氮高效水稻基因型鉴定与筛选方法的研究

采用掺沙土培法,以10个氮效率存在显著差异的水稻基因型为材料,分析了6个氮水平下水稻拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期的氮吸收效率(NAE)、氮利用效率(NUE)和氮收获指数(NHI)的基因型差异,建立了氮高效水稻基因型鉴定与筛选的方法。结果表明,水稻NAE随氮水平增加先升后降,以中氮(0.177g/kg,以纯N计)为最高;水稻NUE和NHI随氮水平增加而下降。水稻NAE随生育期推进而上升,水稻NUE的大小则为拔节期抽穗期成熟期孕穗期。基因型和氮水平对水稻NAE、NUE和NHI的影响达极显著水平,以氮水平影响最大,基因型次之。基因型×氮水平互作对NAE和NUE的影响达极显著水平,而对NHI无显著影响。NAE和NUE的基因型差异均以拔节期最大,这一时期为水稻高NAE和NUE基因型鉴定与筛选的最佳时期。土培盆栽下,水稻高NAE、NUE和NHI鉴定与筛选的最适土壤有效氮含量分别为0.157g/kg(拔节期)、低氮(拔节期)和0.277g/kg(成熟期)。     

甘蓝型油菜种质氮素营养效率的鉴定及评价指标筛选

为建立甘蓝型油菜种质氮素营养效率的鉴定及评价方法,筛选合理的次级评价指标和氮素营养高效基因型,在田间小区试验条件下设置低氮(45 kg/hm2)、中氮(180 kg/hm2)和高氮(270 kg/hm2) 3个施氮水平,测定了416份不同生态类型甘蓝型油菜种质植株性状及氮素吸收效率(NAE)、氮素利用效率(NUE)和氮收获指数(NHI)。各性状在不同氮素水平下对氮的敏感性不同,低氮下第一次有效分枝数的变异程度表现为最大,单株籽粒重次之;中氮和高氮处理水平下单株籽粒重的变异程度均表现为最大,低氮胁迫加大了种质间的差异。油菜种质氮素营养效率基因型间差异明显,表现中效类型的种质最多,高效和低效的较少。油菜种质间成熟期NAE的鉴定与评价应选择在低氮处理下,以单株籽粒重、单株地上干重和株高为间接指标进行选择效果明显;油菜种质间成熟期NUE的鉴定与评价应选择在高氮处理下,以单株地上干重、第一次有效分枝数、单株籽粒重和每角粒数为间接指标进行选择效果明显;油菜种质间成熟期NHI的鉴定与评价应选择在低氮处理下,以单株籽粒重、单株地上干重和茎基粗为间接指标进行选择效果明显。     

Identification and evaluation of high nitrogen nutrition efficiency in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) germplasm

To establish identification and evaluation methods of N (nitrogen) absorption and utilization of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), difference of N nutrition efficiency (NNE) among rapeseed germplasms and relationship between NNE and plant traits under various N application rates were analyzed in this research. Pot cultivating experiments were conducted to investigate NNE with 3 ​N application rates in soil (0.05, 0.2 and 0.3 ​g/kg). A total of 12 rapeseed germplasms were planted, nitrogen absorption efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) in seedling stage, bolting stage, initial flowering stage, final flowering stage, and maturity stage were obtained. Results showed that bolting stage was the best period for NAE identification and evaluation. Low N application rate in soil (0.05 ​g/kg) was the best for NAE, and the indirect indexes were basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight. Maturity stage was the best period for NUE identification and evaluation. High N application rate in soil (0.3 ​g/kg) was the best for NUE, and indirect indexes were above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter. N application rates of 0.05 ​g/kg in soil was the best for nitrogen harvest index at maturity stage, and indirect indexes was number of pods per plant. Plant traits of rapeseed germplasms affected NNE. Higher basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight at bolting stage under low N application rate were important characteristics of N absorption in rapeseed. Higher above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter at maturity stage under high N application rate were important characteristics of N utilization. Higher number of pods per plant at maturity stage under lowe N application rate was an important characteristic of N harvest index. These results provided a reliable index for N management and provided theoretical basis for guiding rapeseed breeding.     

