石榴皮驱除犬绦虫试验效果观察

试验主要探讨石榴皮驱除犬绦虫的效果,将体重4~6 kg京巴犬12只分为4组,分别为对照组、低剂量组(0.2 g/kg)、中剂量组(0.6 g/kg)、高剂量组(1.0 g/kg)。以7 d为1个投药周期,把炮制好的石榴皮饲喂病犬,共投喂3次。通过采集粪便,计算出虫卵感染比例及治疗转阴率。结果:低剂量组的转阴率在第7天、第14天分别为38.1%、30.8%,中剂量组的转阴率在第7天、第14天分别为63.2%、80.0%,高剂量组的转阴率在第7天、第14天分别为79.9%、86.9%,可以看出高剂量组的转阴率最高,但临床副作用比较大,综合评定认为:最佳剂量应为0.6 g/kg,以2周为1疗程,7 d投喂1次,可治愈。     

拜宠清和伊维菌素对自然感染犬弓首蛔虫临床药效比较

用伊维菌素和拜宠清分别对自然感染犬弓首蛔虫(Toxocara canis)的犬进行驱虫,以虫卵减少率和虫卵转阴率为指标判定驱虫效果,比较2种药物对犬蛔虫的驱虫效力。结果显示:从虫卵减少率和虫卵转阴率来看,第1次给药后第5、10、15天拜宠清组和伊维菌素组的虫卵减少率均超过95%,但在第1次驱虫15 d后的虫卵转阴率均不能达到100%。在第1次驱虫后2周进行第2次驱虫,驱虫后5～10 d虫卵转阴率均能达到100%。从排虫情况来看,伊维菌素组多在给药后6～8 d排虫,拜宠清组多在给药后2～4 d排虫。从剖检情况看,经两次驱虫,驱净率均能到达100%。研究表明,伊维菌素和拜宠清对犬弓首蛔虫均有很好的驱虫效果。     

爱普利注射剂对放牧绵羊体内外寄生虫的驱虫试验

应用爱普利注射剂,选择自然感染线虫和体外寄生虫的1.5岁放牧藏系绵羊100只,分别按0.1、0.2、0.3 mg/kg.b w剂量皮下注射给药,同时设伊维菌素注射剂药物对照组和阳性对照组,评价驱除放牧绵羊体内线虫与体外寄生虫的效果。结果显示:爱普利注射剂0.2、0.3 mg/kg剂量对放牧绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为95.0%和100.0%,减少率分别为98.4%和100.0%;网尾线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率均达100.0%,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率分别为90.0%和100.0%,减少率分别为96.1%和100.0%;对主要线虫虫卵(幼虫)的平均有效率分别达98.0%和100.0%;第7d对绵羊颚虱、足颚虱的转阴率、杀虫率均达100%;对羊蜱蝇的转阴率分别为90.0%和100.0%,杀虫率分别达92.3%和100%;均达到了高效。爱普利注射剂0.1 mg/kg剂量对线虫虫卵(幼虫)的转阴率、减少率及对体外寄生虫的杀虫率均次于0.2、0.3 mg/kg剂量组。对照药物伊维菌素注射剂0.2 mg/kg剂量消化道线虫虫卵转阴率、减少率分别为95.0%和97.8%;网尾线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率均达100.0%,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率、减少率分别为85.0%和94.3%;第7d绵羊颚虱、足颚虱的转阴率、杀虫率均达100%;羊蜱蝇转阴率、杀虫率分别为80.0%和90%。阳性对照组线虫虫卵(幼虫)与给药前无明显变化、3种体外寄生虫感染情况较给药前略有增加。绵羊皮下注射3个剂量爱普利注射剂,未出现任何异常反应。试验证明爱普利注射剂3个剂量对藏系绵羊线虫虫卵(幼虫)、3种体外寄生虫均有效,其中0.2 mg/kg剂量驱除放牧绵羊线虫高效安全经济。     

