灌水对引黄地区不同品种玉米产量形成和水分利用的影响

不同品种玉米的耐旱程度不同,因此用相似的灌溉制度对待不同品种玉米进行灌溉会降低灌溉水利用效率。试验选用在引黄地区主推的6个品种,研究了不同品种玉米在充分降雨条件下对不同灌溉制度(蒙头水;蒙头水+拔节水;蒙头水+拔节水+灌浆水)的响应。结果表明,玉米灌浆期的水分消耗土层分布在20~40 cm。不同品种玉米耗水量以中单909最高(434 mm),登海605(411 mm)次之,郑单958(352 mm)最低。先玉335和郑单958的水分利用效率最高,均为28 kg/(hm~2·mm);中单909的最低,为23 kg/(hm~2·mm)。高灌水处理登海605和先玉335的产量分别为12.0和11.4 t/hm~2,较低灌水处理增产13.0%和14.2%;而郑单958和浚单20在高灌水处理的产量分别为10.1和10.2 t/hm~2,与低灌水处理差异不显著。因此,在引黄地区充分降雨条件下,登海605和先玉335灌蒙头水+灌浆水可以获得高产,郑单958和浚单20仅灌蒙头水即可稳产。     

春玉米不同品种耗水特性及水分利用效率差异研究

优选节水高产型品种是农艺及生物节水的重要措施;试验在半干旱区大田条件下,选用生产上主推的10个密植型春玉米杂交种,对丰水年型下不同品种的耗水特性、产量及水分利用效率差异进行分析研究,结果表明,品种间耗水特性及水分利用效率差异较大,全生育期耗水量以潞玉36最高,利民33最低;各品种对拔节期至抽雄期的土壤供水能力最敏感,且此阶段是造成品种间耗水量差异的主要时期;不同品种的水分利用效率与产量之间有较好的一致性,因此,大丰30、富友968、先玉335为高产、高水分利用效率、低耗水型品种,迪卡M9和利民33为低产、低水分利用效率、低耗水型品种;康地4574、郑单958、潞玉36、晋单65、京科968则产量较为接近,但均为高耗水型品种。研究为该区选择节水、高产型玉米品种提供基础,并对灌溉制度提供依据。     

灌水方式对华北不同品种玉米产量形成和水分利用的影响

【目的】发展华北地区高效节水灌溉技术,探索华北地区主栽玉米品种的产量与水分利用对灌水量和灌溉方式响应,筛选不同灌溉模式下抗旱稳产玉米品种。【方法】设置了3种灌溉方式(地面灌溉、滴灌和微喷灌)、3种灌水量(高、中、低灌溉水平)和5~6个玉米品种处理,研究了不同玉米品种在不同灌溉模式和灌水量条件下的产量与水分利用特征。【结果】地面灌溉模式下,低灌水处理产量显著低于中灌水和高灌水处理,低灌水和中灌水处理水分利用效率显著大于高灌水处理;农华101品种夏玉米产量和水分利用效率最高,其次为浚单20和郑单958。微喷灌溉模式下,高灌水处理产量显著高于中灌水和低灌水处理,但后二者差异不显著;灌水处理对水分利用效率影响不显著;农华101品种夏玉米产量和水分利用效率显著高于其他品种,其次为先玉335和郑单958。滴灌灌溉模式下,灌水处理对夏玉米产量影响不显著,对水分利用效率影响显著,低灌水处理水分利用效率显著高于高灌水处理;浚单20、先玉335和登海605品种夏玉米产量显著高于中单909和郑单958品种的。因此,低灌水量可显著提高夏玉米水分利用效率,但3种灌溉模式下低灌水处理品种间产量差异显著。【结论】综合来看,华农101较适于地面灌溉和微喷灌,浚单20、先玉335和登海605适于喷灌技术。     

寒地黑土区玉米调亏灌溉耗水规律的试验研究

通过盆栽试验,于2013年研究了寒地黑土区玉米调亏灌溉条件下不同水分处理的耗水规律,结果表明：玉米不同生育阶段的总耗水量大小顺序为：拔节期＞抽雄期＞灌浆期＞苗期,其中抽雄期的敏感指数(0.6727)最高。当水分亏缺处理低于60%田间持水量时,将会影响玉米产量,产量和总耗水量之间呈二次抛物线关系,当灌水量为46.93kg/盆时,产量最高。利用玉米在不同亏水处理条件下的各生育阶段耗水量和产量数据,用Jensen模型进行拟合,得到适合该地区玉米的水分生产函数,为玉米在调亏灌溉条件下制定合理灌溉制度提供参考依据。     

