湖南双季稻种植区不同生产力水稻土肥力特征的研究

通过对湖南省8个双季稻种植区田间采样并结合水稻产量测产,研究了不同生产力水稻土的有机质（全有机质和腐殖质组成）和养分含量状况（全量和有效养分）,分析其环境意义。结果表明,湖南省双季稻种植区高产水稻土的有机质、全氮和速效磷含量分别为47.7411.59 g/kg、2.700.72 g/kg和39.814.21mg/kg,均达到非常丰富的水平;中产水稻土的有机质、全氮和速效磷含量也处于丰富水平,与高产水稻土比较,其差异不显著;低产水稻土的上述养分显著低于高产和中产水稻土。高产水稻土的速效钾含量处于中等水平（105.8322.73 mg/kg）,中产和低产水稻土速效钾含量处于缺乏和严重缺乏水平。经过长期的培肥,高产水稻土的有机质、全氮和速效磷含量均达到非常丰富的水平,有机质库和磷库均处于丰富水平和盈余状态。高产水稻田土壤的质地一般为壤土和粘壤,固持钾的能力弱,速效钾含量不丰富,应该重视施用化学钾肥、有机肥和稻草还田,保持土壤钾库的平衡和提高。多数中产水稻土的有机质和养分均比较丰富,只要采用最佳的田间管理,可以实现高产水稻土的产量目标。低产水稻土的结构一般都比较差,养分缺乏,应加强改良和培肥管理,提升其土壤肥力。     

风沙土农田培肥地力措施研究——以宁夏回族自治区为例

试验研究宁夏回族自治区大田风沙土培肥途径结果表明,各种培肥措施均能明显提高风沙土农田土壤全量养分和速效养分含量,且对土壤团粒结构有较明显影响,其中施有机肥处理影响最大,显著提高土壤蓄水性能。N、P、K配施处理土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾增幅较大。与单施无机肥和单施有机肥相比,有机肥与无机肥配施培肥措施可显著提高土壤全量养分和速效养分     

宁夏典型草原土壤理化性状对不同管理方式的响应

以宁夏典型草原为对象,研究封育、放牧和水平沟改良管理方式下草原土壤颗粒组成、土壤容重、有机质含量、全氮、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾的分布差异。结果表明,不同管理方式下0-40cm土壤以细沙粒和粗粉粒为主,占颗粒总量的58.46%～77.48%,管理方式对土壤质地无明显影响,但0-15cm土层粘粒和粉粒含量随封育年限的增加呈上升趋势;放牧能显著增加0-5cm土壤容重;管理方式对0-40cm土层有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量影响显著,以封育15,20,25年和水平沟改良10年的草地土壤养分含量较高,放牧草地最低;各管理方式下土壤养分含量表现为随土层深度增加而下降;典型草原土壤理化性状间存在显著相关性。     

黄河三角洲引黄灌区不同植被类型的蓄水保土功能研究

为探讨引黄灌区不同植被类型的防风固沙、蓄水保土及改良土壤效应,以黄河三角洲小开河引黄灌区沉沙池段内的杨树林、冬枣经济林、杨树+大豆农林间作和玉米农田作为研究对象,测定分析不同植被类型下的土壤水蚀量、风蚀量、土壤水文物理参数和土壤养分等指标。结果表明,(1)不同植被类型的土壤侵蚀深度和侵蚀模数均低于裸地。杨树+大豆农林间作抵抗风蚀能力最好,其次是杨树林;冬枣林和农林间作抵抗水蚀能力好于玉米地和杨树林。发生风蚀和水蚀的月份分别以3-4月和7-8月为主。(2)植被恢复措施明显改善土壤物理结构和蓄水性能,土壤表层的蓄水能力好于20-40cm土层。冬枣林蓄水能力较高,农林间作涵蓄有效水分较弱。土壤渗透性能表现为:玉米地杨树林冬枣林杨树+大豆间作。(3)植被恢复措施可显著提高土壤有机质及速效养分含量,土壤表层养分含量高于20-40cm土层。农林间作的土壤有机质和速效氮含量最高,其次为冬枣林和玉米地;冬枣林速效磷和速效钾含量最高,其次为玉米地和农林间作,杨树林在改善土壤养分效能方面较差。综合来看农林间作在引黄灌区沉沙池段具有较好的蓄水保土和改良土壤效应。     

黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤性状的影响

黑土作为东北地区主要的耕作土壤,其结构性状对土地生产力影响极大。土壤侵蚀使肥沃的黑土层减薄,土壤理化性状不同程度地受到破坏和影响。根据黑土侵蚀现状,对不同侵蚀程度黑土坡耕地的养分状况、土壤田间持水量和渗透速度、抗蚀抗冲性能指标的测定分析发现,黑土侵蚀程度由轻度到重度,土壤有机质等养分含量越来越低;土壤蓄渗水能力逐渐减小;土壤抗蚀抗冲性能亦逐渐降低。黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀程度的加剧,使得土壤有机质含量减少,保肥供肥能力降低,土壤黏度加重,结构变劣,保水能力减弱,影响农作物的生长发育,势必对我国东北黑土区商品粮基地的重要地位构成严重威胁。     

宁夏风沙土酿酒葡萄基地培肥地力试验研究

应用大田试验,系统研究了风沙土肥力状况及培肥途径。结果表明：各种培肥措施均能明显提高土壤全量养分和速效养分含量,而且土壤阳离子代换量及ｐＨ值也有所降低。各种培肥措施对土壤团粒结构也有较明显的影响,以有机肥的影响最为明显,而且土壤的蓄水性能显著提高。氮磷钾配合施用土壤有机质、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾提高幅度较大。与单施无机肥和有机肥相比,有机无机配施的培肥效果较好。酿酒葡萄基地生产中,间作可使用地与时     

耕作深度及培肥方式对红壤坡耕地土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响

针对当前红壤坡耕地耕层瘠薄化问题,研究耕作深度及培肥方式对土壤理化性质、作物产量及耕层土壤质量的影响。试验以免耕(NT)、耕翻10 cm(P10)、耕翻20 cm(P20)、耕翻30 cm(P30)为主处理,以单施化肥(NPK)和有机无机配施(NPK+OM)为副处理设置裂区试验,进行土壤理化性质及作物产量的观测,并评价不同处理下耕层土壤质量。结果表明:(1)与NT处理相比,P10、P20、P30处理提高了0～30cm土层土壤有机质及速效养分含量,尤其以P20处理下0～20 cm土层土壤有机质及速效养分的积累效果最佳;P10、P20、P30处理还改善了对应耕作深度土层的土壤物理性质(土壤田间持水量除外),但造成了对应耕作深度下层土壤压实现象;不同耕作深度下花生、红薯产量均以P20处理最高,平均比NT、P10、P30处理高47.96%、33.29%、17.05%。(2)与NPK培肥方式相比,NPK+OM培肥方式有利于维持0～30 cm各土层土壤有机质、速效养分含量的稳定,一定程度改善0～40 cm各土层土壤物理性质,并提高作物产量(提高6.70%);但NPK+OM培肥方式结合耕作深度处理对作物的增产效果并不一致:在P10、P20、P30处理下,NPK+OM结合P20处理的增产效果最佳(增产9.60%)。(3)对不同处理下红壤坡耕地耕层土壤质量的评价结果表明,不同耕作深度下耕层土壤质量指数以P20处理最高,两种培肥方式下耕层土壤质量指数表现为NPK+OM培肥方式显著高于NPK培肥方式;进一步分析发现,作物产量与耕层土壤质量指数呈极显著正相关,说明不同耕作深度及培肥方式通过影响耕层土壤质量进而影响作物产量的形成。因此,对于种植典型农作物的红壤坡耕地,耕作深度20 cm在改善耕层土壤物理性质的基础上,更有利于有机质及速效养分的积累,并使作物获得较高的产量,且与有机无机培肥相结合可进一步获得较好的增产效果,为红壤坡耕地合理耕层构建提供了支撑。     

