Biological characters and rDNA ITS sequences of pathogen of poplar leaf blight

DNA was extracted from the strain of pathogen of poplar leaf blight using a modified CTAB method. ITS sequence （601bp） was initially amplified from the pathogen by using the universal primers ITSl and ITS4 （registered No, DQ011257）. Comparing to the nucleotide sequences acquired from GenBank database, the strain is clustered into the homogeneity with Alternaria alternate （AY787684） and Alternaria alternate （AY354228）, with a homology of 98%, thus the strain was checked as Alternaria alternata （Fr.） Keissler. The optimal conditions for conidia germination and mycelium growth of the pathogen were tested, The optimal temperature for conidia germinating and mycelium growth is 25℃, and the optimal pH value is 6. Mycelium grows rather slowly at 10℃ and 30℃ and growth stops at above 35 ℃. Among the six culture mediums tested, PDA ＋ poplar leaf juice medium is most favorable for mycelium growth.     

Growth and wood properties of a 38-year-old Populus simonii × P.nigra plantation established with different densities in semi-arid areas of northeastern China

To characterize the effects of plantation densities on the growth characteristics(diameter at breast level,tree height and volume) and the common wood properties,38-year-old Populus simonii 9 P.nigra clones planted with four levels of spacing(2 m × 2 m,3 m × 3 m,4 m × 4 m,and 5 m × 5 m) in a semi-arid area in northeastern China were examined.The results of ANOVA showed significant differences(P0.01) for all the investigated growth traits and wood properties under different plantation densities,except for the chemical composition of wood.The repeatability and phenotypic variations of all the traits varied from 0.34 to 0.99 and from 13.45 to 59.65%,respectively.Except for wood density,which was significantly negatively correlated with the growth traits,a positive correlation was observed between the growth traits and all the other wood mechanical properties.However,most of the correlations between the growth traits and the chemical composition of the wood were not significant.The path analysis for the wood mechanical characteristics and the growth in the prediction of volume were significant and ranged from 0.18 to 0.72 for wood density and diameter at breast height,respectively,while those for the chemical composition of wood ranged from 0.001 to 0.336,which showed a low impact on the volume.The highest stand volume(610 m~3) per hectare was observed with the 2 m × 2 m spacing,which consequently provided a high total price and income,while a high individual volume growth per tree was observed with the 5 m × 5 m spacing.The results suggested that for the poplar trees younger than 40 years in a semi-arid area in China,2 m × 2 m spacing is suitable for obtaining a high volume per hectare,while 5 m × 5 m spacing is best for obtaining a high individual volume per tree.     

应用磁化水深层培养绿僵菌液生分生孢子初探

4 strains of Metarrhizium anisopliae and Metarrhizium guizhouense were cultivated in submerged culture withmagnetized water, and the biomagnetic effects of magnetized water on submerged sporulation of Metarrhizium anisopliae andMetarrhizium guizhouense were preliminarily studied. The results indicated that the magnetized water affected the productionof submerged conidia. The output of submerged conidia were increased significantly in proper magnetized water medium. Inaddition, the infectivity of submerged conidia of M337 strain was tested in laboratory. The test showed that there were nosignificant differences in the toxicity to the 3rd ～ 4th instar larvae of Dendrolimus punctatus between Submerged conidia har-vested from medium of magnetized water and those from medium of non-magnetized water. It is hoped that the results maybe used as the basis for the study on large scale of submerged conidia of Metarrhizium anisopliae and Metarrhiziumguizhouense cultivated by magnetized water.     

Osmoregulators in Hymenaea courbaril and Hymenaea stigonocarpa under water stress and rehydration

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different water deficiency and rehydration levels on the concentrations of osmoregulators in two plant species(Hymenaea courbaril and H. Stigonocarpa) in the Amazon. We adopted a 2×5×5 factorial system,referring to 2 species(H. courbaril and H. stigonocarpa)and 5 stages of hydration and rehydration. The five hydration and rehydration stages were established in:(1)Control treatment E0;(2) Plants with 13 days of stress after incubation—E13;(3) Plants with 26 days of stress E26;(4)The plants that were established after 26 days after incubation and rehydrated for two days(RD2);(5) rehydrated for two days(RD4). The plants that were established after 26 days after incubation and rehydrated for four days. The experiment totaled fifty young plants with five replicates.Biochemical measurements were performed at the beginning of the experiment(E0) at 13(E13) and 26(E26) days after the water stress, in which the plants were rehydrated,repeating the analyses after two(RD2) and four(RD4)days. Both species increased the sucrose concentration by18%, with a decrease of 52% in starch content. The RD4 time presented the highest mean starch concentration(0.19 mmol g-1 of the residue for H. courbaril and0.27 mmol g~(-1) of residue for H. stigonocarpa). Increased proline concentrations were recorded for controls until RD2 for both species. For glycine betaine, the highest increases in treatments E26 and RD2 were observed for the H. courbaril species. Our rehydration period was not sufficient for total recovery of pre-stress concentrations of all studied solutes.     

