稚蚕人工饲料育的几项关键技术研究

研究表明 ,稚蚕人工饲料育应避免蚁蚕饥饿和冷藏 ,1～ 2龄平板一回育 ,张种用干粉 1 0～ 1 1kg ;条状每龄一回育 ,1龄用干粉 0 2 5～ 0 2 8kg ,2龄用干粉 0 75～ 0 82kg ;蚕座面积 1龄 0 7m2 ± 0 1m2 /张种 ,2龄 1 4m2 ±0 1m2 /张种。     

德国肉用美利奴与河北细毛羊杂交一代生产性能研究

本文测定了以德国肉用美利奴羊为父系 ,河北细毛羊为母系的杂交一代羊生产性能。结果表明 :4月龄杂种一代羔羊平均体重 ( 2 3.2 0± 1 .80kg)与河北细毛羊 ( 1 8.60± 1 .70kg)相比具有极显著差异(P <0 .0 1 ) ;1 8月龄羊剪毛后体重 ( 37.83± 2 .30kg) ,剪毛量 ( 3.90± 0 .63kg) ,羊毛长度 ( 8.93cm) ,净毛率( 53.0 8% )均比当地细毛羊 (分别为 30 .80± 2 .0 0kg ,3.37± 0 .65kg ,7.39cm ,38.87% )显著提高 (P <0 .0 5) ,但羊毛细度 ( 2 1 .67± 1 .83μm)与当地羊 ( 2 2 .35± 2 .2 6μm)差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5)。试验结果表明利用德国肉用美利奴羊改良当地细毛羊具有广阔的前景     

三元杂交肉公牛育肥及生长发育研究

研究分析了西利本、夏利本、利西本、利杂二代 (各 1 0头 )公牛 6～ 1 2月龄 1 83d育肥期增重、生长发育及饲料消耗情况。结果表明 ,1 2月龄体重分别为 371 .90± 2 7.30 kg、32 2 .0 0±41 .0 0 kg、32 7.75± 1 4.35 kg、340 .2 0± 35 .2 4 kg;平均日增重为 0 .97± 0 .0 9kg、0 .95± 0 .1 4kg、0 .81± 0 .0 5 kg和 0 .83± 0 .0 5 kg;相对增长率为 89.49%、1 1 7.32 %、81 .33%和 80 .1 8%。以西利本和夏利本增重速度快 ,与利西本、利杂二代比较差异显著 ;各月龄体尺比利杂二代有较大幅度的提高 ;以夏利本的饲料消耗较少 ,每 kg增重消耗精粗饲料总量 6.66kg。初步认为 ,利用西利本和夏利本进行三元杂交 ,是山东省肉牛生产的有效途径。     

麻保沙星(marbofloxacin)在鸡体内的生物利用度及药物动力学

选用 36只 5 1～ 6 0日龄健康岭南黄鸡 ,随机均分为 3组 ,对静注、肌注及内服麻保沙星 (2 .5 mg/ kg)的生物利用度和药物动力学进行了研究。用三氯甲烷提取血浆中的药物 ,反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中麻保沙星的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理所得到的血药浓度 -时间数据。静注给药的药时数据适合三室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2π(0 .19± 0 .0 3) h;t1 /2α(2 .0 7± 0 .2 7) h;t1 /2β(6 .5 2± 0 .6 9) h;V1 (0 .48± 0 .0 3) L / kg;Vd(area) (2 .0 6± 0 .39)L/ kg;Vd(ss) (1.0 5± 0 .0 6 ) L/ kg;Cl B(0 .19± 0 .0 2 ) L/ (kg· h) ;AUC(13.95± 1.0 7) mg· kg- 1 · h。肌注给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Ka(0 .5 4± 0 .0 5 ) h;t1 /2α(2 .33± 0 .2 0 ) h;t1 /2β(6 .2 7± 0 .46 )h;tmax(1.5 7± 0 .0 9) h;Cmax(1.88± 0 .0 5 ) m g/ L ;AUC(13.18± 0 .6 7) mg· kg- 1 · h;F(94.45± 4.80 ) %。内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Ka(0 .42± 0 .0 6 ) h;t1 /2α(2 .31± 0 .2 5 ) h;t1 /2β(6 .48±0 .6 6 ) h;tmax(1.35± 0 .12 ) h;Cmax(1.83± 0 .18) mg/ L;AUC(13.5 5± 0 .6 7) mg· k     

诺氟沙星在鲤鱼体内的药代动力学

按 10 m g/ kg的剂量给鲤鱼肌注、口服诺氟沙星 ,用高效液相色谱法检测用药后不同时间血浆中药物的质量浓度 ,然后用 90 0 0 3P87实用药代动力学软件处理药时数据。结果 ,肌注和口服诺氟沙星在鲤鱼体内的药时数据均符合开放性二室模型。主要药代动力学参数 ,肌注 :t1/2α( 0 .12 79± 0 .0 130 ) h,t1/2β( 3.4 0 32±0 .5873) h,t1/2 ka( 0 .0 0 6 7± 0 .0 0 0 8) h,AU C ( 2 4 .94 81± 6 .314 6 )μg/ ( m L· h) ,CLS( 0 .4 0 0 8± 0 .10 35)mg/ ( kg· h) ,Tpeak( 0 .0 32 2± 0 .0 0 35) h,Cmax( 16 .8992± 4 .372 6 ) mg/ L;口服 :t1/2α( 3.4 0 71± 1.0 6 98) h,t1/2β( 77.12 39± 2 1.3875) h,t1/2 ka( 0 .14 91± 0 .0 130 ) h,K2 1( 0 .0 4 19± 0 .0 0 38) h- 1,K10 ( 0 .0 4 36±0 .0 0 2 1) h- 1,K12 ( 0 .12 70± 0 .0 30 1) h- 1,AU C ( 150 .6 0 2 9± 35.4 2 78)μg/ ( m L· h) ,CLS( 0 .0 6 6 4±0 .0 0 2 1) m g/ ( kg· h) ,Tpeak( 0 .730 0± 0 .0 10 2 ) h,Cmax( 5.7998± 1.36 75) m g/ L。肌注与内服的主要药代动力学参数差异显著 ( P <0 .0 1)。     