三江源区草地退化与人工恢复对土壤理化性状的影响

以三江源区不同退化程度的天然草地及不同恢复年限的人工草地为研究对象,系统分析土壤理化性质随取样深度的动态变化。结果表明:(1)人工草地土壤含水量及全氮、全钾、全磷、速效钾、速效磷的含量随恢复年限均表现出先减小后增大的"V"形变化趋势;(2)随着退化程度增加,退化草地土壤中含水量逐渐降低,全氮、全钾、有机质、速效钾含量未表现出逐渐降低趋势,而草地的裸斑面积、土壤及养分的流失量逐渐增加;(3)人工草地及退化草地土壤中全氮、速效钾、有机质含量均随着取样深度增加而逐渐降低,草地恢复年限和退化程度基本不影响养分在土壤中的空间分布;(4)人工草地建设使退化草地有机质、全氮、全钾的含量增加,尤其有利于0-4cm的土壤养分增加。因而,人工草地建设可以作为三江源区退化草地土壤恢复的措施之一。     

典型黑土垄作区耕地沟蚀对土壤养分的影响研究

近年来东北黑土区沟蚀吞食耕地现象加剧,养分流失、耕地质量下降等问题凸显。以宾县的糖坊镇和三宝乡为研究区,综合"3S"技术和统计学的模型方法,对研究区沟蚀对土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷和速效钾含量的影响及不同垄向耕作下沟蚀对各养分的影响及差异展开研究。其中横垄种植指作物垄的方向和地块坡向方向成垂直的种植方式,顺垄种植是作物垄的方向和地块坡向方向平行的种植方式。结果表明:沟蚀对土壤养分含量影响较大,有机质和全氮含量较无侵蚀区分别减少33.43%和46.67%,速效钾与全磷含量则变化不明显,在沟蚀区进行秸秆覆盖能够有效减少土壤养分的流失。沟蚀在造成养分含量下降的同时,也影响了土壤的理化结构,降低了土壤中有机质和全氮含量之间的相关性。横垄沟蚀、顺垄沟蚀及无沟蚀对照组土壤有机质和全氮含量大小均表现为无沟蚀区顺垄沟蚀橫垄沟蚀。无侵蚀区土壤养分含量最高,沟蚀区顺垄耕作较横垄耕作更具保肥意义。     

基于文献计量的贵州喀斯特地区石漠化等级土壤养分状况分析

明确贵州喀斯特地区不同石漠化等级土壤养分状况,为石漠化防治和生态系统恢复提供参考。收集公开发表的涉及贵州不同石漠化等级土壤养分的研究论文,对有关数据进行整理和分析。研究发现:(1)随石漠化等级增加,土壤容重不断增加,0.001 mm黏粒含量有下降趋势,0.05 mm砂粒含量则有增加趋势,但不同石漠化等级之间黏粒和砂粒含量均无显著差异;(2)土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效养分含量均表现为无石漠化(ND)轻度石漠化(LD)中度石漠化(MD)重度石漠化(SD),随石漠化等级增加呈幂函数下降,衰减速度为有机质有效磷碱解氮全氮速效钾全磷,从无石漠化到轻度石漠化演替过程土壤养分下降幅度最大;(3)土壤有机质和全氮与其他土壤理化指标之间极显著相关,且对石漠化地区土壤肥力贡献极大,可作为表征土壤-石漠化关系的敏感性土壤指示因子;(4)不同土地利用方式对石漠化地区土壤养分影响明显,土壤养分高低为林地草地耕地。土壤养分和地表植物群落结构与石漠化演替进程密切相关,贵州喀斯特石漠化地区增加地表覆盖度和开展有机培肥对防止土壤退化和石漠化生态恢复具有重要意义。     