稻种资源苗期氮素营养特性的基因型差异

 采用变异数和频数分析，对88份稻种资源进行了苗期氮素利用效率(NUE)、吸收效率(NAE)和氮素利用效率响应度(NUER)的基因型差异比较。结果表明： 1)不同稻种资源苗期的NUE、NAE和NUER存在显著的基因型差异，且受氮素水平的影响。低氮、中氮和高氮间的NUE存在极显著差异，并随氮素水平的升高而呈下降趋势。低、中氮间的NAE的差异不显著，但极显著地小于高氮；(低氮NUE-高氮NUE )/ 高氮NUE的NUER极显著高于(低氮NUE -中氮NUE)/ 中氮NUE、(中氮NUE -高氮NUE)/ 高氮NUE的NUER，且后两者间未达显著差异。 2)不同稻种资源苗期NUE、NAE和NUER的变异系数存在极大的差别(达20%以上)，大小顺序为NUER>NAE>NUE，即稻种资源苗期NUE、NAE和NUER的基因型差异大小是NUER>NAE>NUE。 3)不同稻种资源苗期NUE、NAE和NUER的基因型分布，基本上符合正态分布，拟合度最好的是NUE，其次为NAE，NUER最差。     

不同氮利用率粳稻品种的碳氮积累与转运特征及其生理机制

【目的】探明不同氮利用率水稻品种的氮素积累与转运特征及其机制。【方法】2个氮高效品种(武运粳30号和连粳7号)和2个氮低效品种(扬粳4038和宁粳1号)种植于大田,设置2个施氮量：全生育期不施氮(0N)和全生育期施氮180kg/hm²(180N),比较分析了不同氮利用率粳稻品种干物质生产、氮素积累与转运差异及其机制。【结果】与氮低效品种相比,氮高效品种具有较高的产量、氮肥利用率、总颖花量和结实率,较高的花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量,分蘖至穗分化始期和抽穗至成熟期较高的净同化率和作物生长率,抽穗期较高的糖花比,灌浆期较高的籽粒库活性、籽粒中脱落酸与1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸含量的比值和茎鞘中较高的非结构性碳水化合物的转运和蔗糖合成相关酶活性以及蔗糖转运蛋白基因的表达量,抽穗后较高的氮转运、氮素吸收量,灌浆期较高的比叶氮含量、叶片中细胞分裂素含量、氮代谢酶活性以及氮素转运相关基因的表达量。【结论】氮高效品种穗分化前和抽穗后较高的物质生产效率以及灌浆期较高的碳氮转运与积累是产量和氮肥利用率协同提高的重要机制。     

水氮管理对不同氮效率水稻根系性状、氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

【目的】探究水氮管理措施对不同氮效率水稻根系构型、氮素吸收利用和产量形成的影响,以及根系性状特征与氮素吸收利用和产量关系。【方法】试验采用三因素裂裂区设计,主区为2个不同氮效率水稻品种德香4103(氮高效型)和宜香3724(氮低效型),裂区设置"常规灌溉"和"控制性交替灌溉"2种水分管理方式,裂裂区为SPAD指导施肥、优化施肥以及农民习惯施肥3种施氮模式,运用岭回归分析方法探究根系构型与氮素吸收利用和产量的关系。【结果】水稻抽穗期根系性状、产量、每穗粒数、千粒重及总颖花量均存在显著的基因型差异。氮高效品种德香4103每穗粒数多,群体库容量大,产量较氮低效品种宜香3724高0.24%~11.31%;控制性交替灌溉有利于水稻千粒重的增长,常规灌溉则对水稻有效穗数、每穗粒数及群体颖花量提高更为有利;SPAD指导施肥和优化施肥处理能够提高水稻有效穗数和每穗粒数,扩大群体颖花量以保证其对农民习惯施肥的产量优势;由于水氮互作效应的存在,控制性交替灌溉下施氮处理与空白处理水稻千粒重的差距比常规灌溉的大幅降低,使得控制性交替灌溉下施用氮肥的增产效果更佳。德香4103的氮肥生理利用率较宜香3724平均高8.69%,常规灌溉下水稻氮积累量较高,控制性交替灌溉下氮肥回收率、农学利用率、生理利用率均较优;与农民习惯施肥处理相比,SPAD指导施肥与优化施肥模式更有利于水稻氮素吸收利用效率的提高。拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期水稻根系构型与产量岭回归方程的决定系数范围为0.4198~0.9028,其中,抽穗期根系性状与产量关系最为密切,氮高效和氮低效品种的决定系数均超过0.9。在拔节期,水稻细分枝根长对产量影响最大;在抽穗期,氮高效和氮低效品种存在差异,前者是粗分枝根长,后者是细分枝根表面积对产量影响最大;在成熟期,不定根长与产量关系最为密切。水稻抽穗期根系构型对氮积累量变化的解释程度较高,岭回归方程决定系数均接近0.7。就水氮管理措施而言,氮高效和氮低效水稻均应采用常规灌溉配套SPAD指导施肥或控制性交替灌溉结合优化施肥来实现产量的提高。【结论】水稻抽穗期根系构型与产量、氮积累量关系密切,采用合理的水氮管理措施能够实现水稻产量和氮素吸收利用效率的同步提高。     