哺乳母猪饲料中添加血球蛋白粉的效果研究

在哺乳母猪饲料中添加 3%血球蛋白粉 (AP30 1) ,结果表明 :试验组仔猪 2 8日龄窝重 95 .7± 9.2 5 kg,比对照组 76 .2± 8.4 5 kg提高 2 4 .3% ,差异极显著 (P<0 .0 1) ;断奶至发情间隔两组分别为 7.2± 2 .1d和 6 .5± 2 .4 d,差异不显著 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;发情后第 1次配种受胎率均为90 %。     

哺乳仔猪饲料中无乳清粉配方研究

1991年6月～9月,用大约克(母)×杜洛克(公)杂交一代177头仔猪,在同一基础配方和营养水平的基础上,分别用4%葡萄糖、0%乳清粉(T_1)组);0%葡萄糖、4%乳清粉(T_2组);2%葡萄糖、2%乳清粉(T_3组);和泰国正大“311”(据其公开配方含乳清粉5%)为对照组(T_4组),进行葡萄糖替代乳清粉的试验。结果:①仔猪4日龄采食,消化正常。②35日龄断奶,个体重 T_1组9.93±0.26kg,比 T_4组多增重0.43kg,T_2组9.12±0.23kg;T_3组9.3±0.26kg;T_4组9.5±0.3kg。③60日龄试验结束,个体重T_1组18.85±0.31kg;T_2组20.47±0.39kg;T_3组18.61±0.24kg;T_4组21.03±0.54kg。④0～60日龄全期育成率:T_1组100%,T_2组95.96%;T_3组93.75%;T_4组95.35%。⑤饲料价格低于泰国正大“311”的19.14%(T_1组);2O%(T_2组);和20%(T_3组)。试验证实:葡萄糖完全可以替代乳清粉。葡萄糖国产资源广阔,从而避免仔猪饲料生产局限依赖进口乳清粉,可降低饲料成本19.14%～20%,取得明显经济效益。     

南江黄羊引种试验初报

对安康地区引进的南江黄羊纯种繁育情况进行三年的跟踪测定 ,结果表明 ,南江黄羊在安康地区传统饲养管理方式下 ,成年公、母羊的体重分别达到 54.50± 3.48kg和43.65± 3.32 kg。初产和经产母羊总产羔率分别达到 1 79.8%和 1 94.8%,双 (多 )羔率 75.9%和 83.5%,羔羊初生重 1 .88± 0 .37和 2 .0 9± 0 .41 kg。羔羊 6月龄体重达到 1 8.96± 1 .74kg,1 2月龄达到 2 9.84± 2 .98kg,说明南江黄羊在安康地区适应性良好 ,繁殖性能稳定 ,生长发育情况正常     

西宁市某奶牛场青年荷斯坦奶牛胰脏功能研究初探

对西宁市某奶牛场 40头 1 0～ 2 2月龄的青年荷斯坦黑白花奶牛的血液、尿液中的肌酐含量和淀粉酶活性 ,进行了测定 ,结果表明所测奶牛的血清肌酐含量为 ( 1 .2 3±收稿日期 :2 0 0 1 -2 -1 2作者简介 :王　凯 (1 963 -) ,男 ,青海畜牧兽医学院教授 ,主要从事兽医临床教学、科研工作。0 .2 8) mg/d L,血清淀粉酶活性为 ( 1 31 .0±33.3)苏氏单位 /1 0 0 m L;尿肌酐的含量为( 2 3.43± 5 .2 4) mg/dl,尿淀粉酶活性为( 5 5 .5± 33.1 )苏氏单位 ;淀粉酶和肌酐清除率 ( CAMS/CCR)比值为 ( 4 .2± 2 .2 ) %     

哺乳仔猪饲料中无乳清粉配方研究

1991年6～9月,用杜洛克×大约克的F_1177头仔猪,在同一营养水平的基础上,分别用4％葡萄糖、0％乳清粉(T1组);0％葡萄糖、4％乳清粉(T2组);2％葡萄糖、2％乳清粉(T3组),进行葡萄糖替代乳清粉试验。 结果:(1)各组5日龄全部采食。35日龄断奶。消化正常。(2)60日龄试验结束:a.个体重T1组18.85±0.31kg;T2组20.47±0.39kg;T3组18.61±0.24kg,各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。b.育成率:T1组100％;T2组95.65％;T3组93.75％。(3)试验证实:葡萄糖完全可以替代乳清粉。 葡萄糖国产资源广阔丰富,从而避免仔猪颗粒饲料生产局限依赖进口乳清粉,经济效益显著。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein