猪瘟重组疫苗的研究进展

猪瘟是严重危害养猪业一种重要传染病,弱毒疫苗的应用一定程度地控制了该病的流行与发生,但仍存在一些缺陷,新型、高效、标记疫苗的研制一直以来成为猪瘟疫苗领域的研究热点。本文对猪瘟重组疫苗领域取得的研究研究进展进行了综述。     

A promising multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against classical swine fever virus

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of swine. It is caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), one of the members of the genus Pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family. The development of a safe and effective vaccine against the CSF is critical to pandemic control, this article shows a tandem-repeat multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine can protect pigs from CSFV challenge. That was composed as following: two copies each of glycoprotein E2 residues 693–707, 241–276 and 770–781, and two copies amino acid residues 1446–1460 of the non-structural protein NS2-3. In the challenge test, all of the swine vaccinated with Chinese vaccine strain (C-strain) were fully protected from a challenge with CSFV. However, after three successive vaccinations with the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine, three out of five pigs were protected from challenge with CSFV (in terms of both clinical signs and viremia). These results demonstrate that multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine which carrying the major CSFV epitopes can induce a high level of epitope-specific antibodies and exhibit a protective capability that parallels induced by C-strain to a certain extent.     

Characterization of NS3, NS5A and NS5B of classical swine fever virus through mutation and complementation analysis

In order to get further insight into the organization of the pestiviral replication machinery, characterization of NS3, NS5A and NS5B of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) through mutation and complementation analysis was performed. Mutation analysis in genomic replicons and subgenomic replicons indicated importance of the GDD motif in NS5B, the DEYH motif in NS3 and the conserved sequence C2717-C2740-C2742-C2767 in the NS5A for CSFV recover and viral RNA synthesis. Complementation experiments were performed between subgenomic replicons, between RNA replicons or between RNA replicon and expressed nonstructural protein. Rescue of virus and recover of viral RNA synthesis were examined in these complementation experiments. Results showed that mutations within NS5A, neither NS5B nor NS3, can be trans-complemented, strongly suggesting that NS5B and NS3 function in cis mode for regulation of replication. We assumed that the necessary membrane association of CSFV NS5B and NS3 could occur only when they are being translated and originated from an identical translation template, with the exception of NS5A whose membrane association might occur post-translationally.     

表达猪瘟病毒E2蛋白重组猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征病毒的研究

为构建表达猪瘟病毒(CSFV)E2蛋白重组猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征病毒(PRRSV),本研究首先利用高致病性PRRSV弱毒疫苗HuN4-F112株的感染性分子克隆作为平台,构建了一个在nsp2区有缺失的感染性分子克隆,命名为pHuN4-F112-△480-620。以pHuN4-F112-△480-620作为载体,采用突变PCR的方法将CSFV的主要保护性抗原E2基因1 bp～9 99 bp,1 bp～600 bp,1 bp～330 bp及256 bp～330 bp基因片段分别插到nsp2中aa 480～aa 620位氨基酸缺失编码区域。结果显示,插入完整E2基因或较大E2基因片段的重组PRRSV cDNA质粒均未能拯救出病毒,只有插入较小的E2基因片段(256 bp～330 bp)的重组病毒cDNA质粒成功地拯救出了重组病毒rPRRSV-F112-E2(256-330),拯救的病毒能够在MARC-145细胞上引起明显的细胞病变,而且生长速度明显高于其亲本病毒,间接荧光检测表明该重组病毒能够表达外源基因。     

