株血清学和免疫学特性的研究

 在鸡胚肾细胞上对HN₉₉株病毒进行了克隆纯化，经检测无外源病原污染。应用血清交叉中和试验确定了IBV HN₉₉株的血清型，并用免疫保护试验进行了验证，结果证明HN₉₉株与T株属同一血清型，与TJ、SD、湖北等地方分离株有一定的相关性。不同免疫剂量的效力试验结果表明用0.2 ml剂量的HN₉₉灭活苗接种试验鸡，能够对HN₉₉攻毒提供100%的保护，证明HN₉₉株具有良好的免疫原性。     

鸡大肠杆菌病病原的分离鉴定及药敏试验

自疑似大肠杆菌病例中分离到大肠杆菌44株，并对其病原特性进行了研究，结果表明这些菌的生化特性基本一致，与文献报道相符。对此44株大肠杆菌进行血清型鉴定，鉴定出血清型39株，其中O血清型13种，以O₇₈、O₃₅、O₂₄、O₁、O₁₅、O₇₆和O₈₈等7个血清型为主，占定型菌株的84.6%。其中血清型为O₇₈的菌株占定型菌株的38.5%，为优势血清型。用9种抗菌药物（头孢唑啉、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、链霉素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、青霉素、妥布霉素、红霉素）进行了药敏试验，结果表明分离菌株呈现出不同程度的耐药性，其中青霉素、红霉素的耐药率最高（均为97.7%），其次是环丙沙星（81.8%），大多数为多重联合耐药；而阿米卡星、妥布霉素和庆大霉素的敏感率较高，其中以阿米卡星（90.9%）最敏感。     

禽流感病毒CH02株(H9)的鉴定及其NS 基因分子特征分析

从疑似感染H9亚型禽流感病毒的病鸡内脏组织中分离到1株能凝集鸡红细胞的病毒,通过血凝抑制试验、鸡胚中和试验、RT-PCR鉴定,确认其为H9亚型禽流感病毒,并命名为CH02株。该病毒HA效价为2^7.67±0.58;其血凝性可被抗H9亚型禽流感病毒阳性血清完全抑制,HI效价为7log2;鸡胚半数感染量(EID₅₀)为10^-8.68 EID₅₀/0.1 mL;最小致死剂量致鸡胚死亡的平均时间(MDT)为85.6 h;1日龄鸡脑内致病指数(ICPI)为0.625;其NS基因与香港株、南京株、北京株、汕头株、韩国株、巴基斯坦株的核苷酸同源性为88.6%~100%,经进化分析CH02株与香港株(A/duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97)同属一个分支。     

淮安地区禽大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从淮安市及8个区县畜牧兽医站动物门诊部临诊的具有典型大肠杆菌病变的150羽病死禽中,分离鉴定出大肠杆菌112株,定型92株,共测出24个血清型,其中O₁₈（20株）、O₇₈（14株）、O₁（11株）、O₅（10株）4种血清型占定型菌株的59.78%,为淮安地区优势血清型。这一结果为制备菌苗预防大肠杆菌病奠定了基础。药敏试验结果表明,所分离的大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类、磺胺类、四环素及青霉素类耐药率较高,对庆大霉素、卡那霉素、头孢噻吩有一定的耐药性,而对头孢噻呋、阿米卡星、奥格门丁、氟苯尼考、磷霉素敏感,其耐药率低于16.3%。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒鸡胚分离株蚀斑克隆及生物学特性比较

建立了H5N1亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）蚀斑克隆方法，用不加中性红的营养琼脂为覆盖层，在倒置显微镜下挑斑，对3株H5N1亚型AIV鸡胚分离毒株进行了蚀斑克隆纯化，从同一鸡胚分离毒株中纯化得到了蚀斑大小和形态均存在显著差异的毒株，共获得13株蚀斑克隆纯化株。研究结果表明，当小牛血清浓度为2%时，加入终浓度50 μg/ml的胰酶可明显促进和刺激蚀斑的形成，蚀斑的直径和PFU/ml均有显著的增加。通过TCID₅₀、EID₅₀和LD₅₀测定发现，来自同一鸡胚分离株的不同蚀斑克隆纯化株中，蚀斑大、毒力强的克隆毒株占优势，而且蚀斑较大的，其毒力也较强。对得到的13株蚀斑克隆毒株的全基因组各片段序列分析表明，蚀斑克隆纯化株在HA蛋白裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列均符合高致病性通报性禽流感病毒的分子特征。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒H52株TaqMan-MGB 荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

