沙拉沙星对人工感染禽大肠杆菌病和鸡白痢沙门氏杆菌病的治疗试验

盐酸沙拉沙星分别以５０、２５和１２．５μｇ／ｍｌ（以沙拉沙星碱基计）的浓度配备于饮水中,让鸡连续饮用６ｄ对致死量的大肠杆菌（Ｏ１３８）人工感染的３周龄肉鸡的保护率分别为８３．３％、７３．３％和６０％,与感染接种不治疗组存活率２０％比较差异均极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。按上述剂量与疗程用药对致死量的鸡白痢沙门氏杆菌人工感染１日龄肉鸡的保护率分别为１００％、９３．３％、８０％,５０μｇ／ｍｌ环丙沙星治疗对照组的存活率为９０％,感染发病不治疗组的存活率为４０％,检验结果表明沙拉沙星各用药组的存活率均比发病不治疗组高,差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

BWEL-SPF鸡群对鸡传染性法氏囊病强毒的敏感性试验

用三种不同鸡传染性法氏囊病强毒株,对ＢＷＥＬ－ＳＰＦ鸡群１－１０个家系３周龄鸡进行敏感性试验,观察比较鸡群各家系对不同敏感性,测定不同毒株的毒价。广西强毒株（ＩＢＤＶ－ＧＸ株）〈ＬＤ５０为１０＾５．０／０．２ｍｌ;湖南强毒株,ＬＤ５０为１０＾５．２／０．２ｍｌ;吉林强毒株（ＩＢＤＶ－ＪＬ株）,ＬＤ５０为１０＾５．５／０．２ｍｍｌ,以１００ＬＤ５０攻毒剂量,对ＢＷＥＬ－ＳＰＦ鸡１￣１０家系的致死率为     

氧氟沙星饮水治疗鸡败血霉形体—大肠杆菌感染的药代动力学分析

选用３２０只３３日龄石岐杂健康鸡，分成健康对照、感染对照、氧氟沙星中剂量和高剂量４组。感染鸡接种霉形体和大肠杆菌后，中剂量和高剂量组分别以１００ｍｇ／Ｌ和２００ｍｇ／Ｌ氧氟沙星饮水给药，在试验开始后２～５ｄ，每次给药后２ｈ和８ｈ剖杀，采用ＨＰＬＣ测定血药浓度。结果，血药浓度在中剂量组分别为（１．２６±０．３２），（０．７５±０．２３）ｍｇ／Ｌ，高剂量组分别为（１．６８±０．４２），（１．３５±０．０４）ｍｇ／Ｌ，中、高剂量组在给药后２～５ｄ平均血药浓度分别为（１．０１±０．２７），（１．５２±０．２１）ｍｇ／Ｌ。停药后血药消除缓慢，两组ｔ１２分别为３．１１，４．３３ｈ，ＡＵＣ为４．７６，６．４０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１·ｈ－１，Ｔｃｐ（ｔｈｅｒ）为２３．３４，２３．７２ｈ。本研究表明，氧氟沙星饮水给药对鸡霉形体和大肠杆菌合并感染具有显著的临床效果，从经济观点看，饮水给药以５０～１００ｍｇ／Ｌ，每天１次，连续４ｄ为好。     

沙拉沙星对实验性感染猪链球菌病及大肠杆菌病的药效学

为兽医临床合理应用沙拉星（Ｓarafloxacin）提供理论依据,就其对实验性感染猪链球菌 病及大肠杆菌病的药效学进行了研究。以试管２倍稀释法测得沙拉沙星对兰氏Ｃ群类马链球菌（Ｃ５５１２０）和猪大肠杆菌（Ｏ５５）的最小抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）分别是０．８mg/Ｌ及０．０５mg/Ｌ。肌注给药对猪链球菌病和大肠杆菌病的试验性治疗结果不明,低、中 高剂量沙拉沙星组２．５、５、１０mg/kg）及环丙沙星组（５mg/kg）用药５d（每隔１２     

高效液相法测定盐酸沙拉沙星制剂的含量

采用高效液相色法测定盐酸沙拉沙星制剂的含量,用Ｎａｖａ－ＰａｋＣ１８１５０＊３．９ｍｍ色谱柱,以０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ柠檬酸－０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ醋酸铵－乙腈（８０：１０：１８）为流动相,用高氯酸调ＰＨ至２．４;流速１．２ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ,检波波长２７４ｎｍ;线性范围０．２－１．２μｇ（ｒ＝０．９９９９）,平均回收率９９．７％,ＲＳＤ＝０．３％（ｎ＝７）。本方法简便,准确,适用该产品质量控制。     

