人工饲料条件下茶尺蠖的饲养与繁殖

利用生命表法研究一种人工饲料条件下茶尺蠖的生长发育和繁殖。结果表明：人工饲料饲养条件下茶尺蠖能够正常生长发育,幼虫存活率、蛹羽化率和卵孵化率分别为90.50%、86.29%和91.03%,与茶树嫩梢饲养比较差异不显著。人工饲料饲养幼虫化蛹率为85.52%,低于茶树嫩梢饲养87.50%的化蛹率。取食人工饲料的茶尺蠖幼虫历期和世代历期分别为20βd和39.62βd,较茶树嫩梢饲养历期分别增加了1.44βd和2.41βd,但两者无显著差异。人工饲料饲养茶尺蠖雌成虫寿命显著高于对照,单雌产卵286.9粒,较茶树嫩梢饲养增加14.82%。幼虫种群存活率曲线呈死亡率-年龄增函数,死亡主要发生在后期（化蛹）个体中,与茶树嫩梢饲养差异不显著;实验种群生命表参数种群内禀增长力和周限增长率分别为0.113和1.119,平均世代周期和种群加倍时间较茶树嫩梢饲养增加了2.43βd和0.265βd,种群趋势指数87.21,表明采用人工饲料饲养的茶尺蠖种群数量呈显著上升趋势。     

丽草蛉幼虫人工饲料的研究

分别以全脂蝇蛆粉、脱脂蝇蛆粉、猪肝粉、酵母粉作为主成分,再另外添加牛肉粉、鸡蛋黄、蜂蜜等成分探索丽草蛉幼虫的人工饲料配方.从2龄开始饲养,以1～2龄新菠萝灰粉蚧饲养丽草蛉作为对照,对丽草蛉生长阶段的各项发育指标进行观测与比较.结果表明:4种配方均能使丽草蛉完成1个世代,其中以脱脂蝇蛆粉作为饲料主成分饲养丽草蛉效果最佳,幼虫发育历期为9～14 d,幼虫存活率达到76.7％,羽化率达到66.7％.选取脱脂蝇蛆粉、猪肝粉、牛肉粉、蜂蜜、鸡蛋黄作为配方的主要成分,通过均匀设计法与SAS软件岭嵴分析得出其最佳配比为:脱脂蝇蛆粉6.0 g、牛肉粉4.0 g、猪肝粉1.6 g、蛋黄1.6 g、蜂蜜1.3 g.     

人工饲料饲养稻纵卷叶螟的生长发育与繁殖

 利用生命表法研究了一种人工饲料饲养的稻纵卷叶螟的生长发育和繁殖。结果表明,人工饲料饲养条件下稻纵卷叶螟幼虫能够完成生长发育并化蛹。幼虫历期28.1 d,蛹历期10.1 d, 较水稻离体叶片饲养分别延长6.1 d和1.7 d。成虫单雌产卵41.6粒,较离体叶片饲养增加26.2%。幼虫种群存活率曲线呈死亡率 年龄降函数,与离体叶片饲养差异不显著。实验种群生命表参数种群净增殖率、内禀增长力和周限增长率分别为17.6928、0.0884和1.0924,平均世代周期和种群加倍时间较离体叶片饲养增加4.9 d和 1.3 d,种群趋势指数为3.26,表明采用人工饲料饲养的稻纵卷叶螟种群数量呈上升趋势。     

古巴蝇生物学及生态学的初步研究

为了探索古巴蝇防治甘蔗螟虫在广西蔗区应用的可行性,广西甘蔗研究所于2004～2005年从古巴引进古巴蝇并进行了相应研究.结果表明:古巴蝇能寄生二点螟、条螟、黄螟和玉米螟等甘蔗害虫.化蛹率为70%～90%,羽化率在80%～90%.不能寄生桑蚕.能用非自然寄主大蜡螟人工繁殖古巴蝇,平均化蛹率为100.46%,平均羽化率为86.32%.古巴蝇喜欢温暖潮湿,在26～28℃、相对湿度75%～85%时,生长发育最佳,生物学周期为25～40d.接种(寄生)至化蛹为8～10d,蛹期为6～10d,雄蝇寿命3～6d,雌蝇寿命20～30d.0℃以下的低温和42℃以上的高温对古巴蝇的生长发育、化蛹和羽化不利,古巴蝇蛹在8～10℃保存5～10d羽化率不受影响,但蛹期相应延长.本研究对指导广西蔗区应用古巴蝇防治甘蔗螟虫,促进广西蔗糖业可持续发展有着重要意义.     

新棉33B棉田三代棉铃虫生长发育规律观察

1　幼虫化蛹率观察1 998年 8月上旬三代棉铃虫发生盛末期 ,分别从转 Bt基因棉新棉 33B和常规棉石远 32 1 (对照 )棉田捕捉 2龄以上幼虫 96头和 70头带回室内 ,将其放置于 85cm的培养皿内 ,每皿 1头 ,分别用抗虫棉叶和常规棉叶进行饲养 ,室温控制在 2 7℃ ,确保棉铃虫的适生环境。逐日观察记录幼虫成活率、发育进度、化蛹率。2　蛹成活率及化蛹率观察将取自抗虫棉和常规棉棉田的棉铃虫蛹分别称重 ,计算单个蛹的重量 ,再将蛹分别置于饲养笼内 ,观察蛹的羽化进度及羽化率。3　成虫产卵量观察将抗虫棉和常规棉棉铃虫的成虫分开饲养 ,每饲养笼内…     