氮肥运筹对夏玉米氮素利用及土壤无机氮时空变异的影响

研究不同施氮量及基肥追肥比例对土壤无机氮时空分布及玉米氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同施氮量和基追比显著影响土壤剖面硝态氮含量。各施氮处理不同生育期0～60 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著高于不施氮肥处理,且随施氮量的增加土壤中硝态氮含量增加。夏玉米生长季土壤铵态氮含量较低,且时空变化不明显。玉米氮素农学效率（NAE）、氮素利用效率（NUE）随施氮量的增加显著降低;氮素表观回收率（NRE）有相同的变化趋势,但差异不显著;氮素收获指数（NHI）随施氮量的增加显著增大。相同施氮水平下,“50%基肥+50%大喇叭口肥基追比”的NAE、NUE、NHI和玉米产量显著高于其他处理。因此,在玉米生产中应避免播种时一次性大量施用氮肥,增加后期施氮比例可显著提高氮肥利用效率和玉米产量。     

Effects of Exogenous Materials on Nitrogen Photosynthetic Efficiency and Yield Formation of japonica Rice in Cold Region Under Cold Water Stress at Booting Stage

【Objective】Our goal is to develop disaster-reducing, production-preserving and chemical-controlling cultivation techniques to effectively resist cold damage at the booting stage of japonica rice in cold region.【Method】The split plot design and the central combination test design were used to screen out the optimal application concentrations of CaCl2, glutamic acid(Glu), and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) through the membership function values of yield-related indicators under cold-water stress at booting stage.【Result】1) Under cold water stress at the booting stage, the optimal concentrations of exogenous CaCl2, Glu and GABA (CGG) were 1.87 mmol/L, 2.76 mg/L, 4.40 mmol/L, respectively and the average membership function value is the largest (0.932). 2) Compared with normal irrigation, the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency of cold-region japonica rice decreased under cold stress at the booting stage. Compared with cold water stress at the booting stage, CGG application at the optimal concentration significantly increased the leaf area index (5.37%) and nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency (4.53%) of Dongnong 428 at the full heading stage; significantly increased leaf biomass per leaf area (2.56%) and leaf area index (3.39%) of Songjing 10 at the full heading stage. 3) Compared with cold water stress at the booting stage, the application of the optimal concentration of CGG increased the dry matter accumulation from heading stage to maturity in the cold-region japonica rice, but it was still lower than that of the normal irrigation, and there were differences between varieties and treatments. 4) Compared with cold water stress at booting stage, the yield and yield components of cold-region japonica rice increased with the application of the optimal concentration CGG, and the impact on cold-sensitive varieties was more significant. 5) Compared with the cold water stress at the booting stage, the average increase in temperature production efficiency of Dongnong 428 and Songjing 10 was 5.55% and 23.72% under the optimal concentrations of CGG, respectively. The contribution rate of exogenous CGG to the gap of temperature production efficiency is 8.99%.【Conclusion】The application of the optimal concentration of CGG under cold water stress at the booting stage promoted leaf growth of cold-region japonica rice at the full heading stage and increased the population nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency, which was beneficial to dry matter accumulation and yield formation after heading stage, thereby reducing the loss of cold-region japonica rice under cold water stress at booting stage and improving the temperature production efficiency of cold-region japonica rice.     