Characteristics and fertility constraints of degraded soils in Leyte,Philippines

Knowledge of the characteristics and fertility status of degraded soil is fundamental to planning suitable soil management strategies for crop production purposes. Such knowledge can be obtained through quantitative appraisal of soil properties and assessment of soil fertility status. Sixty soil samples were collected from five locations at Ormoc, Baybay, Bontoc, Bato and Matalom on the western side of Leyte island, Philippines. An important physical constraint in most of the soils is the high clay content, particularly in the soils of Baybay and Bato where it is a problem for cultivation. The strongly acidic and strongly alkaline pH, low available P and, in some cases, low exchangeable K are the chemical constraints. Variation in the physical and chemical constraints of these degraded soils is directly or indirectly related to the nature of the parent material, geomorphic position and anthropogenic effect. Soil fertility characteristics are distinct within similar soil types, primarily because they are related to the dominant soil-forming processes. Consideration of the soil physical and chemical constraints is essential for the long-term planning of soil management strategies that will lead to sustainable utilization of these problematic soils.     

松辽平原玉米带黑土肥力退化机理研究

通过田间调查和土壤肥力指标分析，探讨了松辽平原玉米带黑土肥力退化的原因和机理。结果发现，现行的以小四轮拖拉机为主要动力的耕作制度下，土壤剖面中耕层与犁底层的界面为“波浪型”，而年年进行秋翻的玉米田，其耕层与梨底层的界面为“平面型”。而且两者耕层土壤的养分含量和理化性质等指标也有明显差异。研究还发现，现行的以无机氮磷肥为主的施肥制度和玉米连作种植制度对土壤养分平衡有很大影响。因此认为，现行的不合理的耕作、施肥及玉米连作制度是导致松辽平原玉米带黑土肥力退化主要原因。     

Changes in the properties of a Mexican Fluvisol following 30 years of sugarcane cultivation

A study to evaluate the changes in the fertility of Fluvisols under continuous cultivation of sugarcane was conducted in the vicinity of the Santa Rosalía sugar refinery. About 4000 ha of Fluvisols have been under sugarcane cultivation for more than 30 years. Three representative plots under monoculture for 5, 10, 20 and 30 years, were selected under on-farm conditions. Several samples were obtained from crop row and inter-row zones, at 0–30 cm soil depth, and composited into four samples for each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic matter, total organic C, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium, cation exchange capacity, texture and bulk density. There were significant changes in the soil chemical properties due to 30 years of monoculture, except for OM, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and CEC. Total soil organic C, total N and P declined by 17, 21 and 37%, respectively, by 30 years of monoculture of sugarcane. These losses mainly occurred during the first 20 years of cultivation. However, the adverse effect of decline in soil fertility was not reflected in the sugarcane yields. The 67% increase in yields observed between 5 and 30 years of monoculture may be attributed to the adoption of recommended cultural practices and to farmer's experience. Soil physical properties were not affected by the intensive sugarcane cultivation. A complete adoption of recommended practices by SR among farmers and a revision of the N and P fertilization rate are necessary to maintain the fertility of sugarcane soils.     

抚仙湖流域典型农田土壤质量状况及烟草种植障碍因素

以云南抚仙湖北岸澄江市约1 130 hm²农田土壤为研究对象,通过调查分析土壤物理、化学性质,评价了研究区土壤质量状况,并进一步利用空间分析、相关分析与主成分分析对研究区烟草种植的主要土壤障碍因子进行了分析。结果表明:研究区土壤整体偏黏(平均黏粒含量496.7 g/kg)、偏碱(pH均值7.45)、有机质含量较高(均值28.55 g/kg)、大中微量营养元素有效态含量也整体偏高(水解性氮均值119.10 mg/kg、有效磷均值68.85 mg/kg、速效钾均值208.44 mg/kg、有效锰均值28.14 mg/kg),但各土壤性质在空间上变异较大。土壤基础地力、人为施肥管理、质地、酸碱性、有效锰是影响该地区土壤肥力的主要障碍因素,这些因素可通过有机质、速效钾、黏粒、pH、有效锰等指标进行评价,并指导烟草种植的土壤管理。烟草种植过程中应根据土壤性质、烟草养分需求,结合土壤养分空间变异采取相应的土壤改良措施。     