石榴皮驱除犬绦虫试验效果观察

采用云南本地石榴皮,经专门的药品加工机加工成粉末.将12只犬只分为4组,分别为对照组、低剂量组(0.2g/kg)、中剂量组(0.6g/kg)、高剂量组(1g/kg).以7d为一个投药周期,把炮制好的药物饲喂病犬,共投喂3次.通过采集粪便,进行实验室观察,计算出虫卵感染比例及治疗转阴率.试验表明:低剂量组的转阴率在第7天、第14天分别为38.1%、30.8%,中剂量组的转阴率在第7d、第14d分别为63.2%、80%,高剂量组的转阴率在第7天、第14天分别为79.9%、86.9%,可以看出高剂量组的转阴率最高,但临床副作用比较大,综合转阴率随时间的变化趋势,得出最佳剂量应为0.6g/kg,以2周为1疗程,7d投喂1次,就可治愈犬绦虫病.     

复方氯硝柳胺驱虫片临床药效学试验

旨在评价新药复方氯硝柳胺驱虫片的临床药效。试验选用55条病犬,每条犬补饲20个豆状囊尾蚴,40 d后进行正式试验。试验共分为5组,口服给药剂量按照每千克体重氯硝柳胺含量计算,即推荐剂量减半组(50 mg/kg)、推荐剂量组(100 mg/kg)、加倍剂量组(200 mg/kg)以及不用药对照组、和康达药物对照组(100 mg/kg)。收集用药前3 d和用药后连续6 d的粪便样品,采用麦克马斯特氏法对收集的粪便样品进行虫卵计数;给药8 d后,剖检,取肠内容物显微镜下统计残留虫体个数。结果表明,用药后3 d各试验组粪便虫卵基本维持稳定,和康达组、剂量减半组、推荐剂量组、加倍剂量组虫卵减少率均达到了95%以上,表明新药复方氯硝柳胺驱虫片对犬肠道感染的寄生虫如蛔虫和绦虫具有很好的驱虫效果。     

云南贯众粗提物对猪蛔虫的作用效果观察

考察云南贯众粗提物山奈素-3-a-L-鼠李糖基-7-a-L-鼠李糖体内驱猪蛔虫效果。选用仔猪36头,分为空白组,感染对照组,贯众粗提物低剂量组(12.5 mg/kg·bw),贯众粗提物中剂量组(25 mg/kg·bw),贯众粗提物高剂量组(50 mg/kg·bw),左旋咪唑组(8 mg/kg·bw)6个处理组,每组6头,连续用药7 d,每天采集猪粪便进行虫卵检查,计算虫卵转阴率和虫卵减少率。结果表明,云南贯众粗提物高浓度(50 mg/kg·bw)有较强驱杀体内猪蛔虫的活性,虫卵从1 606.67减少到34.33,转阴率达到83.33%,在治疗结束后虫卵减少率达到97.86%,与感染对照组和治疗前相比,虫卵数值和虫卵减少率均极显著提高(P0.01)。提示云南贯众可作为一种新型抗猪蛔虫药予以开发。     

伊维菌素干混悬剂驱除猪蛔虫效果与安全性试验

应用伊维菌素干混悬剂进行了驱除猪蛔虫的效力及安全性试验。结果：0．3mg/kg b.w剂量对猪蛔虫的虫卵转阴率、虫卵减少率和驱虫率均达100％，猪可耐受1．5mg/kg剂量。试验证明伊维菌素干混悬剂驱除猪蛔虫安全高效，投药方便，成本较低，具有推广前景。     

奥芬达唑干混悬剂对青海牧区藏犬肠道寄生虫的驱虫试验

为评价奥芬达唑干混悬剂对青海牧区藏犬肠道寄生虫的驱虫效果,选择牧户家中饲养的35只藏犬,设奥芬达唑干混悬剂5、10、15mg/kg体重剂量组,进行驱虫效果评价。结果表明:3个试验剂量对藏犬弓首蛔虫、犬钩口线虫、细粒棘球绦虫、泡状带绦虫和多头带绦虫的转阴率和减少率均达100.0%。奥芬达唑干混悬剂3个试验剂量驱除牧区藏犬蛔虫、钩虫、绦虫高效安全,推荐剂量在5mg/kg以上。     

潮霉素B预混剂的临床驱虫试验研究

为了解潮霉素B预混剂临床驱除绦虫线虫的有效性和给药时间的合理性,依据兽药临床试验规范,试验选择了蠕虫自然感染皖西麻黄鸡824只,按要求随机分为3组,分别为潮霉素B预混剂治疗组284只,芬苯哒唑粉对照药物组284只,不治疗的感染对照组256只,试验周期根据临床治疗效果确定。结果显示,潮霉素B预混剂,推荐剂量10 mg/kg混饲,连续饲喂21 d,对鸡蛔虫和绦虫的粗计驱虫率分别为63%和26%,表现明显的驱除蛔虫作用(P0.05),连续饲喂42 d,对鸡蛔虫和绦虫的粗计驱虫率分别为100%和-13%,驱蛔虫效果极显著(P0.01);对照药物芬苯哒唑粉,50 mg/kg混饲,连续饲喂6 d,对鸡蛔虫和绦虫的粗计驱虫率分别为100%和44%,同样具有极显著的驱除蛔虫作用(P0.01),本试验中2种药物的驱蛔虫效果相当,对绦虫的驱除作用不明显(P0.05)。潮霉素B预混剂10 mg/kg混饲,连续饲喂42 d,可以驱净鸡蛔虫的感染,但对鸡绦虫感染无明显的驱除作用。     

阿苯达唑对波尔山羊消化道线虫的药效试验

为了观察阿苯达唑片对波尔山羊消化道线虫的驱除效果,探讨其对波尔山羊线虫病治疗的最佳剂量,将150只波尔山羊随机分成5组,其中设阿苯达唑7.5、15、30 mg/kg作为试验组,同时设左旋咪唑7.5 mg/kg作为药物对照组和阳性对照组,给药前后检查虫卵和虫体,计算虫卵转阴率、虫卵减少率和驱虫率,最后进行统计分析。结果显示,高剂量组和中剂量组的虫卵转阴率、虫卵减少率和驱虫率均显著高于低剂量组和盐酸左旋咪唑片对照组(P0.01),而高剂量组与中剂量组的虫卵转阴率、虫卵减少率和驱虫率差异不显著。15 mg/kg的阿苯达唑片对波尔山羊线虫的驱除效果安全。     

中药小兰杜治疗猪螨虫效果观察

试验研究中药小兰杜对猪螨虫的治疗效果。以患病猪只为试验动物,设实验组和对照组,对照1组涂擦75%酒精,试验2组涂擦3.3%小兰杜酒精浸泡液,实验3组涂擦5%小兰杜酒精浸泡液,实验4组涂擦10%小兰杜酒精浸泡液;对照5组以1%伊维菌素稀释液0.2 mL/kg皮下注射。间隔1 d涂擦一次药物,连续涂擦2周。伊维菌素每7天注射一次。1、7、14 d后观察治疗效果,用低倍显微镜观察螨虫数量,观察并记录病猪临床症状。低剂量组螨虫转阴率在第7天、第14天分别为18.2%、14.1%,中剂量组镜检螨虫转阴率在第7天、第14天分别为38.2%、62.8%,高剂量组临床症状好转迅速,镜检螨虫转阴率在第7天为72.4%,第14天达到100%,临床症状消失,伊维菌素组螨虫转阴率在第7天、第14天分别为60%、84.9%。高剂量为最佳用药剂量,临床症状消失。     

Field trial of praziquantel for control of fishborne zoonotic trematodes in reservoir hosts in Vietnam

This field trial was conducted to determine whether 40 or 75 mg/kg of praziquantel is suitable for treatment of fishborne zoonotic trematodes (FZT) in naturally infected dogs (n=10) and cats (n=11). Three days after treatment all animals at either dose were negative for small trematode eggs. In two cats and one dog treated with 75 mg/kg, however, a few damaged eggs were found 3 days post-treatment; no small trematode eggs were seen in these animals at day 14 post-treatment. In addition, at the 75 mg dose, two cats and two dogs experienced vomiting or diminished appetite. Therefore a praziquantel dose of 40 mg/kg is suggested for treatment of FZT in dogs and cats.     

川楝素驱猪蛔虫体外杀虫试验研究

运用超声波技术从苦楝皮中分离提取川楝素（Toosendanin）,并用其对猪蛔虫成虫、第二期幼虫、虫卵作离体毒理试验,同时与临床上常用驱猪蛔虫药进行比较,筛选出驱虫效果较好的药物,为下一步动物试验和新型驱虫药的研究奠定基础。     

Multiple once-daily dose pharmacokinetics and renal safety of gentamicin in dogs

In this study the pharmacokinetics and renal safety of gentamicin in healthy dogs was investigated after multiple dosing. Six adult male dogs received once-daily gentamicin (6 mg/kg) intramuscularly for 5 days. Serial blood samples were taken on days 1 and 5 of treatment, and at predose, 1 and 6 h on days 2, 3 and 4. Urinalysis, hematology and serum biochemistry evaluation were carried out before, 7 and 14 days after the first gentamicin administration. Mean value of the main pharmacokinetic parameters were: AUC (microg.h/mL), 97.4 and 100.2; terminal half-life (harmonic mean), 0.76 and 1.01 h; ClB/F (mL/min.kg), 1.24 and 1.10; VD(area)/F (L/kg), 0.084 and 0.10; MRT (h), 1.48 and 1.77; Cmax (microg/mL), 54.5 and 49.2; tmax (h), 0.40 and 0.48 for the first and last dose, respectively. Accumulation was determined as R1 = 0.97 and R2 = 1.22. Mean trough gentamicin serum concentrations were 0.06, 0.07, 0.09, 0.1 and 0.1 microg/mL for the first, second, third, fourth and fifth dose, respectively. Statistically significant increases (P < 0.05) were found for last dose MRT and fourth and fifth trough gentamicin serum concentrations. Laboratory tests detected a slight increase in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations (one dog), decreased specific urine gravity (one dog) and presence of few granular casts (two dogs). It is concluded that once-daily administration of gentamicin may provide adequate serum levels to treat most susceptible gram-negative infections with little or no nephrotoxicity in dogs.     

Endoscopy of the gastroduodenal mucosa after carprofen, meloxicam and ketoprofen administration in dogs

Endoscopy was undertaken to examine the gastroduodenal mucosa of 24 healthy dogs after seven days and again after 28 days of oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration. The dogs were divided into four groups. One group received ketoprofen (1 mg/kg every 24 hours), one group carprofen (2 mg/kg every 12 hours for seven days followed by 2 mg/kg every 24 hours), a third group meloxicam suspension (0·2 mg/kg every 24 hours), and the last group gelatin (one capsule every 24 hours). Serum biochemical and complete blood count parameters did not change significantly after NSAID administration. Gastroduodenal lesions were observed in 17 dogs, but in all cases these were mild to moderate. The dogs receiving gelatin or carprofen showed the fewest and the least severe lesions, although there was no statistically significant difference between the three test drugs and the control group (P 0–05). None of the dogs showed any clinical signs related to the gastrointestinal lesions.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefovecin in dogs

A series of in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro studies were conducted to determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of cefovecin, a new injectable cephalosporin, in dogs. Absolute bioavailability was determined in a two-phase cross-over study in dogs receiving 8 mg/kg bodyweight (b.w.) of cefovecin by either subcutaneous (s.c.) or intravenous (i.v.) route. After s.c. administration, cefovecin was fully bioavailable (100%), the mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 121 microg/mL and the mean apparent elimination half-life (t1/2) was 133 h. Clearance was measured to be 0.76 mL/h/kg after i.v. dosing. The concentration of cefovecin in urine measured 14 days after s.c. administration was 2.9 microg/mL. Plasma protein binding was determined by equilibrium dialysis; over concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 microg/mL (i.e. up to the approximate Cmax following an 8 mg/kg dose), protein binding of 98.7% to 96.0% was observed, however, binding was lower at higher concentrations. Total and free concentrations of cefovecin were determined in plasma, transudate and exudate collected from dogs previously implanted subcutaneously with tissue cages. Mean peak concentrations of free cefovecin were almost three times higher in transudate than in plasma and remained above 0.25 microg/mL for 19 days. The ex vivo antibacterial killing activity (vs. Staphylococcus intermedius, MIC 0.25 microg/mL) was measured in serum, transudate and exudate collected from dogs which had received 8 mg/kg b.w. of cefovecin subcutaneously. Transudate exhibited higher antimicrobial killing activity than serum. Activity in serum and exudate exhibited a mean reduction in bacterial counts of S. intermedius of at least three log units up to 72 h postadministration. Bactericidal activity (>3 log10 reduction of bacterial counts) was observed in transudate up to 12 days postadministration. The slow elimination and long lasting ex vivo antibacterial killing activity following administration of cefovecin are desirable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic attributes for an antimicrobial drug with 14-day dosing intervals.     

Effect of Ketoconazole on Cyclosporine Dose in Healthy Dogs

Objective—To determine the degree to which the dose of oral cyclosporine (CyA), in healthy dogs, can be decreased by concurrent oral administration of ketoconazole. Dogs in this study were observed for physical or biochemical side effects that might have been caused by the administration of CyA and ketoconazole. Study Design—Prospective research study. Sample Population—Five healthy, intact female Beagle dogs. Methods—CyA was administered orally twice daily to achieve stable whole blood trough levels of 400 to 600 ng/mL. Ketoconazole was added at a low therapeutic dose (average dose: 13.6 mg/kg/d) then at a subtherapeutic dose (average dose: 4.7 mg/kg/d). CyA whole blood trough levels were monitored every 3 to 4 days and maintained at 400 to 600 ng/mL by adjusting CyA doses accordingly. Physical examination, CBC, biochemical profile, and urinalysis were performed at 2-week intervals throughout the study period. Results—The initial mean dose of CyA required to achieve target blood levels was 14.5 mg/ kg/d. With concurrent ketoconazole (low therapeutic dose, average dose: 13.6 mg/kg/d) and CyA administration, the CyA dose declined to 3.4 mg/kg/day (range: 1.2 to 5.2 mg/kg/d), representing a 75% reduction in CyA dose and monetary savings of 57.8%. At a subtherapeutic dose of ketoconazole (average dose: 4.7 mg/kg/d), combination therapy resulted in a CyA dose of 10.1 mg/kg/day (4.9 to 10.6 mg/kg/d), representing a 38% reduction in CyA dose and monetary savings of 23.8%. Weight loss and transient hypoalbuminemia of unknown clinical significance were observed. Other physical and biochemical evaluations were unremarkable over the 12-week study period. Conclusions—The oral administration of ketoconazole can be used to reduce substantially the oral CyA dose needed to maintain selected blood levels in healthy dogs. Clinical Relevance—The oral administration of ketoconazole can result in substantial cost savings to owners of dogs receiving CyA after renal allograft transplantation or for the treatment of autoimmune disease.     