孕穗期冷水胁迫下施用外源物质对寒地粳稻氮光合效率及产量的影响

【目的】制定减灾保产化控栽培技术,有效抵御寒地粳稻孕穗期低温冷害。【方法】采用裂区试验设计和中心组合试验设计,基于产量相关指标隶属函数值,筛选出寒地粳稻孕穗期冷水胁迫下氯化钙(CaCl₂)、谷氨酸(Glu)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)三种外源物质最适施用浓度及其最适浓度配比,并研究孕穗期冷水胁迫下施用最适浓度配比三种外源物质(CGG)对寒地粳稻氮光合效率及产量形成的影响。【结果】1)孕穗期冷水胁迫下施用CGG最适浓度配比为1.87 mmol/L CaCl₂、2.76 mg/LGlu、4.40 mmol/L GABA,隶属函数平均值最大(0.932)。2)与正常灌溉相比,孕穗期低温胁迫下寒地粳稻氮光合效率下降;与孕穗期冷水胁迫相比,施用最适浓度配比CGG可显著提高东农428齐穗期叶面积指数(5.37%)及氮光合效率(4.53%);可显著提高松粳10齐穗期单位面积叶片干物质量(2.56%)和叶面积指数(3.39%)。3)与孕穗期冷水胁迫相比,施用最适浓度配比CGG可提高寒地粳稻抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量,但其积累量仍低于正常灌溉水平,且在品种和处理间存在差异。4)与孕穗期冷水胁迫相比,施用最适浓度配比CGG寒地粳稻产量及产量构成因素均有所上升,但仍低于正常灌溉水平,且对冷敏感的品种影响更为显著。5)与孕穗期冷水胁迫相比,施用最适浓度CGG东农428和松粳10温度生产效率平均增幅分别为5.55%和23.72%。外源CGG对于温度生产效率差异的贡献率为8.99%。【结论】孕穗期冷水胁迫下施用最适浓度配比CGG可通过促进齐穗期叶片生长,进而提高群体氮光合效率,有利于抽穗后干物质积累及产量形成,减轻孕穗期冷水胁迫对寒地粳稻产量造成的损失,提高寒地粳稻温度生产效率。     

水稻拔节期叶片碳氮代谢基因型差异及与氮素利用效率的关系

 采用土培盆栽试验,以3个氮素利用效率(NUE)有显著差异的水稻基因型秀恢2号(低NUE)、R83 12(中NUE)和五优244(高NUE)为材料,研究了拔节期叶片碳氮代谢的基因型差异及其与氮素高效利用的关系。结果表明,拔节期不同基因型水稻的叶片蔗糖和可溶性糖含量、淀粉/可溶性糖含量比和淀粉/蔗糖含量比存在极显著差异,前两者为五优244 > R83 12 >秀恢2号,后两者则相反;而淀粉和蔗糖/可溶性糖含量比各基因型差异不显著。不同基因型水稻的叶片全氮含量(TNC)、蛋白氮含量(PNC)、 PNC/TNC、Rubisco含量(RC)/PNC和RC/TNC存在极显著或显著差异,前两者为五优244 < R83 12 <秀恢2号, 后三者则相反;RC无基因型差异。五优244叶片的叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量、PSⅡ潜在活性、羧化效率、碳酸酐酶、酸性转化酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性极显著或显著高于其他基因型;其叶片的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性也极显著高于其他基因型。统计分析表明,高NUE水稻叶片具有较高的可溶性糖和蔗糖含量及较大的RC/TNC和RC/PNC,其生理基础是其叶片的高谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和PSⅡ潜在活性。     

Comparison of high-yield rice in tropical and subtropical environments: II. Nitrogen accumulation and utilization efficiency

Nitrogen requirements to achieve rice grain yields higher than 13 t ha⁻¹ and the associated internal N-utilization efficiency (NUE) have not been documented. The objective of this study was to compare N accumulation and NUE of irrigated rice in tropical and subtropical environments at yield-potential levels in both climates. Field experiments were conducted in 1995 and 1996 at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines (IRRI, tropical site), and at Taoyuan Township, Yunnan, China (subtropical site). Three to five high-yielding rice cultivars were grown under optimum crop management. Plants were sampled at key growth stages to determine tissue N concentration, plant N accumulation, N harvest index (NHI), N translocation ratio and NUE. Plant N accumulation at maturity was 19 to 30% greater at Yunnan than at IRRI. Most of this difference resulted from greater N accumulation and N uptake rate during the vegetative period at Yunnan than at IRRI. During reproductive and grain-filling periods, N accumulation and N uptake rate were similar or higher at IRRI than at Yunnan. Grain N concentration at maturity was lower and N translocation ratio from straw to grains during grain filling was higher at Yunnan than at IRRI, and these traits contributed to larger NHI and NUE at Yunnan than at IRRI. Cultivars that produced grain yields over 13 t ha⁻¹ at Yunnan required the accumulation of about 250 kg N ha⁻¹ within the crop and had a NUE of 59 to 64 kg grain per kg plant N.     

