山东省招远市城东河河道近自然治理设计初探

城市的现代化建设对城市河道提出了更高的要求,传统的工程治理方法已不能满足城市河道多种功能的需要。在山东省招远市城东河河道治理的规划设计中,借鉴国外河道近自然治理的思想,针对城东河河道存在的问题,提出了河道近自然治理的原则,并从河流平面形态、河流垂直断面和护岸三个方面进行城市河道进行近自然治理设计。     

河溪近自然治理技术及其评价方法

河溪近自然治理作为恢复退化河溪生态系统的一种重要手段,包括河溪近自然治理评价指标体系与技术措施施工2部分.在分析国内外通行的各种评价方法的基础上,针对我国不甚发达的经济情况和复杂的水域特点,提出了由11个因子组成的河溪近自然评价指标体系,包括1)河流的平面形态;2)河流的横断面形态;3)河流的水深;4)水体宽度;5)岸坡的结构;6)水流的流速;7)缓冲带植被宽;8)水体与河槽的接触情况;9)河道粗木质情况;10)水质;11)底栖大型动物.然后,根据其评价结果对处于不同健康等级的河溪采用相对应的河溪近自然治理技术,从而为我国整体河溪生态系统的恢复和水资源的科学管理提供决策依据.     

京郊河溪近自然治理环境效应分析

选择北京郊县怀柔区怀九河上三处经过不同河流治理方式整治过的河段,其中的四渡河段已实施河溪近自然治理2 a的时间,而一渡河段为传统水工治理,团泉段基本上没采取治理措施。然后定点监测河段的大气湿度、温度,土壤温度以及河岸带植物多样性等生态因子,通过比较分析河溪近自然治理措施对河溪小环境所产生的环境效应。研究结果表明,①河溪近自然治理措施可以增加大气湿度,经过河溪近自然治理的四渡河段比传统水利工程治理的一渡河段水面大气湿度高近5%,河岸带地面大气湿度则高近10%;虽然河岸带的大气湿度不如处于自然状态的团泉段,但水面大气湿度则高了近2个百分点。②与传统水利治理方式相比较,河溪近自然治理措施可以降低周围小气候的温度,调节河岸带地面与水面的温差,四渡河段的温差为0.5℃,是一渡河段的1/3左右。③河溪近自然治理通过恢复河岸带植被缩小土层间的温差,调节土层温度,保持深层土壤水分。④经过河溪近自然治理的四渡河段的植物多样性高于一渡河段,是其3倍左右,恢复了河岸带的植物多样性。     

河岸带植物生态水文效应研究述评

河岸带生态系统在人类强烈干扰下退化严重,是河道治理的主要对象,随着河道治理理论的发展,近自然植物措施将逐渐代替传统工程措施。综述了河岸带植物的形态和生理生态水文效应,形态水文效应主要表现为阻流、导流和截流三个方面。生理生态方面,分析了河岸带植物吸水、含水和蒸腾耗水等环节的特点。认为还需要对不同种类植物的水文效应机理进行全面认识,才能对多种植物组合起来的不同植物群落在大尺度上对水文过程的影响有整体把握,并需要考虑河道自身形态特点,提出河岸带生态系统的重建和恢复是河道治理的关键。     

基于河漫滩生态修复的城市河流治理探索——以平顶山香山沟治理工程为例

当前传统城市河流与城市周边用地之间缺少河漫滩作为过渡,河道多被束缚在堤防之内,这种堤防不允许周期性洪泛跃堤的单一结构往往令城市河流进入快排模式,河流只是消化洪水的通道。而在非洪泛期,这种快排通道式的河道也随之失去了应有的生态功能。以平顶山湛河支流香山沟治理工程的生态修复方案设计为例,提出了在城市近郊恢复河流生态栖息地的可行性及必要性。通过宏观层次上对河流生态系统的恢复,中观层次上对河流物理结构的修复,微观层次上具体栖息地设施的构建,阐述了河漫滩生态修复是保证河流生态系统完整的重要途径。     

生态河流构建原理与技术

传统的河流整治技术，如裁弯取直、疏开挖河道、浆砌石或混凝土加固河岸、高筑河堤等，忽略了河流的生态特性，结果导致河流水文发生改变，生态系统受到严重创伤。分析了河流治理技术的发展现状及遇到的问题，提出生态河流的概念，并探讨了生态河流的基本特征和构建原理，然后分别从河道景观设计、河道平面形态设计、河道断面设计和岸堤设计几个方面论述了生态河流构建的技术体系。最后，以镇江古运河生态岸堤构建为例，介绍了生态岸堤构建的实施办法，旨在探讨河流的生态治理的方法，实现人与自然和谐发展。     

怀柔区河流生态治理的实践

分析了传统治河方式存在的问题,在此基础上详细介绍了怀柔区对河流进行生态治理的做法:恢复河道形态及营造水景,建立滨水环境;对河道护岸进行生态修复;疏浚河道;对河岸带进行生态治理和加强后期管理;净化河流水质。提出了对河流进行生态治理的建议:对河流的开发和治理要避免先破坏后修复;完善污水收集和处理系统,从根源上截断河流污染源;沿河岸绿化要多采用本地植物,乔灌草结合;加强宣传,让河流生态修复意识深入人心;进一步建立责任体系和检查考核制度。     

城市河流的近自然综合治理研究进展

 城市现代化的加速和人类对自然认识的深入,传统的工程治理技术已不能满足城市河流治理的需要,以生态学为基础、追求人与自然和谐发展的河流近自然治理研究已成为国内外研究的热点。结合国内外城市河流的近自然综合治理研究,探讨今后城市河流研究应注意的内容。     

浅谈城镇河道治理与水土保持

以大宁县昕水河城镇段河道治理为例,分析了目前河道治理中存在的问题,提出了河道治理中应考虑的生态治理、生态自然修复等水土保持新理念,将水土保持措施纳入河道治理构景体系,探索了恢复河道的生命气息,提升城镇品位,改善人居环境,生态治理城镇河道的新路子。     

基于模糊矩阵法的河流健康评价体系

基于河流健康评估,针对威胁河流生态健康及河流治理的问题,提供关于河流健康及其问题河段的科学解释与依据。在综合国内外河流健康状况评价方法及各项表征指标的基础上,建立了基于模糊矩阵法的河流健康评价体系。应用模糊关系合成原理,从多个因素对河流隶属等级状况进行综合评判。具体评价时分为目标层、准则层和指标层,结合模糊矩阵采用层层推进的计算方法,最后将计算结果分为自然、近自然、退化、人工4大类。结果表明:怀沙河总体得分为2.6分,其中自然状态占整条河段的41%,近自然状态占整条河段的32%,退化自然状态占整条河段的27%。分段评价结果表明:三岔、渤海、口头河段状态较好,四渡河、南冶、辛营需要采用合理措施来改善河流生态系统。该评价方法可以针对性地提出改进措施和建议,为城市郊区河流的健康和生态环境建设的可持续性提供思路。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.