本研究建立了一种快速的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)H52株定量检测方法,为进一步研究疫苗的效价检测和质量监控新方法奠定基础。针对IBV核蛋白(N)基因,设计特异的H52株荧光定量PCR检测引物和TaqMan-MGB探针,优化反应体系和条件后进行特异性、敏感性、重复性试验,探讨荧光定量RT-PCR与EID₅₀方法测定病毒含量的相关性,并通过体外转录技术对病毒基因拷贝数进行定量分析。该方法特异性强,与其他禽源病毒均无交叉反应;该方法可检测到5.60×10¹拷贝/μL的病毒核酸,与常规PCR相比,敏感性高10倍;重复性试验的变异系数为0.9%~3.2%;与EID₅₀检测结果的相关系数r＝0.934,两种方法在检测H52株病毒效价上具有很好的相关性。本研究建立的TaqMan-MGB荧光定量RT-PCR方法,适合于对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒H52株病毒含量的快速定量检测。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒抗原性变异的研究

对1998—2002年间在河南省豫北地区分离到的5株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的抗原性变异进行了研究。经HI试验、鸡胚中和试验、细胞中和试验及攻毒保护试验证明，5株H9N2亚型间已经发生了抗原性漂移。98A5和99S毒株间的保护力接近100％，HI试验、鸡胚中和试验、细胞中和试验的相关性均在0．74以上。表明2毒株间的抗原性相近；用00Y毒株攻击其他4株免疫的鸡，其保护率仅为60％～80％；而02Y株对除00Y株外的4株的免疫保护率分别为60％、75％、80％、100％，与分离年代呈负相关性，HI、鸡胚中和试验、细胞中和试验也取得类似结果，说明2000年后的毒株间已发生抗原性变异。     

辽宁省禽大肠杆菌血清型分布与大肠杆菌病防治措施研究

以病原菌分离、血清型鉴定及本动物致病性试验对流行于辽宁省致病性禽大肠埃希氏菌的血清型分布、致病性以及用蜂胶苗防治该病进行了研究。2001至2005年从14市的病死禽和死胚中分离出大肠杆菌226株,定型105株,其中078型占29．52％（31／105）;0109型占10．48％（11／105）。结果证明078、0109血清型是流行于本省致病性禽大肠埃希氏菌的绝对优势血清型。致病性试验研究证明,0109型菌对鸡的致病性强于01、02、078居第一位。用2001年分离的优势菌株的11个血清型大肠杆菌蜂胶苗和大肠杆菌新城疫二联蜂胶苗对鸡免疫,从2005年分离的优势菌株中选078、0109、01、0142、093型菌分别以致死量进行攻毒,保护率均达100％。免疫鸡与发病鸡同居感染试验,100％健康存活。     

禽大肠杆菌病免疫保护机理的研究

以禽病原性大肠杆菌O18、O78分离株制成超声波裂解铝佐剂灭活苗免疫14日龄鸡，以相同或不同外膜蛋白型（Outer membrane protein pattern,OMP型）的O18、O78分离株攻毒。结果表明：O78血清相同和不同OMP型分离株间能获得最大保护；O18血清型相同OMP型分离株间获得最大保护，而不同OMP型分离株间不能保护；上述两个血清型的分离株间不论OMP型是否相同，均缺乏保护。以间接ELISA试验、间接血凝试验分别测定了试验鸡临攻毒前针对大肠杆菌OMPs和脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS）的抗体。结果表明：免疫组鸡血清上述两种抗体明显高于攻毒对照组；在免疫组，存活鸡临攻毒前血清中上述两种抗体滴度恒高于死亡鸡，但除3个组外，多数组差异不显著。攻毒对照组这一关系不稳定。结果说明：禽大肠杆菌疫苗的免疫保护，主要与O血清型有关，部分与OMP型有关，如O18分离株，免疫保护性抗原含OMPs,LPS等多个抗原表位。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒山西地方分离株的血清学分析

