不同土壤水分条件下甘蔗生理动态变化研究

研究不同土壤水分条件下甘蔗生理动态变化,从生理角度探讨甘蔗各个生育期适宜的土壤水分含量。在甘蔗幼苗期、分蘖期、伸长期、成熟期设置不同程度的土壤相对含水量处理,研究不同水分条件下甘蔗根系活力、自由水、束缚水、叶绿素、丙二醛、脯氨酸等生理指标的变化情况。结果发现,幼苗期土壤相对含水量为55%时根系活力、自由水含量最高;分蘖期土壤相对含水量为70%时自由水、叶绿素含量最高;伸长期土壤相对含水量为80%时根系活力、叶绿素含量最高,低于60%时丙二醛、脯氨酸含量大幅上升;成熟期土壤相对含水量低于50%时蔗叶遭受旱害,丙二醛、脯氨酸含量显著升高。可见,前期适当控水有利于甘蔗生长发育,中后期应注意灌溉,防止干旱胁迫。     

不同阶段控制灌溉对甘蔗生长影响的试验研究

以新台糖16号甘蔗为试材,分别在甘蔗的萌芽期、苗期、分蘖期、伸长期进行了单生育阶段和连续2个生育阶段的共21种控制灌溉处理试验,研究控制灌溉对甘蔗出苗率、分蘖率和生长状况的影响。结果表明,在萌芽期不同程度的控制灌溉影响了甘蔗的出苗率,萌芽期的土壤水分控制在田间持水量50%~60%的出苗率最高,出苗率达83.3%,土壤水分控制在田间持水量60%~70%的处理的出苗率次之,土壤水分控制在田间持水量40%~50%的处理的出苗率最低。苗期的土壤水分控制在田间持水量50%~60%、并在分蘖期土壤水分控制在田间持水量60%~70%的处理最有利于甘蔗的分蘖,比苗期和分蘖期正常灌溉的分蘖率高50.0%。伸长期的控制灌溉对甘蔗的株高影响最大,随着土壤含水量的减少明显抑制了株高的增长,正常灌溉的甘蔗生长最好。     

融合无人机多光谱和热红外影像的蔗田土壤含水率监测研究

甘蔗作为广西、云南等地的主要农作物,极易受到干旱的影响。土壤含水率是评估甘蔗是否受到干旱影响的重要指标。以蔗田土壤含水率为研究对象,利用无人机搭载的热红外和多光谱传感器数据计算出甘蔗冠层的温度、重归一化植被指数RDVI等植被指数,采用人工测定的方法对无人机监测数据进行校正和率定,构建了甘蔗的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)模型。结果表明,利用多光谱和热红外传感器计算的TVDI与蔗田苗期、分蘖期、伸长期和成熟期土壤含水率均具有高度相关性,决定系数R²分别为0.906 6、0.819 0、0.852 9和0.916 0。因此,TVDI模型最适合用于监测甘蔗苗期和成熟期的受旱情况。     

甘蔗的灌溉与排水

甘蔗生长需要的水份较多,水份含量占植株重量的70%以上,全生长期需要的水量约等于它的生产物干重的250—350倍。整个生长过程,除成熟期水份不宜太多,以免降低蔗汁浓度增加加工成本外,其余各生长期均须保持适当土壤水份,以满足甘蔗生长发育的需要。我省气候主要的特点是高温多湿,蒸发量大,雨量虽较丰沛,但分配不匀,仍有旱涝现象。每年四至九月为多雨季节,十至三月为干旱季节,而这些干旱时期刚好是甘藤萌芽及伸长盛期,土壤水份缺少,影响蔗芽的萌发及节间的伸长,所以要抓紧防旱灌溉。     

