福建变性土的农业利用与管理

福建的变性土与广泛分布的地带性土壤－－砖红砖壤性经壤不仅在土壤特性上有明显的差别，而且在耕作、适种性、间作套种、耐旱程度、施肥与灌溉以及作物产量与品质等农业特性上也有很大的不同。本文根据福建的变性土特异性，探讨其农业利用与管理的问题。     

福建省变性土的性质、形成和肥力

The zonal soils in the south subtropical zone of Fujian are lateritic red soils.A type of dark clayey soils.which was historically defined as lateritic red soils,derived from weathering products of the basalts was indicated by the investigation results to be markedly different from lateritic red soils and could be classified as Typical Hapluderts.They are distributed as complex zones with the lateritic red soils.The vertisols in this region were considered as a type of lithogenic soils and the vertic characteristics delay and inhibit the soils from allitic processes and then formed an independent soil type.The vertisols have higher fertility and better agricultural production characters than the lateritic red soils.The different ways in utilizing and managing these soils according to their properties and fertility are also suggested.     

福建变性土肥力特征和农业生产特性的研究

福建变性土与广泛分布的地带性土壤－砖红壤性红壤不仅在土壤特性上有很大差别，而且在耕作、适种性、施肥效应、灌溉措施以及作物产量与品质等农业生产特性上也有明显的不同。我们在已取得土壤特性研究成果的基础上，又从水、肥、气等土壤肥力特征方面，揭示这些农业生产特性差别的机理，并着重于与砖红壤性红壤对比，以期把这两种呈复区分布的土壤，在利用和管理上能进一步区别对待。     

淮北平原的变性土的形成和演化

The objectives of the present paper are to restore soil-forming environment of the Vertisols,to reveal their regularities of formation and evolution and to found soil chronology.In regard to formation and evolution of the Vertisols in the Huaibei Plain,they have undergone 3 cycles of deposition-formation during different geologic time (Q3^3;Q4^2 and Q4^3).Therefore,they are considered as the soils developed on heterogeneous parent material.The Vertisols as a paleosol can be divided into relict Vertisols and buried Vertisols.The former is shajiang black soils called by local people,the latter is shajiang black soils underlying Warp soil or warp soil horizon.     

淮北变性土区夏玉米对氮磷钾肥的响应特点研究

通过一系列的田间试验,研究了淮北变性土区夏玉米对氮、磷、钾的响应特点。结果表明:(1)玉米对氮肥反应十分敏感,施氮有极为显著的增产效果,一般可增产1倍以上。氮肥最佳用量在300 kg hm-2左右,分配比例以基肥和追肥各占50%的增产效果较好。氮肥追施时以“开穴深施”为宜,可提高其利用率;(2)玉米对钾肥反应较敏感,施钾一般增产15%左右,效果显著。钾肥适宜用量为90~180 kg hm-2,而且以基肥施入为宜;(3)玉米对磷肥反应不敏感,施磷增产效果不显著,但玉米仍表现为氮磷钾配合时产量最高。因此,提出“增氮、节磷、补钾”的玉米施肥原则。     

侵蚀土的性质变化及其对土地肥力的影响

<正> 土壤侵蚀系指临时性地面径流对表土层(有时也包括其下垫层)的冲刷——面蚀,和下切——沟蚀作用的破坏过程,是发生最为普遍的水土流失现象。 凡因面蚀或沟蚀而受到破坏的土壤称为侵蚀土。根据侵蚀破坏的程度,侵蚀土常分为弱、中、强三个等级(亦有分为四个等级的)。土壤侵蚀度,是以同类型的侵蚀土与非侵蚀土标本进行对比来确定的,对比     

元谋干热河谷变性土收缩变形对其裂缝发育及土体强度的影响

元谋干热河谷区变性土的裂缝发育对沟蚀崩塌和植被恢复影响显著。通过室内对变性土收缩变形和裂缝发育的测定及干湿循环下的直剪试验,研究了变性土收缩变形对裂缝发育及土体抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,变性土失水导致土体收缩变形,收缩特征曲线呈显著的三直线模型。变性土的收缩变形与土壤中黏粒和黏土矿物含量密切相关。变性土收缩变形不均导致裂缝的出现,随着含水量的逐渐降低,裂缝条数(N)逐渐减少,裂缝面密度(A)逐渐增加。土体裂缝的发育与基质吸力的大小密切相关,当基质吸力1000 k Pa时,裂缝面密度显著增加。裂缝条数和面密度与土壤含水量分别呈较好的指数函数和Sigmoidal函数关系(RN2=0.968,PN=0.0004;RA2=0.963,PA=0.01)。裂隙发育,导致变性土黏聚力(c)和内摩擦角(φ)随干湿交替的进行呈不断减小的趋势,但内摩擦角下降速度明显低于黏聚力。黏聚力和内摩擦角与循环次数呈较好的反比例函数关系(Rc2=0.979,Pc=0.0002;Rφ2=0.807,Pφ=0.015)。该研究可为进一步研究土壤开裂导致的沟蚀崩塌提供理论基础。     