复方蒲公英注射液解热镇痛抗炎作用研究

考察复方蒲公英注射液解热镇痛抗炎效果。解热试验取健康家兔10只,随机分为2组,每只兔背部皮下注射2,4-二硝基苯酚2%水溶液30 mg/kg,待体温升高超过1℃,分别按0.5 mL/kg腹腔注射生理盐水和复方蒲公英注射液,给药后30、60、90、120 min分别测量直肠温度;镇痛试验取昆明系小白鼠50只,随机均分为5组,分别为生理盐水组（0.05mL）、阿司匹林组（4%阿司匹林溶液0.05 mL）、复方蒲公英注射液低（0.05 mL）、中（0.1 mL）、高剂量组（0.2 mL）。连续经口给药3 d,于末次给药30 min后,每只小白鼠腹腔注射0.6%冰醋酸（0.1 mL/10 g）,记录注射致痛剂后20 min内各鼠的扭体次数;抗炎试验取昆明系小白鼠50只,随机分为5组,分别为生理盐水对照组（0.05 mL/10 g）、双黄连组（0.05 mL/10 g）、复方蒲公英低（0.05 mL/10 g）、中（0.1 mL/10 g）、高（0.2 mL/10 g）剂量组。连续腹腔注射给药5 d,在第5天注射后12 h,在小鼠右耳两侧均匀涂以二甲苯0.05 mL,左耳作为对照,2 h后处死,用直径0.5 cm打孔器取其左右耳片,称重,评价药物对二甲苯刺激耳廓的抗炎效果。结果提示,复方蒲公英注射液具有较好的解热抗炎作用,而无明显镇痛作用。     

Nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B in dogs: a comparison of two methods of administration.

Two methods of administration of amphotericin B were compared for their ability to produce nephrotoxicity in 12 dogs. Six dogs received six alternate day doses of amphotericin B: 1 mg/kg administered as a rapid bolus in 25 mL 5% dextrose in water. Another six dogs received alternate day treatments of the same dose of amphotericin B in 1 L 5% dextrose in water over 5 h. Both treatment groups experienced significant reductions in glomerular filtration rate, as measured by inulin clearance, 24 h endogenous creatinine clearance, serum creatinine and serum urea. This reduction in glomerular filtration rate was most marked in the group receiving the drug as a rapid bolus. The inulin clearances decreased from 3.54 +/- 0.30 mL/min/kg (means +/- SEM) on day 0 to 1.15 +/- 0.25 mL/min/kg on day 12 in the slow infusion group and from 3.24 +/- 0.25 mL/min/kg on day 0 to 0.46 +/- 0.11 mL/min/kg on day 12 in the rapid bolus group. Renal lesions characteristic of amphotericin B administration were observed in all dogs tested. The dogs which received amphotericin B as a rapid bolus had a significantly greater number of tubular lesions than the slow infusion group. Systemic side effects, such as vomiting, diarrhea and weight loss, were observed in both treatment groups but were most severe in the rapid bolus group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Use of a low-dose ACTH stimulation test for diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs

BACKGROUND: Although definitive diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism usually is made by an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test using 250 microg/dog of synthetic ACTH (cosyntropin/tetracosactrin), increased costs have prompted a search for less-expensive diagnostic methods. HYPOTHESIS: A low-dose ACTH stimulation test (5 microg/kg) will distinguish between dogs with nonadrenal illness and hypoadrenocorticism. Additionally, administration of cosyntropin will not affect the results of another ACTH stimulation test performed 24 hours later. ANIMALS: Eight healthy adult dogs and 29 hospitalized dogs with suspected hypoadrenocorticism. METHODS: In this prospective study, each healthy dog received 4 ACTH stimulation tests. Dogs received either 5 microg/kg or 250 microg/dog of cosyntropin on day 1 and the alternate dose on day 2. The opposite dosing sequence was used after a 2-week washout period (days 15 and 16). Dogs with suspected Addison's disease received 2 ACTH stimulation tests, 24 hours apart, using either a dose of 5 microg/kg cosyntropin or 250 microg/dog on the 1st day and the alternate dose on the 2nd day. RESULTS: In healthy dogs, poststimulation cortisol concentrations on days 2 and 16 and days 1 and 15 were equivalent (90% confidence interval [CI]: 86.7-101.2%). In dogs with suspected Addison's disease, mean (+/-SD) cortisol responses to ACTH in the 5 microg/kg dose (16.2+/-7.7 microg/dL) and 250 microg/dog dose (15.9+/-6.3 microg/dL) were statistically equivalent (90% CI: 91.2-105.4%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Low-dose ACTH stimulation testing distinguishes between dogs with nonadrenal illness and hypoadrenocorticism. Additionally, the administration of 2 ACTH stimulation tests on consecutive days does not affect results of the second test.