风电齿轮箱传动误差分析及振动噪声预估

针对一级行星两级平行轴风电齿轮传动系统,综合考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度、啮合阻尼、传递误差等因素,建立31个自由度的弯扭轴耦合集中参数动力学模型,采用变步长Runge-Kutta法对系统动力学微分方程进行求解,得出齿轮传动系统各级传动误差;借助软件建立风电齿轮箱刚柔耦合动力学模型,并导入传动误差,采用模态叠加法求得齿轮箱轴承支反力,并将其作为声振耦合模型的边界条件,采用声学有限元法对风电齿轮箱进行振动噪声预估,并与试验结果对比分析,两者吻合良好。     

滁州市近50年气温和降水变化特征

为探究气候变化下滁州市近50 a气温和降水量变化特征。[方法]运用趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和小波分析法探究了1961~2013年滁州市气温和降水的年代际变化特征、突变特征和周期特征。[结果]主要结论如下：(1)过去53年,滁州市年平均气温呈明显的增加趋势,气候倾向率为0.26℃/10a;其中春季气温增势最明显,冬季和秋季次之,夏季气温略有增势。年降水量也呈明显的增加趋势,气候倾向率为15.60mm/10a;其中夏季和冬季降水量呈增加趋势,而春季和秋季降水量呈减少趋势。(2)年平均气温在2001年发生增加突变,年降水量在1986年发生增加突变;年平均气温存在17a的主周期,年降水量存在17a左右的主周期和7~8a次周期。(3)气温和降水量呈明显的负相关。[结论]全球变化下,滁州市气温和降水量均呈增加趋势。     

两级星型五分支传动静态均载分析

为分析两级星型五分支传动系统的均载问题,根据该系统构成功率流动闭环的特点,推导扭转角变形协调条件,结合力矩平衡条件,运用当量啮合误差理论,建立静态条件下的均载力学分析模型,求解得到均载系数,分析制造误差、安装误差、构件浮动对均载特性的影响。结果表明：太阳轮、内齿圈、星轮的误差单独影响均载特性时,内齿圈的误差影响最大,各构件制造误差影响的均载系数随时间做周期变化;太阳轮基于花键间隙浮动和内齿圈径向浮动,改善了均载特性,通过试验验证了理论分析的正确性。     

浙江省日照时数时空分布特征

为了了解浙江省日照的时空分布特征,更好地为农业生产服务,笔者根据1971-2009年浙江省65个台站逐月日照资料,利用Morlet连续小波变化、功率谱检验及Mann-Kendall检验,研究了浙江省日照时数的时间变化趋势、周期演变规律和突变转折点;并通过等值线分布和EOF分解等方法,分析了浙江省近39年的日照时数的空间分布特征。结果表明：浙江省日照时数存在不同尺度的周期分量,6~9年的周期振荡较强烈,其中8.7年周期通过了功率谱95%的置信度检验;Mann-Kendall检验表明浙江省日照在全时域表现为一致的减少趋势,并且在70年代中后期存在突变;浙江省日照时数空间分布上呈现自东北向西南减少的趋势,EOF分析得出全省日照距平表现为整体一致的减少趋势。     

考虑齿顶修缘的斜齿轮传动振动响应分析

渐开线斜齿轮进行适当修形后,可以有效地改善其啮合性能,降低噪音和延长齿轮的使用寿命。利用建立未修缘以及含不同齿廓修缘量的斜齿轮有限元模型,通过轮齿承载接触分析得到不同修缘量斜齿轮的静态传递误差和啮合刚度;在考虑齿顶修缘影响的基础上,建立了具有12个自由度的平行轴系斜齿轮转子系统动力学模型,将得到的时变啮合刚度应用于系统动力学模型中,研究不同修缘量对斜齿轮传动振动响应的影响规律。研究结果表明：在一定范围内,随着修缘量的增加,斜齿轮系统的径向振动和啮合力幅值明显降低,但当修缘量达到21 μm后其幅值有增大趋势。研究结果对确定斜齿轮的最优修形量和分析修形斜齿轮的振动特性具有重要意义。     

1961—2013年滁州市气温和降水变化特征

为探究气候变化下滁州市近53年气温和降水量变化特征,运用趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和小波分析法,探究1961—2013年滁州市气温和降水的年代际变化特征、突变特征和周期特征。结果表明:(1)过去53年,滁州市年平均气温呈明显的上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.26℃/10 a;其中春季气温增势最明显,冬季和秋季次之,夏季气温略有增势。年降水量也呈明显的增加趋势,气候倾向率为15.60 mm/10 a;其中,夏季和冬季降水量呈增加趋势,而春季和秋季降水量呈减少趋势。(2)年平均气温在2001年发生增加突变,年降水量在1986年发生增加突变;年平均气温存在17年的主周期,年降水量存在17年左右的主周期和7~8年次周期。(3)气温和降水量呈明显的负相关。在全球变暖下,滁州市气温和降水量均呈增加趋势。     

1961—2014年南充市气温周期变化和突变特征分析

在全球气温变暖日趋加剧背景下,探索和研究过去数十年间南充市气温的变化特征,可以为当地经济社会可持续发展提供一定的理论参考依据。利用南充市所辖7个气象观测站1961—2014年的逐日观测资料,计算得出南充市近54年逐年及四季平均气温;同时,利用功率谱分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验和滑动T检验方法对气温的周期变化和突变特征进行分析和讨论。结果表明：近54年来的南充市气温存在显著周期性变化;年平均气温和春、夏季平均气温出现突变,其中年平均气温和春季平均气温出现了由冷到暖的突变,突变点为2006年,秋、冬季平均气温未出现突变。2006年的南充市气温异常偏高,为历史第2高位,多项气象记录突破历史极值,这与研究得出的近54年南充市年平均气温突变点为2006年这一结论相符。     

1958—2013年山西降水的季节变化及统计特征

为了研究56年来山西旱涝的演变特征,系统分析山西地区旱涝灾害的季节变化,基于山西38个气象观测站1958—2013年的逐月降水观测资料,应用线性倾向估计、M-K突变检测和Morlet小波等方法,分析了山西降水的气候变化。结果表明：（1）56年来山西年平均降水量为377.6~600.2 mm,降水从北至南递增,中部小东西部大,且东部大于西部。（2）春季各地降水为55.7~107.4 mm,从北至南增加,北中部呈经向分布,南部为纬向分布;夏季降水为230.1~355.6 mm,大值区集中在东部;秋季降水为76.6~157.7 mm,纬向分布特征明显,从北至南递增,大值区位于东南部;冬季降水为5.1~24.4 mm,分布同春季降水类似。（3）山西年降水随时间呈显著下降趋势,下降幅度为12.6 mm/10 a;四季降水除冬季小幅增加外,春夏秋均有不同程度的下降。（4）山西年降水在1967年发生了显著突变,春季突变年份为1965、1982、1992、2002年,夏季突变年份为1977年,秋季突变年份为1969、2007年,冬季突变年份为1971、1980、1988、1991年。（5）山西年降水在不同时间尺度上存在3个周期,分别为7、15和26年;春季降水存在2个周期,分别为7和24年;夏季存在3个周期,分别为4、8和18年;秋季存在2个周期,分别为2和8年;冬季存在2个周期,分别为4和15年。     

1958—2012年郑州市极端气温和极端气温事件年际变化特征

为了探究郑州市极端气温和极端气温事件的变化特征及其未来发展趋势,根据1958—2012年郑州市逐日最高、最低气温资料,以百分位阀值法确定了逐年的极端气温阀值,并统计出极端高温和低温天气日数,运用Mann-Kendall非参数秩次相关检验法和小波分析法研究了郑州市过去55年年最低气温、年最高气温、极端高温阀值、极端低温阀值、极端高温天气日数和极端低温天气日数的年际变化特征、突变特征和周期变换特征,并运用了R/S分析进行了预测。结果表明：（1）郑州市年最高气温、极端高温阀值和高温天气日数都呈现减少趋势,而年最低气温、极端低温阀值和低温天气日数都呈增加趋势;（2）郑州市年最高气温、最低气温和年极端低温阀值及极端低温发生日数都发生了明显的突变,并在突变后达到显著水平,而极端低温阀值及极端低温发生日数并未发生明显的突变;（3）周期变化特征上,4种气象要素都存在明显的变化周期,且都是大周期嵌套在小周期的变化特征;（4）从突变特征和周期变化来看,在未来几年,极端高温天气日数将持续增加,极端低温天气日数将持续减少;（5）R/S指数研究表明,最高气温会从减少趋势转化为增加趋势,年最低气温和极端高温天气日数会从增加趋势转化为减少趋势,极端低温天气日数仍会呈现增加趋势。     

生物絮团系统中温度突变对日本囊对虾肠道和水体微生物多样性的影响

利用生物絮团对虾养殖系统进行日本囊对虾的养殖实验,研究温度突变对生物絮团系统中水体氮转化效率及其稳定性的影响。实验将日本囊对虾随机分为2组,对照组为消毒的洁净海水,日换水量20%（半封闭养殖系统）,实验组为初始量20 mL/L的生物絮团海水（生物絮团系统）。在实验组与对照组水质保持1周的稳定后,进行温度突变胁迫,温度骤升10℃。在温度突变过程中,温度突变对水体中氮转化通路无显著影响(P>0.05),实验组的硝酸盐氮在温度突变后有上升的趋势,温度突变实验第5天（突变前）为19.65 mg/L到实验第10天（突变后）升高到31.54 mg/L,实验组的累计速率大于对照组。高通量测序显示,实验组与对照组水体微生物中共获得了4219个OTU。实验组的丰度与多样性指数均大于对照组,温度突变前大于突变后。温度突变后的水体和肠道的微生物群落的丰度与多样性均低于突变前。结果表明生物絮团系统在应对温度突变中的表现要优于半封闭养殖系统,在微生物群落的丰度与多样性上均具有更高的稳定性。     

Gear-bearing coupling dynamics characteristics of wind turbine planetary gear transmission system under variable load

Considering that the transmission system of wind turbine works in complex and changing load environment caused by stochastic wind speed,this paper uses sparse least squares support vector machine(SL-SVM) to simulate wind speed of true wind field,and obtains time-varying wind load caused by stochastic wind speed. The lumped-parameter method is used to develop a dynamic model of planetary gear transmission system of wind turbine coupled with bearing. The model includes the varying wind load,time-vary mesh stiffness of gear pair and time-vary stiffness of rolling element bearing. The numerical method is used to simulate the dynamic performance of planetary gear system of Multibrid Technology Wind Turbine with 1.5 MW rated power. The vibration displacement responses of the transmission system are obtained as well as dynamic meshing force each pair of gear and nonlinear bearing forces. The research can provide a foundation for optimizing dynamic performance and reliable design of gear transmission system of wind generator.     

Reference Efficiency of Planetary Gear Train

Reference efficiency of a pair of gear drive without planetary motion is the base to calculate efficiency of the whole planetary gear train. The authors find reference efficiency for speed increase is higher than that of the same drive used for speed reduction. This is different from the earlier viewpoint. New equations are derived for correctly calculating the reference efficiency of spur gear and helical gear with internal conjugate and external conjugate either in the state of speed increase or speed reduction respectively. The equations are also used to calculate efficiency of 2K-H planetary gear train.     

Research on Bifurcation and Chaos Characteristics of Meso-Scopic Fracture Process of Rock

On the basis of test results of meso-scopic fracture process and evolution of microcracks of rock in uniaxial compression,the number and orientation of microcracks at each stress level are obtained.A mathematical model for describing the germination and evolution of microcracks is proposed.The bifurcation and chaos behaviours of the evolution of microcracks and meso-scopic fracture process are studied for the first time with the bifurcation and chaos theory of modern nonlinear science.When the characteristic values which represent the gernimation and closure effect of microcracks take certain values,the evolution of microcracks can be described by the Logistic equation.Therefore,the evolution of microcracks of rock has the bifurcation and chaos characteristics.[WT5HZ]     

Dynamic characteristics of multi-stage planetary gear trains in shield machine cutter drive

A purely torsional dynamic model of multi-stage planetary gear trains is developed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the transmission system in shield machine cutter drive. In the model,phase difference between mesh stiffness and error among each stage caused by different initial mesh positions is considered,and other factors such as component bearing stiffness,time-varying mesh stiffness and error are considered as well. Inherent characteristic analysis shows there are more unique and diverse vibration modes in multi-stage planetary gear trains than in single-stage planetary gear trains. Through dynamic response analysis,time-domain and frequency-domain response of dynamic meshing force of each stage is obtained. As the frequency of exciting force of medium-speed and high-speed stage is in proximity to the natural frequency of the system,harmonic resonance tends to occur,which needs to be paid great attention to. Dynamic factors of each stage are also computed and prepare the ground for the dynamic optimizing design of planetary gear trains.     

Powertrain parameter design for the electric vehicle with taking the energy consumption of air conditioner into consideration

On the basis of considering the influence of air conditioner on vehicle performance,the parameter determination of the power train composed of a battery,a traction motor and a two-speed transmission of an electric car is carried out. To ensure the economy of operation,a shifting strategy with a principle which emphasizes the high work efficiency of the power train is drawn up and the gear ratios are corrected aiming at the least energy cost over the drive cycle. The simulation results indicate that the designed parameters meet the requirements moderately and the driving range is extended by 5.28% when the air conditioner is turned off and 4.29% when turned on,compared with the initial results through the correction of the gear ratios.     

Modeling and Simulation of a Novel Drive Train for Wind Turbine with Large Capacity

On the basis of a planetary transmission, a novel hydrodynamic speed controlled transmission system for wind turbines with large capacity is presented. The new drive train consists of wind rotors, planet accelerators, hydro-mechanical and synchronous generators. The dynamic mathematical model of the drive train is established. The digital simulation of speed regulation characteristics for hydrodynamic speed controlled system is studied by using Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show that continuously variable transmission and fixed speed control can be achieved, and the drive train works well in stability and dynamic performances. They can increase the power yield from the wind, smooth the electric power output, and alleviate the load peak in the new drive train .     

中山市日平均气温时间序列的周期性与混沌性分析

用广东省中山市1955-2017年日平均气温时间序列分析周期与混沌性质。结果表明,功率谱为363d左右的年周期变化,为周期吸引子;是太阳直射点在南北移动导致。在滤去频率范围为0~0.005/d的年周期变化信息以后,功率谱呈连续谱;最大Lyapunov指数是正的,关联维数为10.1,表明高频气温变化部分具有混沌性。     

Numerical Investigation of Nonlinear Dynamics of Cavitation Bubble Motion

The nonlinear dynamic equation of cavitation bubble radial motion has been investigated numerically after accounting for the liquid compressibility. It is shown that the bubble motion presents the intense feature of nonlinear dynamics and the period doubling bifurcation is one of the routes to chaos. The indetermination of the cavitation bubble motion is revealed.     

Approaches to enhance power density of gearboxes for wind turbines

Based on pitting strength, some approaches to enhance power density of gearboxes for wind turbines are discussed. The calculation load is greatly reduced by power division. Allowable stress numbers are effectively increased by improving property of quality materials, precision heat treatment or shot peening. Load capacities can be also obviously enhanced by improving the tooth shape of morphology optimization of tooth root, tooth correction or superfinishing of tooth surface. The center distance is effectively decreased by minishing minimum allowable safety factor or enlarging face width. The power density of gearbox can be further improved by means of structure optimization of planet carrier or uniform load of planetary gear transmission.     

Design of Self-adjusting Planetary Gear Rotation Mechanism Based on Planetary Gear Structures Muster

Self-adjusting planetary gear rational mechanism can eliminate the influence of various uncertain errors in mechanism. Therefore ,it's method of self-adjusting designing is attented by machine designer. For seeking a simple, regular, and widely realizing self-adjusting designing way, this article uses approach of the follow text to design no over-constraint and self-adjusting mechanism. First, the article advances the conception of planetary gear structure muster and it's plotting basis, through using for reference the strategy and method of self-adjusting structure groups in planar linkage mechanism. Second, it designs the self-adjusting planetary gear structure muster, through analyzing the constraint and freedom of planetary gear structure muster. Third, it designs the self-adjusting mechanism, through adding aptitude rotational links outside of self-adjusting planetary gear structure muster. This mechanism can realizes the self-adjusting in the interior of muster and self-adapting in the exterior of muster. This designing plan possesses a series of excellence, such as, theoretical, simple, feasible, widely self-adjusting. Consequently, the mechanism can eliminate the working capability influence of various errors.