利用放射性碳对中国变性土的年代确定

Vertisols,which are mainly developed on fluvial and lacustrine deposits and basalt,are extensively distributed in China.66 samples of them for radiocarbon dating were collected across 5 porvinces and 1 autonomous region,ranging from warm-temperate to subtropical and tropical zones in China.The soil organic matter was dated via surface horizon,black soil horizon and dark-colour horizon of the vertisols,whereas carbonate through calcareous concretions and dispersed carbonate in soil profile using radiocarbon method.The present article elucidates the dates of genetic horizons,and of surface and buried vertisols as well.14C dating indicates that the surface vertisols were formed during the end of the late Pleistocene.ca.15600 years ageo.Correlation between depth of sampling and measured 14C age shows that age characteristics of the vertisols of China are close to those of West Germany,Italy,TUrnisia,Australia and Argentina,However,two buried vertisols developed on fluvial and lacustrine deposits were formed during different geological periods,The buried soils in warm-temperate zone were formed in the mid Holocene,while those in subtropics were buried at 12930 years B.P., and formed in the end of the late Pleistocene.     

母质和微地形条件对变性土形成的影响

福建南亚热带的地带性土壤为砖红壤性红壤。在本地带沿海漳浦、龙海等县的低丘、台地玄武岩风化物上发育的一种暗色粘质土壤,历史上归属于砖红壤性红壤,经研究其性状明显区别于砖红壤性红壤,我们确定它为典型艳色湿润变性土。这种变性土与砖红壤性红壤呈复区分布。     

苏南地区农业土地利用方式改变对土壤理化及生物学性质的影响

【目的】研究苏南地区稻麦轮作农田转变为桃园对土壤理化及生物学性质的影响,旨在为苏南地区土地合理利用和土壤质量管理提供数据支撑。【方法】于2017年麦季 (5月) 和稻季 (7月) 采集研究区稻麦轮作田及由其改为桃园的土壤样品,采用常规方法测定土壤理化性质,96微孔酶标板荧光分析法测定土壤酶活性,实时荧光定量方法测定细菌16S rRNA和真菌ITS基因丰度。【结果】当土地利用方式由稻麦轮作田转变为桃园后,土壤理化性质发生明显变化。与水旱轮作田相比,桃园土壤容重增加,总孔隙度没有明显改变,但毛管孔隙度显著降低,而非毛管孔隙度显著增加,土壤更加紧实,pH有进一步降低的趋势;土壤有机质含量下降,全磷和有效磷含量增加;土壤细菌16S rRNA基因丰度下降,真菌ITS rRNA基因丰度升高,有机质降解的微生物群落由“细菌型”向“真菌型”转化。相应地,土壤中与氮转化相关酶和过氧化氢酶活性降低。从春季到夏季,稻麦轮作田和桃园土壤有机碳含量均下降,稻田降幅较大。另外,两种利用方式下土壤的细菌16S rRNA基因丰度、真菌ITS rRNA基因丰度、纤维素酶和蔗糖酶的活性均显著下降。【结论】苏南地区农业土地利用方式的转变显著增加了土壤容重,改变了土壤孔隙性,增加了土壤全磷和有效磷含量,降低了土壤pH,进而大幅度降低了土壤中氮转化酶活性,并促使土壤微生物菌群由细菌型向真菌型转变,最终影响土壤的养分循环及固碳潜力。因此,土地利用方式改变后,应注重土壤养分的管理。     

松嫩平原农业气候生产潜力及自然资源利用率研究

在GIS的支持下,计算了松嫩平原各县市主要作物的农业气候生产潜力,并分析了各地农业自然资源利用率的空间差异。结果表明,松嫩平原各地光合潜力差异不大;由于南北跨度大,各地光温潜力差异较大,且从北到南呈带状增加趋势;由于各地作物生育期内降水呈地带性分布,使得各地气候生产潜力具有较大差异,并呈由西向东逐渐增加的趋势。各地主要作物农业自然资源利用率差别较大,西部地区资源利用率较低,增产潜力巨大。     

近代黄河三角洲的微地貌对土壤形成和农业利用的影响

本文以近代黄河三角洲的微地貌-土壤-农业利用为主线，定量说明沉积环境、微地貌特点对土壤形成及分布的影响，总体评价其盐渍化土壤环境对种植业的适宜性。并有针对性地提出土壤保护利用方向。     

农用地土壤可持续安全利用的研究与实践——以浙江省镉污染农田为例

农用地土壤可持续安全利用对有效改善农用地土壤环境质量、保障农产品质量安全及人体健康具有重要意义。以长江三角洲经济最发达地区之一的浙江省为例,分析探讨了农用地土壤环境存在的主要问题和发展趋势,研究思考了农用地土壤可持续安全利用的理论和方法。在“十三五”期间,基于浙江省历年1：5万大比例尺农用地土壤污染调查成果,在温岭市、桐庐县等地开展了以农用地土壤重金属镉（Cd）污染治理为重点的省级试点示范工作,综合采取以污染源头解析与防控、多维度农业安全利用技术筛选和应用以及超标农作物秸秆安全处置等方法,形成一批具有显著地域特点、高效防治效果、自主知识产权,适用于Cd轻中度和中重度污染的农用地土壤污染综合治理技术模式。主要结果：（1）大气沉降源是农用地生态系统Cd的主要外来输入源之一,约占总输入量的24%~59%。（2）筛选出以甬优538为主的低积累品种53个,比选出以石灰性物质类为主的钝化材料20种以及以硅基和硒基为主的叶面阻控材料10种。（3）以稻/麦轮作等适用于Cd轻中度污染农用地安全利用技术模式可有效降低土壤有效态Cd 20%~50%以上,以超积累植物为主的适用于Cd中重度污染农用地的“边生产边修复”技术模式可有效降低土壤全量Cd 30%以上、土壤有效态Cd 50%以上,均可实现农产品安全生产。本文创新提出农用地土壤重金属污染可持续安全利用总体思路和技术路经,总结了农用地土壤重金属污染可持续安全利用的经验策略,以期为我国大范围开展受污染农用地土壤安全利用提供示范样板与技术参考。     

Influence of Pyrolysis Temperatures on FTIR Analysis,Nutrient Bioavailability,and Agricultural use of Poultry Manure Biochars

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical properties of poultry manure (PM) biochar over the range of 200–500°C. Chemical properties of biochar produced at 200°C were almost the same as PM, but significant changes were observed in higher-temperature-produced biochars. According to elemental and fourier transformation infrared analyses, the degree of carbonization in biochar was accelerated with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Biochar yield decreased, while its pH, cation exchange capacity, and P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu contents increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The biochar produced at 400°C or 500°C was highly alkaline. Also, due to high electrical conductivity, these types of biochars may not be suitable for salt-sensitive crops. It was concluded that the pyrolysis temperature of more than 300°C reduces the quality of PM biochar for use in calcareous soils, although it may be suitable for acidic soils or environmental application.     

不同改良剂对滨海重度盐渍土质量和肥料利用效率的影响

为揭示不同改良剂对江苏滨海围垦滩涂区重度盐渍土改良与肥料利用的效应,通过田间试验研究生物质炭、石膏、EM菌剂和黄腐酸4种改良剂对土壤表层盐分的时序动态、大麦产量和肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明:盐分对于作物生长和肥料利用具有明显的抑制作用,各改良剂均有效提高了重度盐渍土土壤肥力与作物产量。其中,低量生物质炭处理(10 t/hm2)和高量黄腐酸处理(3t/hm2)整体效果较好。经低量生物质炭处理后,土壤表层(0～20cm)盐分相对于单施化肥处理降低106%,作物产量增加79%,氮肥利用率提高99%;高量黄腐酸处理较单施化肥处理土壤表层盐分降低95%,作物产量增加68%,氮肥利用率提高93%。该结果表明适宜用量的生物质炭和黄腐酸均可用于滨海滩涂重度盐渍土的加速治理培育和肥料利用效率的提升。     