不同生育期干旱胁迫对温室葡萄WUE、产量及品质的影响

【目的】探讨不同生育期干旱胁迫对设施栽培葡萄水分利用效率、产量和品质的影响。【方法】在甘肃省永登县设施葡萄试验基地开展了葡萄滴灌不同生育期水分调控田间灌溉试验,在葡萄新梢生长、开花、果实膨大、着色成熟期分别以55%田间持水率(θ_f)为灌水下限的干旱胁迫处理,依次为新梢生长期干旱胁迫(PS)、开花期干旱胁迫(FS)、果实膨大期干旱胁迫(ES)、着色成熟期干旱胁迫(CS),其他生育期灌水下限均为75%θ_f;全生育期以75%θ_f为灌水下限的处理为(CK)充分供水,研究了不同处理对葡萄粒径膨大速率、产量、水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)以及品质的影响。【结果】新梢生长期干旱胁迫处理能抑制葡萄粒径膨大,但不会影响其生长的"双S"变化规律,且复水后粒径恢复生长并出现复水补偿效应;横、纵径在膨大期后14 d左右和52 d左右时达到膨大高峰,且第1次膨大高峰时的膨大速率远大于第2次的;新梢期和着色成熟期干旱胁迫较对照依次增产44.6%、42.5%,WUE依次提高71%、57%,果实膨大期干旱胁迫较CK可减产9.7%,WUE降低1.2%;新梢生长期、开花期和果实膨大期干旱胁迫单穂质量、单粒质量均显著(P<0.05)高于CK,开花期干旱胁迫花青素量显著(P<0.05)高于CK,着色成熟期干旱胁迫果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、可溶性固形物量显著(P<0.05)高于CK,并可抑制葡萄果实可滴定酸的积累;隶属函数综合分析表明,着色成熟期干旱胁迫葡萄产量和品质最优。【结论】着色成熟期干旱胁迫为当地设施栽培葡萄最佳的水分调控处理,可达到节水和提高葡萄果实产量和品质的生产效果,其水分调控模式为:土壤含水率为田间持水率的55%～80%,灌水定额为270 m~3/hm~2。     

不同生育期干旱胁迫对夏大豆耗水量和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】降低大豆旱灾减产风险。【方法】基于2015年和2016年夏大豆受旱盆栽试验,以生育期不同土壤水分为控制因素,在大豆苗期、分枝期、花荚期、鼓粒成熟期分别设置轻旱和重旱2个水平,以全生育期不旱为对照(CK),共9个水分处理,分析了大豆不同生育期不同干旱胁迫程度下的耗水规律及其对产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。【结果】干旱胁迫使得生育期耗水量减少,且干旱程度越重减少比例越大,以2015年为例,与CK相比,大豆苗期、分枝期、花荚期和鼓粒成熟期轻旱处理耗水量分别减少35.60%、34.89%、35.39%、38.35%,重旱处理则分别减少62.01%、69.19%、57.83%、83.50%;各生育期不旱和轻旱处理下日耗水强度均值表现为花荚期鼓粒成熟期分枝期苗期,而重旱处理下鼓粒成熟期日耗水强度最小;各生育期干旱胁迫造成大豆产量损失均值表现为花荚期鼓粒成熟期分枝期苗期;以2016年为例,4个生育期重旱处理WUE比轻旱处理分别低4.74%、13.01%、35.90%、18.46%,说明各生育期干旱程度越严重则WUE越低,不同生育期干旱对WUE的影响程度不同,苗期和分枝期影响较小,花荚期重旱处理时WUE最低。【结论】大豆不同生育期干旱胁迫对耗水量和WUE的影响较为明显,花荚期和鼓粒成熟期是大豆产量形成的关键需水期,实际生产中,应充分保证花荚期和鼓粒成熟期的水分供应,同时在保证产量的前提下,可在苗期和分枝期适度受旱。     