棉铃虫取食棉花和玉米对其生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内用棉花生殖器官(蕾、铃)和玉米生殖器官(雌、雄穗)分别饲养棉铃虫,观察两种食料对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,(1)取食棉花棉铃虫的幼虫发育历期为18.21天,比取食玉米的长4.39天,差异达极显著水平;(2)取食玉米棉铃虫的雌雄蛹发育历期,较取食棉花的分别长1.0～1.5天,达显著差异;(3)取食棉花棉铃虫的雌雄蛹重分别比取食玉米的高0.033g和0.0342g,差异达极显著水平;(4)取食棉花棉铃虫的化蛹率、羽化率分别比取食玉米棉铃虫高18％和40％以上,而取食玉米棉铃虫蛹的死亡率是取食棉花的约4倍;(5)两种食料对棉铃虫成虫繁殖力的影响存在显著差异,取食棉花棉铃虫成虫的单雌产卵量和单雌抱卵量比取食玉米要高出400粒左右;(6)两种食料对幼虫存活、成虫交配、成熟卵产出以及卵孵化等方面的影响差异均不显著。     

转cry1Ac和CpTI双基因抗虫水稻对二化螟和大螟的致死效应及田间螟虫构成的影响

就转cry1Ac＋CpTI双基因抗虫水稻不同生育期对二化螟Chilo suppressalis和大螟Sesamia inferens的室内致死特性及田间螟虫的构成进行了研究。室内测定结果表明,不同生育期转基因水稻对二化螟、大螟都表现明显的致死效应,但水稻生长后期的致死效果降低。转基因水稻对大螟的致死效应显著弱于对二化螟的,其中,二化螟除在齐穗期和成熟期有少量幼虫（0.5%~6.4%）存活到第4天外,其余均在第4天死亡;大螟在两种转基因水稻上的存活率高于二化螟,且少量个体（<1.6%）还能化蛹、羽化,但化蛹率和羽化率均明显低于在非转基因对照上的。早、晚两季水稻的田间调查结果表明,转基因水稻上两种螟虫虫口数量均显著低于相应的非转基因对照品种,转基因水稻上二化螟虫口减退率>99％;大螟虫口减退率相对较低,早、晚稻上有所不同,其中早稻 >93％,晚稻仅44％～64％。转基因水稻上残存螟虫中,大螟所占比例明显上升,推测转基因水稻对两种螟虫致死效应差异可能是其主要原因。     

转cry1Ac和CpTI双基因抗虫水稻对二化螟和大螟的致死效应及田间螟虫构成的影响

 就转cry1Ac＋CpTI双基因抗虫水稻不同生育期对二化螟Chilo suppressalis和大螟Sesamia inferens的室内致死特性及田间螟虫的构成进行了研究。室内测定结果表明，不同生育期转基因水稻对二化螟、大螟都表现明显的致死效应，但水稻生长后期的致死效果降低。转基因水稻对大螟的致死效应显著弱于对二化螟的，其中，二化螟除在齐穗期和成熟期有少量幼虫（0.5%~6.4%）存活到第4天外，其余均在第4天死亡；大螟在两种转基因水稻上的存活率高于二化螟，且少量个体（<1.6%）还能化蛹、羽化，但化蛹率和羽化率均明显低于在非转基因对照上的。早、晚两季水稻的田间调查结果表明，转基因水稻上两种螟虫虫口数量均显著低于相应的非转基因对照品种，转基因水稻上二化螟虫口减退率>99％；大螟虫口减退率相对较低，早、晚稻上有所不同，其中早稻 >93％，晚稻仅44％～64％。转基因水稻上残存螟虫中，大螟所占比例明显上升，推测转基因水稻对两种螟虫致死效应差异可能是其主要原因。     

乙基多杀菌素对井上蛀果斑螟生长发育的影响

井上蛀果斑螟（Assara inouei Yamanaka）是云南石榴上的重要害虫。为系统评价乙基多杀菌素对井上蛀果斑螟的综合控制作用,研究了乙基多杀菌素对该虫卵和初孵幼虫的直接致死效应及对存活后续虫态生长发育的影响。结果表明,浸渍法处理井上蛀果斑螟不同日龄卵后,随着乙基多杀菌素浓度和卵日龄的增大,卵孵化率显著降低,幼虫的死亡率升高。饲喂法处理井上蛀果斑螟初孵幼虫后,幼虫死亡率随药剂浓度的增大和处理后时间的延长而升高,且低剂量乙基多杀菌素对存活幼虫及其后续虫态的生存产生显著影响。低剂量乙基多杀菌素可显著延长存活幼虫的发育历期、预蛹期和蛹期,显著降低其化蛹率、蛹质量、羽化率和单雌产卵量。乙基多杀菌素对井上蛀果斑螟卵和初孵幼虫具有良好的杀虫活性,同时低剂量下对该虫的生长发育亦有明显的抑制作用,可用于控制井上蛀果斑螟的种群发展。     

洪雅县茶树黑刺粉虱的发生规律及防治措施

一、发生规律 1．茶树黑刺粉虱在洪雅县一年发生4代,以第4代老熟幼虫在茶树叶背越冬;翌年3月份化蛹,4月初成虫羽化,越冬代成虫盛发期在4月上旬;第1代幼虫于4月中旬开始发生。第1代到第4代幼虫盛发期分别在4月下旬至5月上旬、6月中下旬、7月下旬至8月上旬、9月上中旬。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.