Virulence and mycotoxic effects of Metarhizium anisopliae on Mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla robusta (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Developing appropriate control measures for the Mahogany shoot borer,Hypsipyla robusta Moore has become increasingly important due to the severe damaging effect of the pest on the establishment of the saplings of Swietenia mahagoni Jacq(Sapindales:Meliaceae).Existing management methods are largely limited to silvicultural practices and spraying of chemical insecticides.To identify a potential fungal biocontrol agent,we compared the virulence of six native and two standard ARSEF isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae Metsch.against this pest.The average survival time and conidial yield of IWST-Ma7 was higher(6.2 to 7.3 days and 4.9 to 4.7 × 10 5 conidia/ml) than the standards.Significant difference in sporulation on the cadavers between isolates,doses and incubation periods were substantiated for the selection of potential strain.The mycotoxic effects of crude soluble protein extract when incorporated in the artificial diet,the ARSEF 2596 and ARSEF 3603 showed LD 50 value of 3.7% and 5.6%.However,IWST-Ma7 was highly lethal with significant lowest LD 50 value of 2.6%.The enzyme activity of IWST-Ma7 was highest for chitinase,CDA,protease and lipase viz.,1.90 U/mg,1.80 U/mg,0.98 U/mg and 0.80 U/mg respectively.However the enzyme activity of chitinase and Chitin deacetylase assay for all the isolates was significantly higher than protease and lipase activity.The ITS regions(5.8S rDNA and 28S rDNA) of seven isolates of M.anisopliae were amplified using the ITS1 and ITS4 primers which was a unique fragment of approximately 550 bp.Based on ITS regions,phylogenetic tree have been constructed and the isolates have been grouped in to 5 clades.The virulence and mycotoxic effects of different isolates could rationally be used to employ them for the management of the mahogany borer.     

Growth and wood properties of a 38-year-old Populus simonii 3 P.nigra plantation established with different densities in semi-arid areas of northeastern China

To characterize the effects of plantation densities on the growth characteristics(diameter at breast level,tree height and volume)and the common wood properties,38-year-old Populus simonii 9 P.nigra clones planted with four levels of spacing(2 m 92 m,3 m 93 m,4 m 94 m,and 5 m 95 m)in a semi-arid area in northeastern China were examined.The results of ANOVA showed significant differences(P\0.01)for all the investigated growth traits and wood properties under different plantation densities,except for the chemical composition of wood.The repeatability and phenotypic variations of all the traits varied from 0.34 to 0.99 and from 13.45 to 59.65%,respectively.Except for wood density,which was significantly negatively correlated with the growth traits,a positive correlation was observed between the growth traits and all the other wood mechanical properties.However,most of the correlations between the growth traits and the chemical composition of the wood were not significant.The path analysis for the wood mechanical characteristics and the growth in the prediction of volume were significant and ranged from 0.18 to 0.72 for wood density and diameter at breast height,respectively,while those for the chemical composition of wood ranged from 0.001 to 0.336,which showed a low impact on the volume.The highest stand volume(610 m3)per hectare was observed with the 2 m 92 m spacing,which consequently provided a high total price and income,while a high individual volume growth per tree was observed with the 5 m 95 m spacing.The results suggested that for the poplar trees younger than 40 years in a semi-arid area in China,2 m 92 m spacing is suitable for obtaining a high volume per hectare,while 5 m 95 m spacing is best for obtaining a high individual volume per tree.     

Characteristics of canopy interception and its simulation with a revised Gash model for a larch plantation in the Liupan Mountains,China

Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.(larch) plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season(May–October) of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss(79%) mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model's ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested.     