播期对不同玉米品种生长发育及产量的影响

通过调整播期,研究影响玉米生长发育和产量形成的气候因素,尤其是高温条件。试验选取京农科728、登海618、郑单958和先玉335共4个主栽玉米品种为材料,分别在2019年6月5日（T1）、6月15日（T2）和6月25日（T3）3个播期处理种植。结果表明,4个玉米品种的生育期,随着播期的推迟均不同程度延长。成熟期干物质积累量,4个玉米品种的叶片和茎秆在不同的播期没有明显差别,但籽粒和穗4个品种干物质积累量早播处理比晚播处理积累量大,可能是因为早播处理比晚播处理时段的温度要高。在玉米穗粒数、百粒质量和产量上,品种和播期处理对其影响达极显著水平。品种和播期处理对穗粒数、百粒质量和产量表现出极显著的交互作用。京农科728、登海618、郑单958和先玉335品种的穗粒数、百粒质量和产量最大值均为T2处理,最低均为T1处理,在产量性状上可能是因为T1处理在开花授粉阶段正好遇到连续高温天气,导致T1处理结实性较差。由此可见,在玉米生长发育和产量形成时,高温对其影响较大,在没有遇到高温的情况下,适时早播对玉米产量的提高将更有利。      

玉米品种籽粒机收质量和指标相关性影响的研究

为明确内蒙古中西部地区春玉米籽粒直接收获对玉米品种籽粒机收质量、产量和指标相关性的影响,选择主栽品种和苗头品种共7个,分别测定籽粒直接收获时各品种的田间植株性状、籽粒含水量、破碎率、杂质率、损失率以及机收籽粒产量和净收籽粒产量。结果表明:郑单958的倒伏倒折率最大,达30%以上,其次是先玉335,其他品种的倒伏倒折率基本为0。籽粒含水量以东单6531最大,KWS9384最小。而破损率以丰垦139最大,郑单958最小;杂质率最大的品种是丰垦139,其次是KWS9384,华美1号和郑单958的杂质率最小。郑单958的落穗粒率最大,其落穗粒率达29.64%,其次是广德5,而KWS9384、华美1号、丰垦139的落穗粒率为0。籽粒总损失率以郑单958最大,KWS9384最小。其中产量与倒伏率、落穗粒率、总落粒率呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),与其他指标的相关关系不显著。根据籽粒产量和净收益率来看,由于华美1号的品质较差,因此,各品种选择种植的优先序为:丰垦139、KWS9384、广德5、先玉335、东单6531、华美1号、郑单958。     

沈阳地区玉米新品种比较试验

为了筛选适于沈阳地区种植的高产玉米新品种,结合沈阳地区实际情况,以郑单958为对照,选择10个参试单位的41个品种进行玉米品种比较试验。试验结果表明:1BS1809、良玉1506、良玉1506、良丰38的产量较高,增产效果较好,宜在沈阳地区推广种植。     

干旱-复水对不同玉米品种冠层结构与水分利用效率的影响

以抗旱性不同的二个玉米品种('郑单958'和'户单四号')为材料,采用防雨池栽的方式控制土壤水分,研究扬花期干旱-复水对玉米冠层结构、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,扬花期干旱-复水后二个玉米品种的叶面积指数和株高均出现补偿效应,'郑单958'补偿效应优于'户单四号';'郑单958,的群体透光系数在干旱-复...     

玉米果穗根部和穗柄拉伸力学特性测试

为研究玉米收获机械摘穗作业完成的力学条件,对郑单958和先玉335果穗根部和穗柄的拉伸力学特性进行测试。郑单958果穗根部的抗拉强度为1.067±0.063kPa,能耗为0.358±0.212J,穗柄的抗拉强度为1.480±0.030kPa,能耗为0.505±0.197J,先玉335果穗根部的抗拉强度为1.209±0.101kPa,能耗为0.293±0.092J,穗柄的抗拉强度为2.307±0.206kPa,能耗为1.467±0.226J。实验表明,在摘穗过程中玉米果穗在其根部位置更易发生分离,证明其实现摘穗过程的力学条件更高。玉米果穗根部的拉伸力学特性小于穗柄,先玉335的拉伸力学特性高于郑单958。     

播期对玉米生长发育和产量的影响

以郑单958、丹玉39为试材,研究播种期对玉米生育期、籽粒灌浆速率、农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明：在不同播期条件下,郑单958均比丹玉39生育期少12d左右,且播种越晚,生育期越短;两品种相同播期的灌浆速率变化规律一致;郑单958的千粒质量、穗粒数、株高、穗位均低于丹玉39;5月14日播种的玉米产量最高。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。