猪瘟病毒FJFQ-39株的毒力鉴定

为探索一种相对客观、稳定的方法鉴定猪瘟病毒(CSFV)FJFQ-39株的毒力.本研究采用2×103TCID50的FJFQ-39株分别肌肉接种6头敏感猪,通过RT-nPCR 检测扁桃体和血液监测动物感染情况,对动物临床症状和病理变化进行系统评分,结合体温分析,判定病毒毒力.同时用相同剂量的石门株接种4头敏感猪作对照.FJFQ-39和石门接种猪的扁桃体和血液均检测到CSFV核酸;FJFQ-39接种猪的最大临床症状评分(CS)平均值为3.53.5±1.0、病理评分(PS)平均值为3.3±0.9(低于5),平均最高体温为39.3±0.2℃(低于40℃);石门接种猪的最大CS平均值为25.5±2.1、PS平均值为29.5±2.4(大于15),平均最高体温为41.8±0.2℃(高于41.0℃).实验结果表明:猪瘟病毒FJFQ-39株和石门株均成功感染了动物;评分系统结合体温测定评价CSFV毒力是可行的;FJFQ-39 属于低毒力株,而石门属于强毒株.     

Genetic typing of classical swine fever virus

Three regions of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) genome that have been widely sequenced were compared with respect to their ability to discriminate between isolates and to segregate viruses into genetic groups. Sequence data-sets were assembled for 55 CSFVs comprising 150 nucleotides of the 5' non-translated region, 190 nucleotides of the E2 envelope glycoprotein gene and 409 nucleotides of the NS5B polymerase gene. Phylogenetic analysis of each data-set revealed similar groups and subgroups. For closely related viruses, the more variable or larger data-sets gave better discrimination, and the most reliable classification was obtained with sequence data from the NS5B region. No evidence was found for intertypic recombination between CSFVs. A larger data-set was also analysed comprising 190 nucleotides of E2 sequence from 100 CSFVs from different parts of the world, in order to assess the extent and global distribution of CSFV diversity. Additional groups of CSFV are evident from Asia and the nomenclature of Lowings et al. (1996) [Lowings, P., Ibata, G., Needham, J., Paton, D., 1996. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 1311-1321] needs to be updated to accommodate these. A tentative assignment, adapting rather than overturning the previous nomenclature divides CSF viruses into three groups with three or four subgroups: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3; 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4. The expanding data-base of CSFV sequences should improve the prospects of disease tracing in the future, and provide a basis for a standardised approach to ensure that results from different laboratories are comparable.     

Generation and efficacy evaluation of a recombinant adenovirus expressing the E2 protein of classical swine fever virus

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of classical swine fever (CSF), which causes significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. The E2 glycoprotein of CSFV is the main target for neutralizing antibodies. This study was aimed to develop a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 expressing the CSFV E2 gene (rAdV-E2) and evaluate its efficacy in rabbits and pigs. The results showed that the rabbits and the pigs immunized with the rAdV-E2 developed high-level CSFV-specific neutralizing antibodies. The rAdV-E2-immunized rabbits were protected from fever induced by infection with C-strain, which is pathogenic to the rabbit, and the rAdV-E2-immunized pigs were protected from lethal challenge with highly virulent Shimen strain. This indicates that the recombinant adenovirus can be an attractive candidate vaccine for preventing CSF.     

猪瘟病毒E2蛋白靶向化树突状细胞疫苗的制备及对家兔的免疫效果

猪瘟病毒E2蛋白不但具有很强的保护性,而且与病毒毒力密切相关。本研究旨在利用基因工程技术,原核表达纯化猪瘟病毒E2蛋白并对其进行N-糖基化修饰,以使其靶向树突状细胞,从而增加其免疫效力。结果表明,经间苯二酚硫酸法及质谱分析鉴定,猪瘟病毒E2蛋白质ε-赖氨酸成功进行了体外糖基化修饰。进而将糖基化E2蛋白质免疫家兔,首免后14d进行第二次免疫,分别在不同时间采血制备血清,经ELISA检测,免疫7d,糖基化E2蛋白质组抗体水平显著高于猪瘟病毒组与E2蛋白质组(P<0.01);至14d时,糖基化E2蛋白质组抗体水平开始下降,与疫苗组、E2蛋白质组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);在二免后14d,糖基化E2蛋白质组抗体水平上升至最高水平,显著高于猪瘟疫苗组和E2蛋白质组(P<0.01);至二免后21d,糖基化E2蛋白质组抗体水平略高于猪瘟疫苗组(P>0.05),显著高于E2蛋白质组(P<0.05);至二免后28d,糖基化E2蛋白质组抗体水平达到稳定值,显著高于另2组(P<0.05)。结果说明,糖基化E2蛋白质免疫后有效诱导了机体的抗体反应,抗体产生快而持久,具有良好的免疫记忆,免疫效果显著优于常规疫苗,是新型疫苗开发的优选抗原,具有很深的开发潜力。     

共表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5基因和猪瘟病毒E2基因的重组腺病毒的构建及其在小鼠模型上的免疫原性分析

本研究旨在以复制缺陷型人5型腺病毒为载体,构建一株同时表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)变异株GP5蛋白和猪瘟病毒(CSFV)E2蛋白的重组腺病毒疫苗。首先利用重叠PCR将GP5和E2基因通过口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)2A序列连接,形成一个完整的ORF,并将其克隆到腺病毒穿梭载体中,通过细菌内同源重组构建共表达PRRSVGP5蛋白和CSFVE2蛋白的重组腺病毒(rAdV-GP52AE2)。间接免疫荧光试验和western blot检测证实2个外源基因均获得表达。在小鼠上进行的免疫效力评价结果显示,rAdV-GP52AE2免疫组针对CSFV的中和抗体滴度可达1∶128,针对PRRSV的中和抗体滴度为1∶16;在淋巴细胞增殖试验中,免疫组与阴性对照组在增殖指数上有显著差异,表明该重组腺病毒可以同时诱导抗PRRSV和CSFV的特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫。这些结果显示,利用具有自动剪切功能的FMDV2A多肽构建的重组腺病毒有望开发成一种同时预防PRRS和CSF的新型载体疫苗。     

用RT-PCR技术检测盐渍猪肠衣中猪瘟病毒的研究

参考GenBank中发表的猪瘟病毒（CSFV）序列，设计一对CSFV特异性PCR引物；从CSFV感染猪盐渍小肠中提取总RNA，经逆转录后进行PCR扩增，在盐渍小肠中成功扩增出与预期大小（168bp）一致的特异性条带，而正常猪和感染猪伪狂犬病病毒的猪小肠扩增结果均为阴性。用本方法对20例不同稀释浓度的盐渍猪肠衣样本进行检测，结果显示比经典抗原检测方法（抗原捕获ELISA法）具有更高的敏感性。实验表明，本RT—PCR技术能应用于盐渍猪肠衣的CSFV检测，为快速、准确检测盐渍猪肠衣中CSFV提供了一条新途径。     

猪瘟病毒非结构蛋白NS2基因不同片段的克隆及在原核系统中的高效表达

参照猪瘟病毒兔化弱毒疫苗株（HCLV）的基因组序列，设计并合成一组引物。从已构建含有猪瘟病毒兔化弱毒株全基因组质粒pMCfT1—6中分别扩增出NS2长1389bp和876bp的片段。将扩增的不同长度的NS2基因序列克隆至表达载体pGEX—KG中，经酶切鉴定后，转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3），于37℃，1．0mmol／L IPTG条件下诱导表达。大肠杆菌菌体裂解产物经SDS—PAGE分析，在分子量约为40ku处出现和预期的目的蛋白分子量相符的条带。Western—blotting检测表明，表达产物能与猪瘟病毒阳性血清发生特异性反应，出现单一反应带，该表达产物主要存在于包涵体中。上述结果为NS2基因表达产物在免疫检测中的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

Emergence of classical swine fever virus in Israel in 2009

Classical swine fever (CSF) re-emerged in Israel in February 2009 after an absence of 62 years. The outbreak occurred on a domestic pig farm in northern Israel and affected domestic pigs and wild boar. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of a 190 base pair fragment of the E2 glycoprotein gene, the Israeli CSF virus strain belonged to genotype 2.1 and was genetically most similar to a Chinese CSF virus strain.     

用荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测猪瘟病毒

为了建立能特异检测不同基因型猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus,CSFV),同时又能区分其他瘟病毒的基因检测方法,本实验针对CSFV基因组5′端非编码区设计并合成了简并引物和TaqMan探针,在优化反应条件的基础上,成功地建立了特异检测CSFV的荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。再以已知滴度的CSFV石门株血毒总RNA反转录产物建立标准品,该标准品可以用于定量临床样品中的CSFV滴度,所建立的荧光定量PCR方法可以灵敏地检测出10~(-0.82)个TCID_(50)病毒含量。最后用建立的方法对108份临床样品进行检测并同时进行病毒分离,荧光定量PCR方法检测出73份阳性样品且与病毒分离的符合率为100%,而常规RT-PCR只检测出54份阳性样品,表明本荧光定量RT-PCR法在检测猪瘟病料上具有潜在的应用价值。     

口蹄疫与经典猪瘟二联RT-PCR诊断方法的建立及其应用

根据口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)与猪瘟病毒(CSFV)基因组序列高度保守区,设计合成2对引物,以CSFV和FMDV培养物提取RNA并反转录,进行RT-PCR特异性片段扩增,扩增片段大小分别为200 bp、141 bp.结果表明,扩增产物与设计的2对引物之间的序列大小一致.通过特异性与敏感性试验,CSFV与FMDV培养物均可扩增至10-5倍稀释,最终建立的二联RT-PCR方法对上述2种病毒的敏感性亦可达10-4倍稀释,约10 pg的总RNA,证明本法对上述2种病毒具有快速、特异和高度敏感的特点.     

猪瘟病毒E2蛋白配体表位的筛选与鉴定

为进一步精确定位猪瘟病毒(CSFV)E2蛋白配体表位信息,利用DNASIS(Ver.2.5)软件分析设计合成7条多肽,主要覆盖E2蛋白,分别命名为SE21、SE22、SE231、SE232、SE241、SE242、SE03,同时设计合成1条无关多肽CP,均标记FITC。将PK-15细胞作为靶细胞,通过多肽与PK-15细胞结合试验、多肽抑制CSFV感染PK-15细胞试验和CSFV阻断多肽与PK-15细胞结合试验,筛选和鉴定E2蛋白配体表位。结果表明,多肽SE241、SE242与PK-15细胞结合的平均荧光强度分别为74.43±4.59和83.60±3.11,显著高于其他多肽,抑制CSFV感染PK-15细胞的感染抑制率也显著高于其他多肽,同时这2条多肽与PK-15细胞的结合被CSFV有效阻断。证实SE241、SE242多肽为CSFV与靶细胞PK-15细胞结合的配体表位,并能抑制CSFV感染PK-15细胞。本试验为CSFV新型多肽疫苗或免疫佐剂的研制提供依据。     

猪瘟病毒Core蛋白的原核表达和抗体制备及应用

根据猪瘟病毒衣壳蛋白(Core)基因序列设计一对特异性引物,RT-PCR从猪瘟兔化弱毒中扩增出完整的Core基因,经酶切和序列测定后,克隆到携带His标签的原核表达载体p ColdⅠ中,成功构建了重组质粒p Cold-Core,并转化到大肠杆菌Rosseta 2(R2)中;利用IPTG诱导表达目的蛋白并鉴定表达效果。结果表明:经终浓度为0.1 mmol/L IPTG诱导24 h后,Core基因在R2中获得分泌性可溶表达,表达量占菌体蛋白的32.6%,SDS-PAGE显示目的蛋白相对分子质量为20 ku。Western blot结果显示Core蛋白可以分别与His单抗和猪瘟病毒阳性抗血清发生特异性反应,均出现单一反应带。将目的蛋白切胶后免疫Balb/c小鼠,制备特异性抗血清,Western blot结果显示该抗血清与衣壳蛋白反应后有明显的特异性条带,经激光共聚焦鉴定抗血清能够与胞浆中的猪瘟病毒粒子发生反应。结果表明,Core基因表达成功,制备的抗血清具有生物学功能。本研究为深入探讨Core蛋白在猪瘟病毒致病机制上的作用奠定了基础。     