Influence of genotypes and environmental factors on leaf triterpenoid content and growth of Cyclocarya paliurus

Cyclocarya paliurus, an economically valuable tree species, has traditionally been used as a nutraceutical food or medicine in China. However, limited information is available on its genotype selection and cultivation under a wide range of environmental conditions for growth and targeted health-promoting substances. We studied the effects of genotype and environment, and their interaction on leaf triterpenoid content and tree growth for 12 genotypes of C. paliurus grown at four sites. We quantified the correlation between leaf triterpenoid accumulation and tree growth. The contents of cyclocaric acid B, cyclocarioside I, and arjunolic acid ranged from 0.06 to 3.89, 0 to 3.71, and 0.65 to 8.86 mg g^-1, respectively. Three individual triterpenoids were primarily influenced by genotype (variation ranged from 53.7 to 68.0%), while environment accounted for most of the variation in total triterpenoid content and tree growth (71.3–89.5%). Most tested environmental parameters were significantly correlated to total triterpenoid content, but not to the contents of the individual triterpenoids measured. Growth in tree height and diameter at breast height were significantly negatively correlated with total triterpenoid content but were non-significantly correlated with individual triterpenoid contents. We conclude that genotypic selection, manipulation of environmental conditions, and implementation of appropriate silvicultural operations would be important strategies for increasing the accumulation of health-promoting phytochemicals.     

Variation in individual biomass decreases faster than mean biomass with increasing density of bamboo stands

The total biomass of a stand is an indicator of stand productivity and is closely related to the density of plants. According to the self-thinning law, mean individual biomass follows a negative power law with plant density. If the variance of individual biomass is constant, we can expect increased stand productivity with increasing plant density. However, Taylor's power law(TPL) that relates the variance and the mean of many biological measures(e.g. bilateral areal differences of a leaf, plant biomass atdifferent times, developmental rates at different temperatures, population densities on different spatial or temporal scales), affects the estimate of stand productivity when it is defined as the total biomass of large plants in a stand.Because the variance of individual biomass decreases faster than mean individual biomass, differences in individual biomass decline with increasing density, leading to more homogeneous timbers of greater economic value. We tested whether TPL in plant biomass holds for different species and whether the variance of individual biomass changes faster than the mean with increasing stand density.The height, ground diameter and fresh weight of 50 bamboo species were measured in 50 stands ranging from 1 m by 1 m to 30 m by 30 m to ensure more than 150 bamboos in every stand. We separately examined TPL in height,ground diameter, and weight, and found that TPL holds for all three biological measures, with the relationship strongest for weight. Using analysis of covariance to compare the regression slopes of logarithmic mean and variance against the logarithm of density, we found that the variance in individual biomass declined faster than the mean with increasing density. This suggests that dense planting reduced mean individual biomass but homogenized individual biomass. Thus, there exists a trade-off between effective stand productivity and stand density for optimal forest management. Sparse planting leads to large variation in individual biomass, whereas dense planting reduces mean individual biomass. Consequently, stand density for a plantation should be set based on this trade-off with reference to market demands.     

Evaluation of the virulence of entomopathogenic fungus,Isaria fumosorosea isolates against subterranean termites Coptotermes spp.(Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae)

The entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea Wize, formerly known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is reported as a promising biocontrol agent for controlling subterranean termites, particularly those belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae. In Malaysia, the family Rhinotermitidae includes two species of subterranean termites with extremely high economic importance; namely Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, and the Asian SLubterranean Termite (Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann). To comprehend the potential control of this soil-dwelling fungus against these subterranean termites in Malaysia, an investigation was carried out by testing the pathogenecity of 11 isolates against these termite species. All isolates showed pathogenic potential against the termite (Mortality rate of C. curvignathus:84.4%; C. gestroi:67.3%). IsolatePF49 was the most effective against both species of termites and was further tested for its virulence and mycosis.The LC₅₀ values of PF49 against C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 7.55×103 and 1.09×102 conidia/ml,respectively. The average number of days required to complete the mycosis process in C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 4.7 and 8 days, respectively. These fungi are believed useful for protecting living trees, plants, wood,wood structures, and other cellulosic materials susceptible to termite infestation and damage.     

球孢白僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌对红火蚁工蚁的致病力测定

为了评价白僵菌和绿僵菌对红火蚁的致病力,寻找其生物防治菌株资源,采用浸液法测定了11株球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana Balsamo)和9株金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae Metschnikoff)菌株对红火蚁工蚁的致病力。结果表明:以浓度1×10^7个孢子·mL-1接菌红火蚁工蚁,10 d后,白僵菌和绿僵菌对其校正死亡率范围分别为(6.47±0.98)%^67.14±0.22%和(35.13±1.25)%^81.93±0.94%;白僵菌BSX-PC和绿僵菌MaWys-01菌株对红火蚁的致病力较强,致死速度较快,致死中时(LT50)分别为(5.64±0.52)d和(4.78±0.46)d。测定不同浓度对红火蚁的致病力,白僵菌BSX-PC和绿僵菌MaWys-01菌株以浓度1×10^8个孢子·mL^-1接菌后10 d,其校正死亡率分别为(79.59±0.5)%和(99.20±0.80)%,僵虫率为(63.24±0.51)%和(81.92±1.39)%,两菌株对红火蚁6 d的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为1.01×10^6和2.42×10^5个孢子·mL^-1。通过时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析,两个菌株致死效应最强的时间均是接菌后3~5 d。综合分析,白僵菌BSX-PC和绿僵菌MaWys-01菌株在红火蚁生物防治中有较大应用潜力。     

金龟子绿僵菌防治竹笋禾夜蛾幼虫试验

在室内采用5种不同的金龟子绿僵菌菌株对竹笋禾夜蛾4龄幼虫进行感染试验,结果表明:Ma1291菌株对竹笋禾夜蛾幼虫的感染效果最好,校正死亡率达75.44%,其LT50值为8.2 d;其次是MaWP-04菌株,其校正死亡率达70.18%,LT50值为10.3 d。进一步对Ma1291和MaWP-04菌株的致病力测定结果表明,随着浓度的增加,致病力加强,其LC50分别为2.02×106孢子.mL-1和6.36×106孢子.mL-1;其致死中时间随着浓度的增加而缩短。利用Ma1291和MaWP-04菌株分别采用对笋撒菌粉和拌细砂土撒施的方法实施林间防治试验,结果表明:Ma1291菌株对竹笋禾夜蛾幼虫的防治效果达77.06%~81.36%以上,MaWP-04菌株防治效果为59.73%~67.06%。综合分析结果表明,Ma1291和MaWP-04菌株均有较好的应用效果。     

金龟子绿僵菌在松墨天牛成虫僵虫体上的宿存动态

将被金龟子绿僵菌MaYTTR-04菌株感染后的松墨天牛成虫僵虫放置于林地中,研究在林间自然条件下僵成虫体上绿僵菌孢子的宿存动态.通过2年试验发现:林间松墨天牛僵成虫体上孢子数量在试验初期(42天内)显著下降,以后下降趋势趋缓,84天后至僵虫完全腐烂基本稳定在每成虫10~5个孢子数量级;林地僵虫体上的孢子在126天内萌发率均保持在90%以上的较高水平.通过对不同时间僵虫体上绿僵菌对松墨天牛成虫的致病力研究发现,在10~7,10~6孢子·mL~(-1)数量级的接种量下,僵成虫体上的孢子致病力与对照差异不显著,说明僵虫体上的孢子在野外宿存的过程中可以较好地保持其致病力.     

管氏肿腿蜂及其带菌室内防治松褐天牛幼虫研究

在室内通过5菌株感染松褐天牛幼虫研究筛选出毒力相对较强菌株Ma789,然后进一步研究了其1.0×10^5-1.0×10^8个/mL不同孢子含量梯度对松褐天牛幼虫的毒力,结果显示其对松褐天牛幼虫的半致死含量为3.2×10^5个/mL;而管氏肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫室内寄生试验表明,随着接蜂量的增加,管氏肿腿蜂对幼虫的寄生死亡率不断提高,当虫蜂比提高到1∶4-1∶5时,管氏肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫的平均校正死亡率达96.7%;每只管氏肿腿蜂携带Ma789约1.0×10^7个孢子时,对老熟松褐天牛幼虫按虫蜂比1∶1、1∶2和1∶3接蜂,寄生感染死亡率分别为56.7%,70%和100%。     

不同来源绿僵菌对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力比较

油桐鹰尺蠖Biston suppressaria (Guenée) 是一种杂食性食叶害虫,近年来在速生桉树林分中大 面积发生,造成较大的损失。文中研究了不同来源金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae 菌株生长与产孢 特性及对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力,旨在筛选出高效防治该虫的生物资源。试验结果表明：不同来源的 绿僵菌菌株间菌落生长速度和产孢量差异显著,MaZPTR-01 菌株15 d 的菌落直径为6.5 cm,显著较其它 菌株大;MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株培养15 d 产孢量最高,分别为1.33×108 孢子· cm-2 和1.28×108 孢 子· cm-2。致病力测定结果表明：不同菌株对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力存在显著差异,其中接种MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株的幼虫校正死亡率、僵虫率均较其它菌株高,接种后15 d 幼虫校正死亡率分别达到 94.5%、92.7%,僵虫率分别为75%、61.7%;这2 个菌株的致死中时（LT50）显著比其它菌株短,分别为 4.34 和4.52 d。绿僵菌MaFZ-13 和MaZPTR-01 菌株对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致病力强,且具有良好的生产性 状,可作为该虫的生物防治资源进一步开发应用。     

绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖致病力的时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析

运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖Biston suppressaria幼虫的时间效应和剂量效应,评价该菌株的致病力。结果表明:油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫累计死亡率随着绿僵菌孢子悬浮液浓度的增大和接种时间的延长而增加,接种10 d后,1.0×10^9,1.0×10^8,1.0×10^7,1.0×10^6,1.0×10^5孢子/mL浓度累计死亡率分别为100%,98.3%,91.7%,70%,48.3%。生物测定数据采用时间-剂量-死亡率(TDM)模型进行分析,所建模型可以通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,模型拟合良好;由模型估算出绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致死剂量和致死时间,随着接种时间延长,相应的LC50和LC90值逐渐降低,剂量效应增强,接种第4,5,6,7天致死中浓度值(LC50)的对数值分别为7.79,6.97,6.33,5.64。随孢子悬浮液浓度增大,致死时间(LT50和LT90)减小,当浓度为1.0×10^7,1.0×10^8,1.0×10^9孢子/mL时,LT50值分别为4.96,3.79,2.89 d,时间效应增强。绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫致病力较强,具有较好应用开发潜力。     

桑天牛幼虫高毒力白僵菌菌株筛选

为利用白僵菌防治桑天牛,从野外感病死亡昆虫体上进行分离,同时利用黄粉虫对河北省土壤中的白僵菌进行诱集.诱集结果表明:白僵菌较多存在于自然的或人为活动较少的土壤中.利用获得的菌株对桑天牛幼虫进行生物测定,初步筛选出Bi05和Bs04 2个致病力较强的菌株,其接种10 d后的死亡率分别为96.47% 和92.93%,致死中时分别为4.53 d和4.83 d,而其他菌株的死亡率在28.59%和 82.12%之间,致死中时从5.84 d到16.4 d.利用不同孢子浓度的悬浮液对桑天牛幼虫进行接种,进一步测定了Bi05和Bs04菌株的致死中浓度分别为6.76×105 和1.39×106 conidia·mL-1.Bi05和Bs04菌株具有生物防治桑天牛的潜力.     

白僵菌和绿僵菌林间感染星天牛成虫试验

应用白僵菌和绿僵菌的菌条,在林间通过星天牛成虫在木麻黄树干的菌条上自由爬行接触的方法,对星天牛成虫进行感染试验。结果表明:林间星天牛成虫接触白僵菌和绿僵菌菌条13 d后,死亡率达100%(对照组死亡率仅为16.7%),致死中时(LT50)分别为6.77 d和5.93 d;感染白僵菌和绿僵菌菌条的天牛成虫存活期分别为7.9 d(3～13 d)和7.1 d(3～13d),极显著低于对照的26.1 d(8～43 d)。说明利用白僵菌和绿僵菌菌条林间防治星天牛成虫效果显著,可进一步推广应用。     

不同绿僵菌菌株对筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫的毒力测定

竹林金针虫是南方竹林笋期最为重要的害虫之一,筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫是竹林金针虫的优势种群,应用绿僵菌防治具有重要意义。测定了3株绿僵菌对筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫的毒力,并比较了毒土法和毒饵法两种施菌方式对绿僵菌致病力的影响。结果表明,平沙绿僵菌WP08菌株和金龟子绿僵菌30104菌株对筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫具有明显的致病效果,在30 d的试验期内,校正累计死亡率分别为90.0%和66.3%,半数致死时间（LT₅₀）分别为15.8 d和25.8 d;毒土法的校正累计死亡率略高于毒饵法,分别为60.1%和52.0%,LT₅₀分别为22.6 d和28.0 d。金龟子绿僵菌LRC112菌株对金针虫无致病力。     

六种化学杀菌剂对Ma83菌株孢子萌发的影响

以孢子的萌发率为指标,在涂有一层杀菌剂药膜的琼脂表面接种金龟子绿僵菌Metarhiziumanisopliae的Ma83菌株孢子悬浮液,研究6种常用化学杀菌剂使用后不同时间对绿僵菌Ma83萌发的影响。试验结果表明,除保护剂波尔多液外,其它几种杀菌剂对孢子均有较强的杀伤作用,其中瑞毒霉、百菌清和甲基托布津对孢子的杀伤率100%,24 h未见有孢子萌发。随着时间的延长,药剂对孢子萌发的抑制呈下降趋势,但下降速度缓慢。