玉米秸秆和木屑及木钠混配成型工艺参数优化

为了研究玉米秸秆与木屑及木钠的混配成型特性,该文采用5因素的响应面中心组合设计,在WD-100KE型电子压力机上进行单颗粒压缩试验,研究了成型参数木屑质量分数(0~40)、木钠质量分数(2%~10%)、温度(40~160℃)、水分(4%~20%)、压力(1~9 k N)对成型指标松弛密度、比能耗、径向最大抗压力的影响。通过对试验数据的回归,建立了响应面模型,分析了参数间的交互作用,获得了较佳的成型参数,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:温度和水分、水分和压力对比能耗起显著交互作用;木钠质量分数和温度、温度和水分、水分和压力对径向最大抗压力起显著交互作用。较佳的参数为:木屑质量分数10.15%,木钠质量分数8%,温度95.83℃,水分15.83%,压力3 k N,验证试验参数修正为:木屑质量分数10%,木钠质量分数8%,温度96℃,水分16%,压力3 k N,响应指标结果为:松弛密度1 054 kg/m3、比能耗8.02 k J/kg、径向最大抗压力685N,与预测值误差值在8%以内,可为相关生产提供理论参考。     

水稻秸秆热压成型工艺参数试验研究

水稻秸秆冷压成型试验得到的成型燃料能耗较高且质量不佳,为提高水稻秸秆成型燃料质量,本次试验利用水稻秸秆成型设备,在不同成型压力、原料粒径、温度以及含水率等工艺参数条件下对水稻秸秆进行热压成型试验。通过分析成型燃料的物理性能,确定各工艺参数最佳选取范围为：粒径0~2mm、温度70~100℃、成型压力8.89～40MPa、含水率12%～25%。为进一步提高水稻秸秆原料成型燃料的质量,提出通过添加木质素含量较高的木屑原料即形成混合原料,并通过对比试验进行研究。结果表明,混合原料可以有效提高水稻秸秆成型燃料的综合质量。     

水稻秸秆与木屑混合原料热压成型试验

为提高水稻秸秆原料成型燃料的质量,提出通过添加木质素含量较高的木屑原料即形成混合原料并通过试验的方法进行研究。首先进行对比试验,以成型燃料的物理性能为指标,在相同实验条件下对木屑、水稻秸秆和水稻秸秆与木屑1∶1混合的原料进行热压成型试验。对比试验的结果表明小压力下1∶1混合原料成型燃料的综合物理性能优于水稻秸秆成型燃料,证明混合原料可提高单一水稻秸秆原理成型燃料的质量。但由于木屑原料本身的结构特性使得1∶1混合原料成型燃料的抗渗水性较弱。因此为进一步提高混合原料成型燃料质量,我们利用正交试验方法研究对于混合原料成型燃料各物性指标而言最显著影响因素及最佳参数组合并通过试验加以论证。试验结果表明:针对不同性能指标,各工艺参数的影响力不一致,对于松弛密度、抗碎强度及抗压强度而言,压力对其影响较大;而对于抗渗水性而言,原料混合比影响较大。对于松弛密度,最佳成型参数(混合比、温度、压力)组合为0.5∶1,70℃、31.11 MPa,抗碎强度的成型参数最优组合为2∶1,110℃、31.11 MPa,抗渗水性和抗压强度的最佳成型参数组合为1.5∶1,90℃、31.11 MPa。     

饲料用秸秆丝化多频快速压缩成型工艺参数优化

为了进一步探明丝化后干玉米秸秆压缩成型的最佳工艺参数,利用WDW-200微机控制电子式万能试验机,以秸秆含水率、最大压缩力(能够压缩成型的最小压缩力)、压缩次数和压缩速度为影响因子,对饲料用玉米秸秆丝化后压缩成型块的松弛比进行了二次回归旋转组合试验研究。建立并分析了4个影响因子对玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型松弛比的回归模型,并进行了验证试验。结果表明:丝化后玉米秸秆压缩成型最佳工艺条件为:含水率为7.8%~18.3%,能够成型的最小压缩力为6.22 MPa,压缩次数为2~6次,压缩速度为128~337 mm/min。在此工艺条件下,干玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型的松弛比在1.2和1.5之间,均能满足实际生产中较低能耗与生产质量的要求。该试验对压缩工艺的优化、压缩设备的研制和了解压缩成型后产品的特性具有参考意义。     

水稻秸秆冷压成型参数试验研究

利用单孔成型设备对水稻秸秆在不同参数条件下进行冷压成型试验。通过单因子试验和正交试验,观测不同成型压力、原料粒径及含水率等条件下成型颗粒的松弛密度、耐久性及退模压力,研究成型参数对成型颗粒物理性能指标的影响,以寻求冷压成型一般参数范围和各参数对不同成型指标的影响,为秸秆热压成型和连续成型试验提供数据支持。单因子试验结果表明,水稻秸秆各成型参数的范围为成型压力120～180MPa、粒径小于0.9mm、含水率15%～25%。在单变量试验基础上,设计正交试验。正交试验结果表明,针对不同性能指标,各工艺参数成型颗粒的影响力不一致,成型压力对松弛密度、抗碎强度及抗压强度的影响较大;而原料粒径对抗渗水性的影响较大。对于松弛密度和抗碎强度,成型参数中成型压力、原料粒径、含水率的最佳组合为180MPa、0～0.2mm、18%,抗渗水性的成型参数最佳组合为180MPa、0～0.2mm、12%,抗压强度的成型参数最佳组合为180MPa、0.6～0.9mm、18%。     

水葫芦颗粒燃料成型工艺优化

为了提高水葫芦颗粒燃料的成型品质,该文对水葫芦颗粒燃料的致密成型工艺进行了试验研究,分析了加工压力、温度、原料含水率和粉碎粒度与水葫芦颗粒燃料的颗粒密度和径向抗压力的关系。单因素和多因素正交试验研究结果表明:影响水葫芦颗粒燃料的颗粒密度的主次工艺参数排序为:压力粒度温度含水率;工艺参数温度、压力和粒度的对水葫芦颗粒燃料的径向抗压力的影响差别不大,而原料含水率的影响最小。水葫芦颗粒燃料的最佳工艺参数条件为:压力6 k N、温度100℃、含水率12%、粒度0.58 mm,在此最佳工艺参数条件下,水葫芦颗粒燃料的颗粒密度和径向抗压力可分别达到1 362.21 kg/m3和1.44 k N。研究结果为工业化生产高质量的水葫芦颗粒燃料提供理论依据。     

水稻植质钵育秧盘制备工艺及参数优化

为实现适合中国国情的钵育栽植技术,该文以水稻秸秆为主要原料,配以热固性胶粘剂、固化剂和增强剂经热压制备水稻植质钵育秧盘,采用正交试验设计分析成型配比(施胶量、固化剂量、增强剂量和混料量)和制备工艺(成型压力、模具温度和保压时间)对植质钵育秧盘性能影响。通过对试验结果分析得出制备植质钵育秧盘工艺优化参数为:施胶量0.9kg、固化剂量0.002kg、增强剂量0.09kg、混料量1.3kg、成型压力30MPa、模具温度120℃、保压时间300s,优化后的工艺参数可满足实验室试验研究要求(钵孔率99.46%,膨胀率1.12%),为进一步研究和植质钵育秧盘产业化生产提供技术借鉴与参考。     

玉米秸秆炭和典型农业废弃物混合成型与燃烧特性试验

以玉米秸秆炭和玉米秸秆、苹果枝、沼渣、菌渣为原料,在成型压力为6 MPa的条件下,研究了不同混配比例混合燃料的成型特性,并在此基础上探讨了特定混配比例下的混合样品燃烧特性。研究结果表明:农业废弃物质量分数、种类对混合成型燃料稳定性均有影响,农业废弃物占70%比例时混合成型燃料的抗跌碎强度均大于99.50%;玉米秸秆对成型燃料的稳定性影响最为明显,其质量分数大于30%时,成型燃料抗跌碎强度达到99.68%以上,而沼渣和菌渣质量分数大于50%时,其成型燃料的抗跌碎强度分别超过99.11%和99.71%;苹果枝质量分数大于60%,其成型燃料抗跌碎强度超过99.34%;4种成型燃料的能量密度与原料相比分别提高14.93、11.36、11.74、14.53 GJ/m~3;堆积密度分别提高792.99、596.92、605.63、820.12 kg/m~3。该研究为农业废弃物新型成型燃料的开发提供了基础支撑。     

立式环模秸秆压块成型机作业参数优化

针对秸秆压块成型燃料生产过程中,由于作业参数不当造成的生产率低、成型燃料质量低、能耗高等问题,以玉米秸秆为原料,通过正交试验,研究原料的粒度、含水率及压块机模辊间隙3种工艺参数的不同组合对生产率、压块燃料成型率、密度、机械耐久性及吨产品能耗的影响。结果表明：从提高成型燃料质量方面来考虑,最佳工艺参数组合为原料粒度为10～20 mm、含水率为15%、模辊间隙为2 mm,从提高生产率和降低吨产品能耗方面来考虑,最佳工艺参数组合为原料粒度为10～20 mm、含水率为20%、模辊间隙为2 mm。在实际使用中,根据压块燃料成型率、密度和机械耐久性的质量要求,在能达到使用要求的情况下,可在含水率10%～20%的范围内,适当提高含水率,有利于提高生产率和降低吨产品能耗。     

银杏叶药渣用于制备颗粒燃料的工艺能耗试验

为降低银杏叶药渣制备颗粒燃料的能耗,对干燥、粉碎和制粒成型等主要加工环节的单位能耗进行了试验研究。首先,将银杏叶药渣在60～120℃的热风温度下分别恒温干燥至含水率20%,研究干燥温度对干燥能耗的影响;通过正交试验,研究含水率、筛网孔径和主轴转速对粉碎能耗的影响,分析在不同含水率和颗粒度条件下制粒成型的能耗情况。然后根据所制颗粒燃料的发热量与总的加工能耗的比值,确定银杏叶药渣颗粒燃料的最优加工工艺参数。试验结果显示干燥时,在110℃的干燥温度下,单位干燥能耗最低;粉碎时,在原料含水率为13%,筛网孔径4 mm,粉碎机主轴转速4 550 r/min的条件下,单位粉碎能耗最低;制粒成型时,原料的含水率为16%,颗粒度为4mm时的单位能耗最低。从单位发热量与总的加工能耗的比值来考虑,银杏叶药渣颗粒燃料的最优加工工艺参数为:干燥温度110℃,原料含水率16%,筛网孔径3 mm,粉碎机主轴转速4 550 r/min。在此工艺条件下,银杏叶药渣颗粒燃料总的加工能耗为4 478.3 kJ/kg,单位发热量为17 352.4 kJ/kg,满足国家关于生物质颗粒燃料的行业技术标准。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.