徐麦35高产高效增密减氮途径及其碳氮代谢调控机制

为探究增密减氮栽培途径的可行性及其碳氮代谢调控机制,于2019-2020年以徐麦35为材料,设置不同密肥组合,研究增密减氮对产量和氮效率的调控作用.结果 表明,适当减少施氮量,徐麦35的氮素农学效率(NAE)、氮肥偏生产力(PFP)、氮素生理效率(PE)、氮收获指数(NHI)均显著增加.开花期和成熟期的碳氮比(C/N)...     

超级杂交稻叶片光合特性、光合氮素利用效率和产量对不同施氮量的响应

为探明超级杂交稻叶片光合特性、光合氮素利用效率和产量对不同施氮量的响应特征,以Q优6号(V1)、宜香优2115(V2)为材料,于2019年在贵州省黄平县进行了不同施氮量的田间试验.结果 表明,随着施氮量的增加,在孕穗期,最大电子传递速率(Jmax)和单位叶面积氮含量(Narea)呈上升趋势,表观光量子效率(AQE)、净...     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatments on Caryopsis Filling and Respiratory Rate of Rice

The application of N fertilizer has been reported to have a great effect on filling of caryopsis. For example, the dry matter of caryopsis derived from photosynthates by tillers and leaves at two stages i.e. before and after panicle emergence [1-4]. Moreover, proper utilization of N fertilizer can improve N content and photosynthetic rate [5-7], delay leaf senescence [7-9], and increase the amount of dry matter for grain filling, thus improve the productivity of rice [5-10]. On the other hand…     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatments on Filling and Respiratory Rate of Caryopsis in Rice

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen （N） rate and application time on grain filling and respiratory trait of caryopsis in two rice varieties, IR36 and Dali. The treatments were consisted of no N application topdressing at both tillering and booting stages （CK）, 6 g/pot of N topdressing at the tillering stage and 2 g/pot of N topdressing at the booting stage, 2 g/pot of N topdressing at the tillering stage and 6 g/pot of N topdressing at the booting stage. The results showed that the proper utilization of N fertilizer can be helpful to maintain the higher water content, higher respiratory rate and higher dehydrogenase activity of rice caryopsis in late filling phase, and prolong the course for filling and maintaining higher respiratory rate and dehydrogenase activity of rice caryopsis. More N application at booting was more effective compared to more N application at tillering.     

栽培方式对超级杂交早稻陵两优268产量形成及氮肥利用率的影响

比较了超级杂交早稻陵两优268在“三定”栽培、免耕摆栽、传统栽培条件下的产量构成特点、干物质生产特性、氮素吸收量及其利用率,结果表明:与传统栽培相比,“三定”栽培处理齐穗期后干物质积累量大、有效穗较多,产量较高,氮素吸收量分蘖中期和幼穗分化期较低,齐穗期和成熟期较高,氮肥偏生产力、氮素吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率均较高;免耕摆栽处理有效穗较多,但每穗总粒数和结实率居劣势;氮吸收特点与“三定”栽培处理相似,但氮肥偏生产力、氮素吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率比“三定”栽培处理略低.表明陵两优268采用“三定”栽培法可实现产量和氮肥利用率的同步提高.     

部分春性和半冬性小麦品种氮效率差异分析

为了解小麦冬春性与氮素利用的关系,在大田条件下,以江苏省主栽的15个小麦品种为材料,比较了半冬性和春性小麦的氮效率差异。结果表明,相同施氮条件下,半冬性小麦的平均氮肥吸收效率(NUEa)和氮肥生产效率(NGPE)分别比春性小麦高12.19%和9.64%,差异均达显著水平。其中,NUEa和NGPE最高的半冬性小麦品种均为济麦22,春性小麦两个指标最高的品种均为扬麦15。半冬性小麦的平均氮肥表观利用率(NUR)、氮肥农学效率(NAE)、氮素生理效率(NPE)及氮收获指数亦高于春性小麦,但差异均不显著。半冬性或春性类型小麦中各指标都存在氮高效和氮低效的品种,且品种间差异均极显著;不同品种氮效率高或低的机制不同,使得对氮肥的吸收、利用、转运的能力存在差异,生产中应根据不同品种氮效率机制特点采用不同的施肥应对策略。     

