皱纹盘鲍成体摄食习性的初步研究

本文介绍了皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino．)摄食习性的试验情况。试验结果表明，皱纹盘鲍的日摄食量周年在春末夏初和秋季有两个高峰期；当水温高于24℃或低于7℃时摄食量明显下降，低于3℃时基本上停止摄食。鲍对不同种类饵料有明显选择性，按其喜食程度排列为裙带菜、巨藻、海带、礁膜、石莼，而石花菜、海蒿子、鼠尾藻的摄食量最小；而且对同种藻类喜食嫩的，少食甚至不食老的藻体。不同大小个体的日摄食率不同，小个体的摄食率较大个体为高，而且在一年中坚持高日摄食率的时间也较长；最高日摄食率小个体鲍为13．6％，大个体为11．4％     

皱纹盘鲍血细胞的亚显微结构及分类研究

通过对皱纹盘鲍血细胞的超微结构的观察，将其血细胞分成5种类型：大颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞、特殊颗粒细胞、透明细胞和淋巴样细胞。根据胞核的形态和胞质中细胞器的结构特征，研究认为大、小颗粒细胞是同一类细胞的不同发育阶段，而特殊细胞则是大、小颗粒细胞的原始细胞；透明细胞和淋巴样细胞是两类完全分化了的细胞。     

光照强度对皱纹盘鲍杂交鲍幼鲍行为和生长的影响

为优化海上养鲍设施,特别是养鲍网箱结构,开展了40 d的皱纹盘鲍杂交鲍幼鲍(Haliotis discus hannai♀×Haliotis discus discus♂)在0 Lx(暗光照)、0~500 Lx(弱光照)、0~6 500 Lx(强光照)3组不同光照强度下的生长与活动试验。结果显示,壳长(4.86±0.17)cm、体重(15.08±1.07)g的幼鲍,壳长平均日增长和体重平均日增长分别为(0.014 1±0.003)cm/d和(0.054 9±0.011)g/d(暗光组)、(0.008 3±0.003)cm/d和(0.046±0.013)g/d(弱光组)、(0.007±0.001)cm/d和(0.028 4±0.016)g/d(强光组),二者均与光照强度呈反比,且光照对鲍壳生长的影响大于对质量的影响。暗光照环境下,幼鲍活动时间提前30 min,活动时间增加0.5~1 h,且进食量大、进食速度快。研究表明,强光照会对鲍形成光压抑的生活环境,影响鲍的正常行为与生长。海上养鲍应根据鲍对光照刺激的反应,选择适宜的水层,并优化网箱和匍匐基结构。     

磁化水对皱纹盘鲍生长影响的研究

水在磁场中可以被磁能活化,使水分子缔结链变小,活性增加。小分子水的渗透力、溶解力强,更容易穿过细胞膜,促进机体新陈代谢。本试验利用永磁铁使海水磁化激活,饲养皱纹盘鲍,试验结果显示,壳长2．0～2．5cm的幼鲍在三个月内增长率提高了1．3～1．6％,增重率提高了7％;饵料系数降低了1．7～2．1％;成活率提高了2．4～3．0％。     

叶酸对皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成的影响

以皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannaiIno(平均壳长:13.90±0.01mm;平均体重:482.2±2.2mg)为研究对象,在室内循环水养殖系统中进行112d的摄食生长实验,以海带为对照,探讨饲料中不同叶酸含量(0.06、1.44、2.86、5.88、14.27、35.71mg/kg饲料)对皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成的影响。实验结果表明,(1)叶酸缺乏可显著降低皱纹盘鲍C20∶4n-6和C20∶5n-3的含量(P<0.05),却显著提高C18∶3n-3和C22∶6n-3的含量(P<0.05);(2)海带与实验基础饲料中的脂肪酸组成存在显著差异,海带中的C14∶1、C16∶0、C18∶1n-9、C18∶3n-3、C20∶4n-6、C20∶5n-3含量显著高于饲料组(P<0.05),而C18∶0、C18∶1n-7、C18∶2n-6、C20∶0、C22∶6n-3均显著低于饲料组(P<0.05);(3)海带组鲍鱼的C20∶4n-6、C20∶5n-3显著高于饲料组鲍鱼(P<0.05),而C18∶1n-9、C18∶1n-7、C18∶2n-6、C22∶6n-3则显著低于饲料组鲍鱼(P<0.05)。(4)C16∶0、C16∶1、C18∶0在鲍鱼体内的含量比较稳定,不受饲料中叶酸含量和脂肪酸组成的显著影响(P>0.05)。这些结果说明,饲料中叶酸缺乏导致皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成发生改变,很可能抑制C18∶2n-6和C18∶3n-3的碳链延长和去饱和作用,从而减少C20∶4n-6和C20∶5n-3的合成。此外,饲料中的脂肪酸组成也是影响皱纹盘鲍体组织脂肪酸组成的一个重要因素。     

