨酸甲酯∶R-(-)-芳樟醇为4∶1,总剂量为100 mg时诱捕效果明显好于其他设置;并且发现二氯甲烷做溶剂、绿色天然橡胶塞为诱芯载体、采用自制诱捕器并设置于1.5 m的高度时诱捕效果最佳。     

桃蛀螟性诱剂的筛选及其在黄淮海夏玉米区种群动态监测中的应用

桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis(Guenée)是我国黄淮海夏玉米区的主要玉米穗部害虫,幼虫取食玉米果穗不但直接影响玉米产量,而且严重降低玉米品质.为了更好地利用性诱剂监测玉米田桃蛀螟种群动态和有效防控桃蛀螟为害,比较了桃蛀螟性信息素成分顺-10-十六碳烯醛-(Z)-10-hexadecenal,...     

Disruption of responses to pheromone by (Z)-11-hexadecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone,an analogue of the pheromone,in the cabbage armyworm Mamestra brassicae

The effects of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z11-16:TFMK) a fluorinated pheromone analogue, on the responses to sex pheromone of the male cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, have been investigated in an actograph and by electroantennography (EAG). In spite of its structural proximity with the natural pheromone, Z11-16:TFMK was poorly active in EAG, and not active on male behaviour. When permeated in the air, Z11-16:TFMK reversibly inhibited the electroantennographic responses to (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), the main component of the sex pheromone. In the actograph, the latency of the activation was increased and the intensity of the behavioural activity of males in response to Z11-16:Ac was significantly reduced in the presence of Z11-16:TFMK. These results, along with others previously reported by us, provide new pointers to the possible use of Z11-16:TFMK in pest-control strategies.     

砀山县桃园梨小食心虫性诱剂3种诱芯田间诱蛾效果

梨小食心虫是安徽省砀山县果树的头号害虫,目前种群仍呈上升之势。为改进防治技术,2009年在砀山县对常用的3种梨小性诱芯的诱蛾效果进行了田间对比,在2个桃园采用水盆诱捕法进行试验。结果表明:中科院动物研究所诱芯平均诱蛾量分别是北京公司甲和公司乙的5.17倍和3.52倍,差异均达显著水平(p0.05)。