钵苗机插水稻氮素吸收与利用特征

【目的】旨在阐明钵苗机插水稻氮素吸收与利用特征。【方法】于2013–2014年在扬州大学兴化试验基地选用大穗型品种甬优2640和甬优8号,中穗型品种武运粳24号和宁粳3号,小穗型品种淮稻5号和淮稻10号为试验材料,以毯苗机插为对照,研究钵苗机插水稻氮素积累、转运与利用特性。【结果】不同穗型品种的钵苗机插较毯苗机插在水稻分蘖中期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期植株含氮率和吸氮量较高。在移栽至分蘖中期、拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期阶段,不同穗型品种钵苗机插氮素积累量和氮素吸收速率较毯苗机插高。与毯苗机插相比,不同穗型品种的钵苗机插水稻叶片的氮素输出量、氮素表观转运率和氮素转运贡献率显著提高,而茎鞘的氮素表观转运率和氮素转运贡献率较低。对氮素利用率而言,不同穗型品种的钵苗机插较毯苗机插氮肥偏生产力显著提高,氮素收获指数增加,其中大穗型品种差异显著。【结论】钵苗机插较毯苗机插生育中、后期氮素吸收能力强,后期叶片氮素转运量大、贡献率高,植株总氮素积累量和氮肥利用率显著提高。     

种植方式对水稻和陆稻氮素吸收利用的影响

 以武香粳99-8（水稻）和中旱3号（陆稻）为材料，研究了种植方式对水稻和陆稻生育后期N素吸收利用的影响。与水种稻（对照）相比，中旱3号覆膜旱种时产量显著低于对照，武香粳99-8覆膜旱种时和对照没有显著差异，裸地旱种产量均为最低。覆膜旱种和裸地旱种抽穗期植株的含N率较低，抽穗至成熟期植株含N率下降速率为水种＞裸地旱种＞覆膜旱种。抽穗和成熟期植株吸N量大小为水种＞覆膜旱种＞裸地旱种。旱种稻成熟期茎鞘中的N素分配显著高于对照，籽粒显著低于对照，品种间叶片有所不同。抽穗期旱种稻的N素物质生产效率显著高于对照。成熟期覆膜旱种N素物质生产效率最低。旱种稻N素籽粒生产效率（中旱3号覆膜旱种除外）和N素收获指数较对照增加，大小为裸地旱种＞覆膜旱种＞水种。与武香粳99-8相比，中旱3号抽穗后植株含N率下降快，植株N素积累量较小，叶片和籽粒中N素分配比例高，茎鞘低；N素物质生产效率（成熟期）、N素籽粒生产效率和N素收获指数高，产量低。     

机插同步一次性精量施肥对双季稻养分累积及利用率的影响

【目的】为保证水稻施肥的准确性，揭示水稻机插与同步一次性侧深减量施肥的养分利用特征，为机插双季稻的氮(N)肥高效利用提供依据。【方法】在典型双季稻种植区，以测土配方施肥量为依据，结合精量施肥机，2017−2018年研究机插同步一次性精量施肥对双季稻养分吸收和利用的影响。【结果】与常规施肥处理相比，机插同步一次性减N 10%~30%处理早稻N、P、K累积量分别提高7.9%~11.7%、9.4%~25.9%和2.0%~6.5%(2017)，8.2%~15.0%、9.0%~12.1%和14.0%~18.1%(2018)；晚稻分别提高−0.6%~5.7%、9.1%~14.4%和3.7%~19.6%(2017)，6.1%~8.5%、9.4%~19.3%和18.7%~22.2%(2018)；早稻N肥吸收利用率(NRE)、N肥农学利用率(NAE)、N肥偏生产力(NPFP)分别提高38.6%~92.7%、49.9%~103.6%和29.5%~71.7%(2017)，35.4%~71.4%、46.0%~98.4%和20.7%~75.4%(2018)；晚稻分别提高20.8%~43.1%、31.3%~64.2%和18.3%~48.5% (2017)，26.8%~99.1%、60.0%~ 82.9%和26.6%~60.5%(2018)。其中，早晚稻以减N 20%~30%处理效果较好。水稻机插同步一次性精量施肥随着施N量的降低，双季稻NRE先增加后降低，NHI、NAE和NPFP呈上升趋势，而土壤碱解氮含量呈下降趋势。【结论】通过施肥技术和机插模式的集成与优化，能有效减少稻田N肥施入，利于N、P、K吸收积累，同步提高双季稻的产量和N肥利用效率。