底栖硅藻种类组成对皱纹盘鲍匍匐幼体和稚鲍生长、存活的影响

为验证由生产培养获得的不同质量的底栖硅藻培养皱纹盘鲍不同生长阶段幼体的效果,采用经不同培养措施获得的两类底栖硅藻群落(饵料A和饵料B)培养皱纹盘鲍前期匍訇幼体和稚鲍.试验结果表明,饵料A培养前期匍匐幼体的存活率[(43.47±13.53)%]显著高于饵料B[(6.94±5.17)%],但生长指标差异不显著.两类饵料培养的稚鲍存活率差异不显著,但饵料B的生长速度和特定生长率[(0.151±0.025)mm/d和(4.706±0.492)%/d)]显著高于饵料A[(0.103±0.022)mm/d和(3.625±0.374)%/d)].说明皱纹盘鲍幼体在不同生长阶段适应底栖硅藻的种类不同.匍匐幼体期对底栖硅藻质量要求较高,稚鲍期由于食量增加和食性转化,对饵料数量的要求表现得更为明显.     

皱纹盘鲍营养生理学与疾病研究进展

鲍类具有很高的营养价值，是一种非常重要的经济贝类，国内外对鲍类的研究主要集中在对皱纹盘鲍及其他一些种的摄食生理、营养需要及疾病防治等方面。本文主要从对皱纹盘鲍在不同生长阶段摄食、生长、发育等方面的研究及其在外界环境因素影响下的生理状况，皱纹盘鲍的营养需要与人工配合饲料的配制，以及皱纹盘鲍的主要细菌性、病毒性、寄生性病害的研究与防治等三个方面进行综述。     

4种多糖对皱纹盘鲍血细胞活性氧和血清凝集活力的影响

水温为(20.0±3)℃,盐度为30.0±1.5下,将灵芝多糖1、灵芝多糖2、脂多糖和酵母多糖分别配制成0、1.0、5.0、10、50、100、200μg·mL-1质量浓度,采用鲁米诺化学发光法(CL)和凝聚法检测其对皱纹盘鲍(HaliotisdiscushannaiIno)血细胞产生活性氧和血清凝集活力的影响。这些多糖均能增强鲍血细胞产生活性氧的能力和吞噬能力,其增强效果由强至弱依次为:灵芝多糖2>灵芝多糖1>脂多糖>酵母多糖;同种多糖中,急性组增强鲍血细胞活性氧产生和促进血清凝集活力的能力强于孵育组。本研究还比较了浸泡和注射灵芝多糖2(50μg·mL-1)和脂多糖(10μg·mL-1)对皱纹盘鲍血细胞活性氧产生和血清凝集活力的影响。结果表明,注射的效果优于浸泡。     

维生素A对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍生长、存活及体成分的影响

对鱼类和甲壳类营养需求的研究证实 ,维生素Ａ是水产动物必不可少的营养素。有关皱纹盘鲍营养需要的研究 ,现有的资料多集中于其对主要营养素特别是蛋白质[1,2 ] 、氨基酸[3 ] 、脂肪[4 ,5] 、脂肪酸[6,7] 等的研究 ,而对微量营养素特别是维生素的研究却很少 ,除了对维生素Ｃ的研究外[8] ,尚是空白。本研究通过用不同浓度梯度维生素Ａ的饲料投喂皱纹盘鲍幼鲍 ,测定其生长指标 ,分析幼鲍软体部水分、蛋白质及脂肪含量以及贝壳中灰分、钙及磷含量的变化 ,来综合评价幼鲍饲料中维生素Ａ的适宜添加量 ,为生产实践中鲍饲料配方提供理论依据1　材…     