长期连续施用生物质炭对土壤肥力、小麦产量和微生物群落结构的影响

摘 要：基于始于2010年的长期田间试验，研究了每年6 t/hm2 玉米秸秆还田(Straw)，每年2.4 t/hm2 (BC1)、6 t/hm2 (BC3)和12 t/hm2 (BC5)玉米秸秆生物质炭添加对土壤肥力、小麦产量和微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明：与不添加玉米秸秆及其生物质炭的处理（CK）相比，BC5处理显著提高了小麦产量，三个剂量生物质炭处理平均增加小麦产量15%。经过11年的连续添加，土壤容重（BD）从CK的1.06 g/cm3降低至BC5处理的0.73 g/cm3，总碳（TC）从CK的14.9 g/kg 增加至BC5处理的83.8 g/kg。土壤有效氮（AN）、速效钾（AK）和有效磷（AP）均随施用量增加而增加，表现为BC5 > BC3 > BC1 > Straw ≥ CK。本研究中，长期连续施用玉米秸秆及其生物质炭没有显著改变细菌群落多样性，而BC5处理略微增加真菌群落多样性。PICRUSt2功能预测表明生物质炭处理显著增加了碳固定相关功能基因丰度，而降低碳降解相关功能基因丰度。     

白银市平川区土壤与农产品硒含量特征及成因分析

为探明白银市平川区土壤硒分布规律和影响土壤中硒含量的因素,为保护和开发富硒土壤资源提供理论依据。我们在白银市平川区共采集土壤样本59个、农作物可食部分样品36个,通过检测分析土样全硒含量、土壤化学性状(铅、汞、镉、pH、有机质、有效硅、有效硼、有效铜、有效锌、有效铁、有效锰)与农作物可食部分全硒含量,研究了白银市平川区土壤与农作物全硒含量特征及其影响因素。结果表明:平川区土壤全硒平均含量为0.29 mg/kg,高出甘肃省土壤全硒平均含量45.0%,且富硒土壤母质均为冲洪积物。土壤全硒含量与土壤有机质(R2=0.32*)、有效硅(R2=0.35**)呈显著或极显著正相关。平川区各农产品全硒含量大小依次为胡麻、枸杞、藜麦、菊芋、玉米、马铃薯。平川区土壤硒含量有区域差异,西北部高于东南部,且灌区高于旱作区。土壤母质、有机质含量、有效硅含量是决定土壤富硒的主要因子,富集系数是各农产品全硒平均含量产生较大差异的主要原因。     

近代黄河三角洲东营农业综合试验区的滨海盐渍土及其改良利用的研究 Ⅲ.稻草还田的培肥改土效应

近代黄河三角洲滨海氯化物盐渍土在开发种稻的条件下，鉴于其土壤肥力瘠薄及盐分危害，实施稻草还田，能够明显地改善土壤的养分及其它不良的理化性状，增产效果显著．     

土壤质地对柱花草生长发育、生物量及土壤肥力变化的影响

采用大田试验的方法,在云南省元谋县小雷宰流域内壤土、砂壤土和重壤土3种质地土壤上,以热研5号柱花草为材料,研究土壤质地对柱花草生长发育、生物量及土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮和全磷的影响。试验结果表明:3种土壤质地上种植柱花草,柱花草地上部和地下部生长量和生物量表现幼苗期增加缓慢,而分枝期后增加快的趋势。壤土耕性好,兼有砂土和重壤土的优点,有利柱花草地上部分的生长发育,柱花草地上部生长量、生物量及改善土壤肥力方面显著高于重壤土。砂壤土有利于柱花草根系向深层土壤生长,柱花草地下部生长量、生物量及根瘤显著高于种植在重壤土。在3种土壤质地种植柱花草后,土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮和全磷均有上升趋势。综合而言,通气性和保肥保水能力居中的壤土更适合柱花草的生长发育及干物质的积累。     

Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, northern China

Overgrazing is one of the main causes of desertification in the semiarid Horqin sandy grassland of northern China. Excluding grazing livestock is considered as an alternative to restore vegetation in degraded sandy grassland in this region. However, few data are available concerning the impacts of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties. In this paper, characteristics of vegetation and soil properties under continuous grazing and exclusion of livestock for 5 and 10 years were examined in representative degraded sandy grassland. Continuous grazing resulted in a considerable decrease in ground cover, which accelerates soil erosion by wind, leading to a further coarseness in surface soil, loss of soil organic C and N, and a decrease in soil biological properties. The grassland under continuous grazing is in the stage of very strong degradation. Excluding livestock grazing enhances vegetation recovery, litter accumulation, and development of annual and perennial grasses. Soil organic C and total N concentrations, soil biological properties including some enzyme activities and basal soil respiration improved following 10-year exclusion of livestock, suggesting that degradation of the grassland is being reversed. The results suggest that excluding grazing livestock on the desertified sandy grassland in the erosion-prone Horqin region has a great potential to restore soil fertility, sequester soil organic carbon and improve biological activity. Soil restoration is a slow process although the vegetation can recover rapidly after removal of livestock. A viable option for sandy grassland management should be to adopt proper exclosure in a rotation grazing system in the initial stage of grassland degradation.