猪瘟病毒衣壳蛋白与宿主丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶N1相互作用的鉴定

为筛选并鉴定与猪瘟病毒(CSFV)衣壳(C)蛋白相互作用的宿主蛋白,本研究采用酵母双杂交技术以CSFV C蛋白为诱饵从猪外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)c DNA表达文库中筛选与之相互作用的宿主蛋白,共筛选到6种蛋白,分别为ATP5B、SON3、PKN1、PCBP1、RPS20和IQGAP1,根据Gene Ontology分析结果,这些蛋白分别参与细胞的增殖和代谢等过程。本研究选取丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶N1(PKN1)进行进一步验证,经酵母共转化试验、免疫共沉淀试验和GST pull-down试验证实,宿主PKN1蛋白与CSFV C蛋白之间存在特异性结合。本研究首次证明PKN1与CSFV蛋白之间的相互作用关系,为进一步研究PKN1蛋白在CSFV感染过程中发挥的作用奠定了基础。     

猪瘟病毒Erns蛋白在杆状病毒系统中的表达及纯化

采用杆状病毒表达系统表达并纯化猪瘟病毒E^rns蛋白,并对其反应原性进行鉴定。将猪瘟病毒的E^rns 基因克隆至pFastbac-HT-A 载体上,构建了pFA-E^rns重组质粒;经转座、转染后构建重组杆状病毒rBac-E^rns;通过优化接毒时间和接毒量等参数,最终确定表达条件。将表达产物采用亲和层析法纯化后,采用Western Blotting 鉴定E^rns 蛋白的反应性,并采用间接ELISA 方法对其应用进行了初步探索。结果显示,获得了重组杆状病毒rBac-E^rns,经Western Blotting 和间接免疫荧光(IFA)鉴定,该重组病毒能够与猪瘟阳性血清和E^rns 单抗发生特异性反应。纯化后的E^rns 蛋白纯度较好,浓度为0. 2 mg/ mL,经Western Blotting 方法鉴定证明,纯化后的蛋白与E^rns单抗和猪瘟阳性血清能够发生特异性反应;初步建立了间接ELISA 方法检测猪瘟抗体,证明表达的蛋白可以区分猪瘟阳性血清和阴性血清。表明本研究利用杆状病毒表达系统成功表达并纯化了猪瘟病毒E^rns蛋白,纯化后的E^rns蛋白具有良好的反应性,可以作为开发鉴别诊断试剂的备选蛋白以及用于E^rns 蛋白的结构和生物学功能研究。     

Transmission of classical swine fever virus by artificial insemination.

Classical swine fever (CSF) virus was introduced into an artificial insemination centre during the CSF epizootic of 1997-1998 in the Netherlands. The risk of further spread of CSF virus via contaminated semen was recognised, but could not be assessed because scientific data on this issue were not available. An animal experiment was performed to determine whether CSF virus could be transmitted via artificial insemination with contaminated semen. Three boars were inoculated with a CSF virus field isolate and from Day 5 till Day 18 thereafter, ejaculates were collected and prepared for insemination. Ruttish sows were inseminated with the extended semen from Day 5 till Day 18 after inoculation of the boars. All the inoculated boars remained healthy throughout the experiment and developed CSF neutralising antibodies between 14 and 21 days after inoculation. Virus was isolated from several semen samples collected from 5 till 11 days after inoculation. Two out of six sows inseminated with CSF contaminated semen seroconverted after insemination. All the other sows remained seronegative. In the foetuses of both the seropositive sows, CSF virus was detected at approximately 35 days post insemination. These results demonstrate that adult boars infected with CSF virus can excrete virus with semen and can, subsequently, transmit the virus to sows and their foetuses via artificial insemination.