皱纹盘鲍脓毒败血症病原菌的发现及初步研究

１９９２年９月至１９９４年１１月间，在大连沿海发现的致皱纹盘鲍脓毒败血症的一株病原菌，对皱纹盘鲍人工感染有很高的死亡率，并且与自然发病有相同的症状。     

Suitability of cage culture for Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino production in China

Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) aquaculture is a thriving industry in China. This study describes a novel submerged cage culture system for abalone rearing in Fujian, South China. The cage consisted of five vertical slots that were oriented perpendicular to the flow of water. The slots were separated by six vertically connected plastic plates for abalone attachment and shelter at the bottom of the cage. Experiment 1 was designed to determine the appropriate stocking density at the start of the abalone sea‐based production cycle. Eight‐month‐old hatchery reared and size‐graded juveniles were transferred to the sea‐based culture system. For different stocking densities, shell length of juveniles obtained in this novel culture system on 2, 3.5 and 5 months, respectively, was compared with shell lengths obtained in a traditionally multi‐tier basket culture system. In Experiment 2, daily growth rates (DGRs) in shell length and biomass in terms of wet weight of 2‐year‐old abalones reared in cage and tiered basket culture systems were compared over a 6‐month period. Results of Experiment 1 showed that growth of abalone in the cage culture system is density‐dependent; the mean final shell length of juveniles obtained was 6.7–15.9% higher than in tiered baskets system even at the same initial stocking density. In Experiment 2, DGRs in shell length of 53.83–78.38 μm day^?1 obtained in cage system were significantly higher than that in tiered baskets (P < 0.01). And in terms of wet weight biomass, it was 1.48–3.01 times higher in the cage system compared with the traditional system. Abalone survival was more than 87.5% in both culture systems in both experiments. Advantages of the newly established cage culture system included better growth performance of the animals reared and potential improvement of rearing conditions, such as improved water flow velocity and dissolved oxygen.     

Effects of the initial size, stocking density and sorting on the growth of juvenile Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

During winter months, a novel overwintering mode of transferring juvenile abalones to open seawaters in southern China rather than keeping them in closed land-based nursery systems in northern China is a popular practice. The initial size, stocking density and sorting are among the first considerations when establishing an abalone culture system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of these factors on the growth of juvenile Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, during overwintering. Juvenile abalones were reared in multi-tier basket form for overwintering in open seawaters in southern China for 106 days. The daily growth rates (DGRs) in the shell length of all experimental groups ranged from 67.08 to 135.75 μm day⁻¹, while the specific growth rates (SGRs) were 0.2447–0.3259% day⁻¹. Variance analysis indicated that both DGRs and SGRs in shell length were significantly affected by the initial body size and stocking density. Furthermore, the effects of stocking density on DGRs and SGRs varied with the initial size. However, sorting abalones according to their initial sizes may not be necessary in practice as sorting did not alter growth significantly at all densities in this study. Factors potentially affecting abalone growth such as genetic control and intraspecific competition were discussed.     

不同生长期皱纹盘鲍对水温适应能力的比较

将皱纹盘鲍依壳长分为4个组群，分别为4月龄组、1龄组、2龄组和3龄以上组。比较研究环境水温对皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai Ino）生长的影响以及不同发育阶段个体间的生长差异，结果表明，温度对皱纹盘鲍的生长影响显著，不同发育期的皱纹盘鲍对水温变化的适应能力不同。成鲍期生长适宜水温为10～22℃，水温高于26℃或者低于0℃出现死亡；壳长10～25mm的1龄鲍生长适宜水温为15～22℃，当水温升至26℃或者降至4℃时摄食量剧减，生长停滞；低于4℃则出现死亡；壳长3～6mm的4月龄鲍15℃以上开始生长，22℃生长最快。幼鲍阶段对水温变化的适应能力比成鲍弱，个体越小适应能力越弱。温度变化幅度加大时，鲍对水温的适应能力减弱。     