陕西土壤脲酶活性与土壤肥力关系分析

根据陕西７种主要土壤１９个土样的脲酶活必及理化性质的测定结果，经相关、通径和主成分分析表明：土壤脲酶活性可明显反映出土壤肥力水平差异，脲酶活性大小受到土壤理化性质直接和间接的影响。用主成分组成的土壤肥力信息系统分析统计和用土壤的脲酶活性及理化性质分别评价土壤肥力得到的结果相似。     

Dust storm erosion and its impact on soil carbon and nitrogen losses in northern China

There is increased awareness of the environmental impacts of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) losses through wind erosion, especially in areas heavily affected by dust storm erosion. This paper reviews the recent literature concerning dust storm-related soil erosion and its impact on soil C and N losses in northern China. The purpose of our study is to provide an overview of the area of erosion-affected soils and to estimate the magnitude of soil C and N losses from farmland affected by dust storm erosion.According to the second national soil erosion remote-sensing survey in 2000, the area affected by wind erosion was 1.91 million km², accounting for 20% of the total land area in China. This area is expanding quickly as the incidence of heavy dust storms has greatly increased over the last five decades, mainly as a result of the intensification of soil cultivation. The economic and ecological damage caused by wind erosion is considerable. Heavily affected areas show a loss of nutrients and organic carbon in soils and the heavily degraded soils are much less productive. Compared with the non-degraded soil, the C and N contents in degraded soils have declined by 66% and 73%, respectively. The estimated annual losses per cm toplayer of soil C and N by dust storm erosion in northern China range from 53 to 1044 kg ha^− 1 and 5 to 90 kg ha^− 1, respectively. Field studies suggest that soil losses by wind erosion can be reduced by up to 79% when farmers shift from conventional soil tillage methods to no-till. Thus shifting to no-till or reduced tillage systems is an effective practice for protecting soil and soil nutrients. Our study indicates that soil conservation measures along with improved soil fertility management measures should be promoted in dry-land farming areas of northern China. As erosion is a major mechanism of nutrient withdrawal in these areas, we plead for the development of accurate methods for its assessment and for the incorporation of erosion, as a nutrient output term, in nutrient budget studies.     

苏丹草—黑麦草轮作中不同施肥措施对饲草产量及土壤性质的影响

在盆栽试验条件下研究了苏丹草—黑麦草轮作中不同施肥措施对饲草产量、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响。结果表明:各施肥处理均可显著提高饲草产量,整个轮作期,单施化肥（NPK）、石灰和化肥配施（NPK+Lime）、有机肥和化肥配施（NPK+OM）处理的鲜草产量分别比不施肥处理（CK）增加6.1倍、6.8倍和7.3倍;在化肥基础上配合施用石灰和有机肥,鲜草分别增产9.5%和17.2%。养分吸收结果显示,不同施肥处理明显提高饲草N、P、K含量并促进饲草对养分的吸收。土壤养分分析结果表明,与CK及NPK处理相比,增施石灰和有机肥提高酸性土壤pH值,促使其向中性靠近;在NPK基础上配合施用石灰,轮作结束时土壤有效钙含量比NPK处理提高了20.7%,有效铁和有效锰含量降低了26.5%和41.2%;在NPK基础上增施有机肥,能显著提高了土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分含量。     

Modelling of soil nutrient budgets: an assessment of agricultural sustainability in Nepal

Abstract. Sustaining soil fertility under agricultural intensification and expansion onto marginal lands is a significant challenge in the Nepalese Middle Mountains. In a detailed watershed study it was shown that the overall soil fertility is poor, forest soils display the poorest conditions as a result of biomass removal, and sustaining agriculture is questionable due to the transformation from traditional to multiple cropping systems. Parent material is a significant factor influencing low phosphorus status while insufficient inputs create deficiencies in total carbon, nitrogen and bases. A nutrient budget model was developed to assess inputs, redistribution and losses relative to soil fertility. Yield, input and management data obtained from farm interviews, and soil analysis data were used in the calculation of nutrient budgets. Results from modelling indicate declining soil fertility under rainfed agriculture, forest and rangelands, and marginal conditions under irrigated agriculture subject to intensive cultivation. Nutrient deficits were relatively low for irrigated rice-wheat systems, which benefit from nutrient inputs via sediments and irrigation waters, but the introduction of triple cropping showed greater deficits. Nutrient balances were most critical under rainfed maize production where 94% of the farms were in deficit. Current shortages of organic matter make elimination of nutrient deficits problematic but improvement of composting, biological N-fixation and fertilizer efficiency and reducing erosion were found to be potential options.     

An overview on biochar production, its implications, and mechanisms of biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics

The degradation of soil fertility and quality due to rapid industrialization and human activities has stimulated interest in the rehabilitation of low-fertility soils to sustainably improve crop yield. In this regard, biochar has emerged as an effective multi-beneficial additive that can be used as a medium for the amelioration of soil properties and plant growth. The current review highlights the methods and conditions for biochar production and the effects of pyrolysis temperature, feedstock type, and retention time on the physicochemical properties of biochar. We also discuss the impact of biochar as a soil amendment with respect to enhancing soil physical (e.g., surface area, porosity, ion exchange, and water-holding capacity) and chemical (e.g., pH, nutrient exchange,functional groups, and carbon sequestration) properties, improving the soil microbiome for increased plant nutrient uptake and growth, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing infectious diseases in plants, and facilitating the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. The possible mechanisms for biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics are also described, and we consider the challenges associated with biochar utilization. The findings discussed in this review support the feasibility of expending the application of biochar to improve degraded soils in industrial and saline-alkali regions, thereby increasing the usable amount of cultivated soil. Future research should include long-term field experiments and studies on biochar production and environmental risk management to optimize biochar performance for specific soil remediation purposes.     

Soil fertility affected by land use history,relief position,and parent material under a tropical climate in NW-Vietnam

In Vietnam as much as half of the total land area is already degraded by soil erosion and nutrient depletion. In particular, degradation due to deforestation is increasingly affecting mountainous areas in north-western Vietnam. The necessity to safeguard the farmers' livelihoods requires sustainable resource management, which firstly requires a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of resources. The objectives of the present study were to (1) identify the dominant soil types and their vulnerability using elicitation of local soil knowledge, (2) characterise the physical and chemical properties of the soils and (3) link them to the relief position and land use in order to (4) initiate sustainable soil use based on recommendations deduced from objectives (1) to (3). These objectives were achieved also by the elicitation of local knowledge. The final aim of the study was to initiate sustainable soil use based on recommendations for sustainable land use scenarios. The Chieng Khoi commune in Son La province of northern Vietnam was chosen as representative for other erosion-prone Southeast Asian sloping areas. In a participatory approach, combining local and scientific knowledge, sixteen sites were selected, representative for distinct relief positions, parent material (sand stone and silt stone), land use history, and erosion hazard. Chemical (e.g. content of organic matter, nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and plant available phosphorous) and physical properties (e.g. air capacity, plant available water) were used to estimate soil fertility. The predominant reference soil groups in the study area are Alisols and Luvisols, with a high diversity in respect to soil fertility. These soils are locally named ‘red soil’ and ‘black soil’, respectively. Although the main physical processes are erosion and selective sedimentation, farmers tend to underestimate their impact and causes, whereas soil quality was well-evaluated. Soils with high fertility were found on less eroded upper parts of hills and at sites, where agricultural use started only recently. Once degraded by cultivation practices, soils derived from sandstone did not recover even after more than 50 years of fallow. As a result of unsustainable land use, soils on middle and lower slopes are often affected by severe soil erosion, whereas foot slope soils suffer from accumulation of eroded infertile subsoil material as well as stagnic conditions. This study showed that unsustainable land use at upslope landscape positions has a severe impact on downslope areas. The elicitation of local knowledge facilitated the identification of such hot spots, allowing the implementation of spatially targeted conservation measures.