应用病毒感染的鸡胚材料免疫兔的方法制备抗鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)单因子血清,然后在鸡胚上对山西分离的6个毒株和6个参考株进行交叉病毒中和试验。结果显示,这6株病毒与参考毒株不属于同种血清型,但分离株之间存在部分交叉免疫保护,证实了鸡传染性支气管炎病毒毒株在山西地区存在变异。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒对新城疫病毒的干扰作用观察

为观察鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）HN99株对新城疫病毒（NDV）增殖的干扰作用,该试验采用不同浓度的IBV标准株M41和地方株HN99与鸡新城疫病毒（NDV）分别按不同接种顺序同胚增殖,利用病毒血凝试验（HA）测定NDV的效价,观察IBV对NDV的干扰作用,从而为检测IBV地方株HN99提供方法,也为同胚增殖两种病毒提供一系列的数据参考。试验结果表明,鸡传染性支气管炎病毒地方株HN99对NDV的干扰作用与其浓度和接种顺序有关。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒HN99株S1基因的克隆与序列测定

根据基因库中收录的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒 (IBV)S1基因的序列 ,设计了一对引物并采用RT -PCR扩增了鸡传染性支气管炎病毒HN99株的S1基因 ,扩增产物进行了克隆、测序 ,获得了IBVHN99株S1基因片段 ,其大小为1 739bp(含前导序列 ) ,其核苷酸序列与H1 2 0、H52、M41、Gray、Holte的S1基因核苷酸序列同源性较低 ,分别为 79.1 %,79.2 %,77.3%,77.8%,79 .4%,有大量的点突变并伴有基因插入和缺失 ;IBVHN99株的S1基因推导的氨基酸与H1 2 0、H52、M41、Gray、Holte株氨基酸的同源性分别为80 .1 %,79.9%,79.5%,78.5%,78.5%,经S1基因系统进化分析 ,提示IBVHN99株与其它各毒株的亲缘关系较远 ,初步证实IBVHN99株为一新的IBV毒株     

Reversion to virulence of chicken-passaged infectious bronchitis vaccine virus

Serial passage of two infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine strains in chickens enhanced their capacity to increase the incidence and severity of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) airsacculitis. Included in this report were the mild Massachusetts-type Connaught strain and the Arkansas 99 vaccine strain of IBV. The Connaught strain and one of two Ark 99 vaccine strains passaged in chickens increased the incidence of airsacculitis markedly compared with nonpassaged virus. The other Ark 99 vaccine virus already exacerbated MS airsacculitis, before passage in chickens, and its influence did not increase on passage. All IBV strains studied to date have either possessed this trait or reacquired it on passage in the natural host.     

4株IBV中国地方分离株部分结构基因变异的研究

本研究通过RT-PCR分别获得了4个国内IBV分离株的S1、M和N基因，并进行了克隆及测序。序列分析结果表明：HaN2-95株的S1、M和N基因核苷酸序列均与IBV H120疫苗株的同源性最高；尽管HaN1-95株的S1基因与IBV H52疫苗株的亲缘关系最近，但是该毒株的M基因和N基因却与IBV Gray株的同源性最高；GX1-98株的S1和M基因均与IBV H52疫苗株的亲缘关系最近，但其N基因却与IBV Gray株和Ark99株有高度的同源性；GX2-98株的S1基因却与IBV Holte株的亲缘关系最近。上述结果提示国内有些IBV分离株的出现可能与疫苗株的使用有关。     

Transmissibility of infectious bronchitis virus H120 vaccine strain among broilers under experimental conditions

The aim of this study was to quantify transmission of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) H120 vaccine strain among broilers, and to assess whether birds that have been exposed to vaccine strain-shedding birds were protected against clinical signs after infection with a virulent strain of the same serotype. A transmission experiment and a replicate were carried out, each with six groups of commercial broilers. At day of hatch (n = 30) or at 15 days of age (n = 20), half of each group was inoculated with either IBV H120 vaccine (H120 group), virulent IBV M41 (M41 group), or were mock-infected, thereby contact-exposing the other half of each group. Nasal discharge was recorded, and antibody response and virus shedding were measured. To measure clinical protection, four weeks after inoculation all birds, in all groups, were challenged with IBV M41. The reproduction ratio (R; the average number of contact infections caused by one infectious bird) was determined to quantify virus transmission. All contact-exposed birds, except for one in an H120 group, became infected with either IBV H120 or IBV M41. Almost all birds contact-infected with IBV H120 or IBV M41 were subsequently protected against clinical signs after challenge with IBV M41. The lower limits of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the R of IBV H120 vaccine, and of IBV M41, were significantly <1. For both IBV H120 and IBV M41, the 95% CI was [2.1-infinity] following inoculation at day of hatch and [1.8-infinity] after inoculation at 15 days of age. This finding demonstrates that IBV H120 vaccine is able to spread extensively among broilers. This implies that this vaccine strain might be able to become endemically present in the poultry population. It also implies that, even if not all birds received vaccine during spray application, due to the ability of the vaccine to spread in the flock, they will most likely be protected against clinical signs after a subsequent field virus infection.     

Evaluation of the hemagglutination-inhibition test for measuring the response of chickens to avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccination

An infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test was used to assay serum-antibody titers after IBV vaccination of IBV-susceptible specific-pathogen-free broilers and commercial layers. Three-week-old broilers were vaccinated via eye-drop with IBV strains that represent the antigenic spectrum of commercial vaccines--Holland, Massachusetts 41 (41 Ms), Connecticut 46, Florida 18288, or JMK strain--and revaccinated 3 weeks later with either the same or a heterologous strain. Weekly serum samples were tested by IBV HI with homologous and heterologous antigens. Vaccinates, except for those vaccinated with the Holland strain, were HI-positive with homologous but not heterologous antigens by 1 to 2 weeks postvaccination. Sixteen-week-old IBV-vaccinated commercial layers were revaccinated with IBV Holland 52 (H 52) strain and subsequently infected with Arkansas 99 (Ark 99) and SE 17 strains. In contrast to the limited HI cross-reactivity of serum from IBV-vaccinated broilers, there were extensive cross-reactions in HI tests with 41 Ms, H 52, Ark 99, and SE 17 antigens of revaccinated layers. These results demonstrate that the IBV HI test is more strain-specific than previous reports indicate, especially when the test samples are from early postvaccination.     

鸡肾型传染性支气管炎病毒QD株S1基因的克隆与序列分析

One nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus （IBV） strain was isolated from Qingdao city, named as QD isolate.S1 gene of the strain was amplified, cloned and sequenced. The S1 gene of QD isolate was composed of 1620 nucleotides, and a spike glycoprotein cleavage recognition site was Arg-Arg-Phe-Arg-Arg. The nucleotide acid similarities among the nine IBV vaccine strains and the QD strain were 78.8% to 82.2%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 genes showed that QD strain and the vaccine strains belonged to different clusters, and showed larger evolutionary distances, but showed the smaller evolutionary distances with the field nephropathogenic IBV strains in China. The result showed that nephropathogenic IBV strains were widely popular in China, and the QD strain could be used as the infectious bronchitis vaccine candidate strain.     

Chicken embryonal vaccination with avian infectious bronchitis virus

A commercial infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine of the Massachusetts 41 strain was injected in embryonating chicken eggs on embryonation day (ED) 18. The IBV vaccine was pathogenic for embryos, and it was passaged in chicken kidney tissue culture to reduce the pathogenicity. At the 40th tissue culture passage (P40-IBV), the virus became apathogenic for the embryos. Maternal antibody-positive or -negative chicks hatching from eggs injected with P40-IBV developed antibody to IBV and were protected against challenge exposure at 4 weeks of age with virulent Massachusetts 41 IBV. Although P40-IBV protected chicks when administered on ED 18, this virus did not protect chicks well if given at hatch. When combined with the turkey herpesvirus (HVT), P40-IBV given on ED 18 did not interfere with the protection against challenge exposure with virulent Marek's disease virus, nor did the presence of HVT interfere with protection by P40-IBV. Thus, under laboratory conditions, IBV vaccine could be combined with HVT to form a bivalent embryonal vaccine.