Genetic variability of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) in China based on microsatellites

The genetic diversity of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) from northern China was analysed using seven microsatellite markers. The microsatellite loci were polymorphic for all the populations, with an average of 8.7 alleles per locus (range 8.0–9.4). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.547 (range 0.500–0.596) and 0.774 (range 0.754–0.787) respectively. The allelic diversity in terms of number of alleles per locus was considerably lower than that previously found in wild populations (range 21.8–23.0), indicating that bottleneck effects occurred when each population was founded. Significant genetic differentiation among the five cultured populations was shown using F_st and R_st values, and pairwise comparison based on allelic distribution. A neighbour‐joining analysis of the genetic distance did not show a consistent relationship between the geographic and the genetic distances, suggesting the existence of exchanges of breeds and eggs between the hatcheries. The results obtained in this study are useful for a number of areas of interest for fisheries management and the aquaculture industry, especially with regard to breeding programmes.     

皱纹盘鲍内脏酶的酶学性质及褐藻胶裂解酶的分离纯化

采用(NH4)2SO4分段盐析、透析、阴离子(DEAE-52)交换柱层析、SephadexG-200凝胶柱层析等分离纯化技术,通过SDS-PAGE电泳分析了皱纹盘鲍内脏酶的组成,结果表明鲍内脏酶主要含有两种褐藻胶裂解酶Ⅰ, Ⅱ,一种纤维素酶,一种琼脂酶。对酶的酶学性质分析结果表明两种褐藻胶裂解酶Ⅰ, Ⅱ的最适pH分别为8.6, 7.2,最适温度为35 ℃,分子量分别为35.2 ku, 67 ku;两种褐藻胶裂解酶的热稳定性比较差,且易受金属离子影响;纤维素酶的最适pH为5.0,最适温度为40 ℃。并确定了皱纹盘鲍内脏酶分离纯化的方法及参数,为进一步研究鲍内脏复合酶的性能提供了基础参数。图14表3参12 关键词：皱纹盘鲍; 褐藻胶裂解酶; 纤维素酶; 纯化 E-mail：wqk320@dlfu.edu.cn     

饵料对不同规格皱纹盘鲍能量收支的影响

对3种不同规格的皱纹盘鲍(41.40±2.05、54.22±2.66、63.17±2.52mm)分别进行不同饵料搭配的投喂,并对各生理活动的能量代谢进行了测量与计算。实验结果表明,搭配投喂的实验组中皱纹盘鲍能够摄取更多的有机物作为能量代谢的基质。扣除代谢能、排泄能和排粪能后,搭配投喂能提供给皱纹盘鲍的生长能显著高于对照组(P<0.05),尤其是孔石莼与裙带菜搭配投喂组以及裙带菜与海带搭配投喂组,其获得的生长能的比例在3种规格组中均处在很高的水平,是鲍的筏式养殖中值得推广使用的投喂方法。     

Physiological metabolism of Haliotis discus hannai Ino under different light qualities and cycles

The goal of this experiment was to examine the effects of different light qualities (red, white, blue) and cycles (12L:12D, 8L:16D, 4L:20D, 0L:24D, 16L:8D) on the survival, growth, metabolism and antioxidant defence system of Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Under red and white light at 4L:20D, the body weight‐specific growth rate of abalones was significantly higher than that of the 0L:24D group (P < 0.05). At 16L:8D, succinate dehydrogenase activity decreased and lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase activity and the lactic acid content significantly rose (P < 0.05) in the red and white light groups. Under blue light, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content for each light cycle were significantly higher than those of the red and white groups (P < 0.05). Under blue, white and red light, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GP_X) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content gradually rose with increased duration of light exposure. Under red light, significant differences in these parameters were detected between the 4L:20D and 16L:8D groups (P < 0.05). Under blue and white light at 16L:8D, values of T‐AOC, SOD, GP_X activity and GSH content were significantly lower than those of the 12L:12D group (P < 0.05). Overall, these results indicate that red light at light cycles of 4L:20D and 8L:16D is optimal for the culture and production of H. discus hannai, as these conditions promoted food intake, growth and health maintenance as well as normal physiological metabolism of the organism.