分蘖期旱涝交替胁迫对水稻叶片性状的影响

采用盆栽试验,设置2个旱涝交替胁迫处理(旱-涝-旱连续胁迫,其中涝为保持水深10 cm;轻旱(T-LD)和重旱(T-HD)),并以常规灌溉(CK)为对照,研究了分蘖期旱涝交替胁迫对水稻叶片含水率、叶面积、叶倾角和不同叶位叶片形状的影响。结果表明,水稻分蘖期受旱后叶片含水率降低,且胁迫程度越大叶片含水率越低;分蘖期旱涝交替胁迫抑制水稻叶片的叶面积增加,在后期复水后叶面积仍处于较低水平(T-LD、T-HD处理仅为CK的42.43%、53.90%),但黄熟期T-HD处理叶片比叶质量比CK低1.01%。旱涝交替胁迫下水稻上层叶倾角表现出大于CK的趋势,在抽穗开花期,水稻剑叶和倒二叶生长迅速。     

基于DSSAT模型的广西地区甘蔗亏缺灌溉优化

【目的】优化广西地区甘蔗灌溉制度,提升甘蔗产量。【方法】分别在甘蔗苗期(T1—T4处理)、分蘖期(T5—T8处理)、伸长期(T9—T12处理)、成熟期(T13—T16处理)设定10、20、30、40 mm的亏缺灌溉处理,以每个生育期灌水量50 mm为对照(CK),共计17个处理,借助DSSAT模型研究甘蔗在不同亏缺灌溉处理下,产量、水分生产率(WUE)和灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)的变化特征;通过确定需要优化的生育阶段,使用遗传算法对田间试验设置5个灌溉处理(40、80、120、160、200mm)进行优化。【结果】减少甘蔗苗期、分蘖期和成熟期的灌溉量促进了WUE和IWUE的提升,且产量的提升不明显;当减少甘蔗伸长期的灌溉量时,产量表现为:T12处理T10处理T9处理T11处理,亏缺灌溉对各处理产量影响明显,分别比CK产量降低了3.53、5.40、9.86、12.33t/hm~2;遗传算法对甘蔗苗期、分蘖期和成熟期的优化,提升了产量和WUE。在120 mm处理和160 mm处理下,算法优化田间亏缺灌溉的产量分别提升了2.5%、8.7%,WUE除40mm处理外,均优于非优化的亏缺灌溉。【结论】在综合考虑甘蔗产量和WUE最优的情况下,遗传算法优化的亏缺灌溉,120 mm处理和160 mm处理具有一定的优势。     

湛江甘蔗田水分供需状况与干旱特征分析

甘蔗田水分供需状况及干旱规律是甘蔗抗旱栽培模式选择与灌溉管理的依据。利用湛江市1961—2010年的气象资料,采用作物系数与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量法(Kc-ETref)估算甘蔗需水量,参考作物蒸发蒸腾量用Penman-Monteith方法估算,分析了甘蔗田水分供需状况与干旱特征。结果表明,从多年平均看,年有效降水量满足甘蔗生长对水分的需求,但10、11、12月有效降水量小于甘蔗需水量;播种期、分蘖期、伸长期满足频次高,收获期其次,成熟期最低;春季无干旱频率为4%,重旱频率为72%,1990年后干旱频率有增加的趋势,春季20mm"透雨"最早出现在2月9日,最晚5月17日,中值为3月30日,4月10日"透雨"出现的保证率(累积频率)达到80%;秋季无干旱频率为36%,重旱频率为32%,秋季40mm"透雨"最早出现在9月18日,最晚11月26日,中值为10月22日,80%的年份"透雨"出现在11月12日之前。     

苗期不同土壤水分状况的秋黄瓜生理反应

对苗期不同土壤水分状况下秋黄瓜的生理反应和前期产量进行了研究。结果表明 ,苗期不同土壤水分状况显著影响了秋黄瓜的生长动态。土壤含水量为 60 %～ 75 %田间持水量 (θF)的植株叶片蒸腾和光合速率均居于较高水平 ,前期产量最高 ;5 0 %～ 60 % (θF)的植株与前者差异不显著 ,但均显著高于 75 %～ 85 % (θF)和 85 %～ 95 % (θF)的处理 ,其离体叶片在 1 .5～ 2 .0 h之间的失水速率最低。 75 %～ 85 % (θF)植株生长迅速 ,前期产量较低 ;85 %～ 95 % (θF)植株生长受限。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。