淫羊藿－蜂胶合剂对鸡红细胞CR_1增强作用的实验研究

用不同浓度的淫羊藿－蜂胶合剂与鸡红细胞在体外进行孵育，然后测其红细胞补体Ｉ型受体（ＣＲ１）的活性，以判定淫羊霍－蜂胶合剂对红细胞免疫功能的增强作用。结果显示：经２０％、１０％和５％的淫羊藿－蜂胶合剂处理后的鸡红细胞ＣＲ１花环率（ＣＲ１－Ｒ）分别为：３８．９％、２２．０％和９．０％，面对照组鸡红细胞ＣＲ１－Ｒ是９．３％。此结果表明：淫羊藿－蜂胶合剂具有明显的增高红细胞ＣＲ１活性作用，并与剂量有关。     

洛美沙星对实验性鸡葡萄球菌病的药效研究

为了给兽医临床推广应用国内新近研制的氟喹诺酮类长半减期药物洛美沙星（Ｌｏｍｅｆｌｏｘａｃｉｎ），特别是用洛美沙星防治鸡葡萄球菌病提供依据，首先以试管２倍稀释法测定了洛美沙星及对照药对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度，然后观察了洛美沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星饮水给药５ｄ对实验性鸡葡萄球菌病的疗效。结果，洛美沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星、红霉素对鸡金黄色葡萄球菌Ｃ５６０１１株的最小抑菌浓度分别为１．０、０．１２５、０．２５、１．０、３２ｍｇ／Ｌ。２５、５０、１００ｍｇ／Ｌ洛美沙星饮水给药对鸡葡萄球菌病的治愈率分别为６６．７％、８０．０％、７６．７％，有效率分别为９０．０％、９６．７％、９６．７％。５０ｍｇ／Ｌ环丙沙星、５０ｍｇ／Ｌ恩诺沙星的治愈率则分别为７６．７％、８０．０％，有效率分别为９３．３％、９６．７％。５０、１００ｍｇ／Ｌ洛美沙星及５０ｍｇ／Ｌ恩诺沙星３个饮水给药组的增重显著高于感染对照组。结果表明，洛美沙星饮水给药治疗鸡葡萄球菌病以５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的剂量为宜。     

对新城疫CS2株与4株疫苗毒株有关性能的比较

对鸡新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）中等毒力毒株ＣＳ２株、ＮＤⅠ系、Ｒｏｋｉｎ、Ｋｏｍｅｒｏｖ和低毒力ＬａＳｏｔａ株病毒的脑内致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）、鸡胚的半数感染量（ＥＩＤ５０）等指标进行了测定,结果是ＩＣＰＩ分别为１．２７～１．５２、１．６６～１．７０、１．４６、１．４３和０．２９～０．５;ＥＩＤ５０分别为１０＾７．５、１０＾７．５≥１０＾８．５、１０＾＾７．９和≥１０＾８．５／０．１ｍｌ。用１０倍剂量的ＣＳ２株病毒注射１月龄和１．５月龄ＳＰＥ雏鸡,均安全无不良反应,测定ＣＳ２株病毒保存期,结果在－２０℃保存６年的鸡胚２代（Ｅ２）、鸡胚６代（Ｅ６）、鸡胚１０代（Ｅ１０）毒的ＥＩＤ５０均≥１０＾７．５／０．１ｍｌ。ＮＤＣＳ２株病毒的各项指标均在中等毒力范围内,对鸡胚的半数感染量仍保持原毒（Ⅰ系）的特性,ＩＣＰＩ比原毒有所下     

淫羊藿－蜂胶合剂对鸡红细胞CR_1增强作用的实验研究

用不同浓度的淫羊藿－蜂胶合剂与鸡红细胞在体外进行孵育，然后测其红细胞补体Ｉ型受体（ＣＲ１）的活性，以判定淫羊霍－蜂胶合剂对红细胞免疫功能的增强作用。结果显示：经２０％、１０％和５％的淫羊藿－蜂胶合剂处理后的鸡红细胞ＣＲ１花环率（ＣＲ１－Ｒ）分别为：３８．９％、２２．０％和９．０％，面对照组鸡红细胞ＣＲ１－Ｒ是９．３％。此结果表明：淫羊藿－蜂胶合剂具有明显的增高红细胞ＣＲ１活性作用，并与剂量有关。     

痢菌净与TMP联用对鸡白痢沙门氏菌的药敏试验和实验性治疗效？…

用痢菌净与ＴＭＰ对鸡白痢沙门氏菌Ｃ７９－１４进行联合药敏及实验性治疗试验，ＦＩＣ指数０．６２５，显示相加作用，痢菌净单用和复方（复方的量为该二药之和）治疗实验的有效率和治愈率比较，中、低剂量无差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），与体外联合药敏试验结果相吻合，而高剂量之间则差异非常显著（有效率和治愈率均为Ｐ〈０．０１），分析认为：痢菌净对雏鸡的安全范围小，１００ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度混饮连用３ｄ，可致病雏发生中毒；复方１０     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -