化学药剂包衣对菜心种子发芽率的影响

选用5种化学药剂包衣对菜心种子的发芽情况进行了试验,结果表明,艾绿士(60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂)、生农诺吉(20%啶虫脒可溶性水剂)、除尽(10%溴虫腈悬浮剂)、艾法迪(24%氰氟虫腙悬浮剂)包衣对种子发芽率以及发芽势的影响不大,基本与清水(CK)相当,而利用无敌小子(32000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌可湿性粉剂)包衣会造成菜心子叶生长状况不良、种子发芽势不高。     

覆膜大蒜病虫害的发生及综合防治

大蒜是金乡县的主要支柱产业,由于多年重茬种植,病虫草害发生逐年加重,严重影响大蒜的产量和质量。文章对大蒜病虫害进行详细地调查研究,并提出有效的综合防;台措施。     

四种药剂处理对葡萄生长的影响

从20世纪80年代开始,我国葡萄种植面积和范围逐年扩大,葡萄苗木的跨地区调运日益频繁,尤其是近年来葡萄线虫和葡萄根瘤蚜等土传性病虫害日益严重,这些检疫性病虫害一旦传入,尚无有效的治疗措施.     

番茄病虫害主要症状及常用药剂简介 上

一、番茄病毒病症状主要有;叶子呈花叶型或蕨叶型,还有为害果实的条斑型或混合型。所谓条斑,果实产生褐色下陷油渍状不规则坏死斑,后期变为枯斑,而混合型的果实病斑块较小而且不凹陷,这就是两者区别的主要点。常用的农药有: 1.种子消毒:用10％磷酸三钠溶液浸番茄种子20～30分钟,然后捞出用清水反复冲洗干净后催芽播种,是消毒TMV带菌的种子。 2.弱疫苗接种:用N_(14)弱疫苗防治春保护地番茄的烟草花叶病毒(TMV);S_(52)弱疫苗防治秋番茄的黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)。这是中国科学院微生物研究所研制。 3.抗毒剂一号水剂:喷200～300倍液,从苗期开始,隔7～10天喷一次,连喷4～5次,效果良好。是北京市农林科学院植保所研制的新农药。 4.植病灵乳剂:每亩用83～125毫升,加水100公     

番茄病虫害的主要症状及常用药剂简介（中）

四、番茄叶霉病主要症状:开始在叶背产生不规则形或椭圆形淡绿色病斑,后在病斑上长出黑褐色霉层;叶子正面呈淡黄色斑,后来病斑扩大连合,使全叶枯黄。常用的农药有: 1.50％多菌灵可湿粉500倍液,或25％多菌灵可湿粉250倍液。发病初期防治,隔6～7天喷一次,连喷2～3次,要求除喷到叶于正面外,还要喷到叶子背面上。 2.用生物农药,如农抗BO—10,浓度100单位,病害刚发生时喷,隔5～6天喷1次,连喷2～3次。也可用50％多菌灵可湿粉500倍加农抗BO—10的100单位,     

杉木病虫害药剂使用对林下经济的影响

简单介绍了广西杉木种植情况和林下套种铁皮石斛的种植和管理情况,通过广西杉木林主要的病虫害及其使用的化学农药防治,从保存率和有效成分含量说明对套种的铁皮石斛的严重影响。     

几种药剂对果园棉铃虫的防治效果

1　材料与方法　试验于 1998年 7月在孟津县南陈村梁万柯果园进行。树龄为 10～ 12年 ,将供试药剂稀释至相应浓度后采用踏板式喷雾器喷洒 ,药液量以叶片两面湿润并有水珠滴下为度。每小区 5株 ,3次重复 ,5个处理 :1) 50 %对硫磷 80 0倍 ;2 ) 40 %水胺硫磷 10 0 0倍 ;3) 2 0 %氰久 150 0倍 ;4 ) 2 0 %灭多威10 0 0倍 ;5)清水对照。调查小区内卵量及虫果率 ,并对查到的卵挂牌标记。药后 7天调查防治效果 ,并按下式计算保果效果。保果效果 =对照虫果率增长率 -处理虫果率增长率对照虫果率增长率 × 10 0 %2　结果与分析　试验结果表明 (表 1) ,…     

大蒜栽培常见病虫害及防治技术

大蒜营养丰富，风味独特，有杀菌、去风湿、健脾胃、止霍乱等功效而深受消费者的青眯。随着种植业结构的调整，近年来，大蒜种植面积越来越大，由于气候原因或管理措施缺位，病虫害发生严重，从而影响了大蒜的品质和商品性能，结合多年来的工作实践，就如何选择高效、低毒、低残留、低药害农药进行全面分析，避免用药种类单一，以防因病害产生抗药性而造成重大损失，结果表明，坚持综合防治，本着“预防为主，治疗为附”的原则，强化农药防治、物理防治和生物防治，可全面提高病虫害防治效果。     

莱芜区大蒜病虫害综合防治技术研究

鲁中是大蒜主要产地之一,种植面积较大.该地栽培大蒜发生的病害多达20余种,已引起蒜农高度重视.大蒜的虫草危害生产中也呈上升趋势,成为大蒜生产主要障碍.受害大蒜的质量等级下降,影响蒜农收益和生产积极性.     

莱芜区大蒜病虫害综合防治技术研究

鲁中是大蒜主要产地之一,种植面积较大.该地栽培大蒜发生的病害多达20余种,已引起蒜农高度重视.大蒜的虫草危害生产中也呈上升趋势,成为大蒜生产主要障碍.受害大蒜的质量等级下降,影响蒜农收益和生产积极性.     

三种钙素肥料对大蒜病害的防治效果

为选择适宜豫东大蒜产区的钙素肥料,以早熟蒜‘苍白1号’为试验材料,对大蒜设置3种钙素肥料处理:硫酸钙处理,碳酸钙处理,氯化钙处理,以不施钙肥作为对照,探讨了钙素肥料对大蒜腐霉根腐病、软腐病、二次生长的影响。结果表明,每hm~2施用300 kg硫酸钙对大蒜腐霉根腐病防效可达89.69%,对软腐病防效可达84.50%,对二次生长防效可达70.59%,防治效果显著高于碳酸钙、氯化钙和对照;碳酸钙对大蒜腐霉根腐病的防效,分别为74.80%、49.03%,对软腐病的防效分别为71.41%、55.60%,对二次生长的防效分别为63.82%、54.25%。3种处理间的防效均达到显著或极显著水平,且3种处理的防效均显著高于对照,表现为硫酸钙碳酸钙氯化钙对照。     

Effects of bird and bat exclusion on coffee pest control at multiple spatial scales

Context

Despite the key role of biological control in agricultural landscapes, we still poorly understand how landscape structure modulates pest control at different spatial scales.

Objectives

Here we take an experimental approach to explore whether bird and bat exclusion affects pest control in sun coffee plantations, and whether this service is consistent at different spatial scales.

Methods

We experimentally excluded flying vertebrates from coffee plants in 32 sites in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, encompassing a gradient of forest cover at landscape (2 km radius) and local (300 m) spatial scales, and quantified coffee leaf loss, as an indicator of herbivory, and fruit set.

Results

Leaf loss decreased with higher landscape forest cover, but this relation was significantly different between treatment and control plants depending on local forest cover. On the other hand, fruit set responded to the interaction between treatment and local forest cover but was not affected by landscape forest cover. More specifically, fruit set increased significantly with local forest cover in exclusion treatments and showed a non-significant decrease in open controls.

Conclusions

These results suggest that services provided by flying vertebrates are modulated by processes occurring at different spatial scales. We posit that in areas with high local forest cover flying vertebrates may establish negative interactions with predaceous arthropods (i.e. intraguild predation), but this would not be the case in areas with low local forest cover. We highlight the importance of employing a multi-scale analysis in systems where multiple species, which perceive the landscape differently, are providing ecosystem services.

     

Effects of landscape structure on avian-mediated insect pest control services: a review

Context

Despite increasing evidence that landscape composition and configuration strongly influence the community structure of potential pest-regulators, landscape structure has seldom been explicitly linked with the rate and magnitude of pest-control services.

Objectives and methods

We conducted a systematic literature review evaluating 158 relevant studies to: (1) characterize our existing understanding of the empirical relationships between landscape structure and avian-mediated insect pest control services in agricultural systems, (2) identify gaps in our current understanding, and (3) develop a conceptual model of landscape structural influences on avian-mediated pest control.

Results and discussion

We found on-farm pest suppression by birds was often higher in landscapes with higher native habitat cover, higher compositional heterogeneity, and in agricultural patches in closer proximity to native habitats. We identified more than 200 bird species that provide pest control services across both temperate and tropical regions. While most avian predators are habitat-generalist species, a substantial fraction of pest control services in tropical regions was mediated by habitat-dependent species, suggesting a link between conservation management and maintenance of pest control services. We identified a three-part research agenda for future investigations of the relationships between landscape structure and avian-mediated pest control, focusing on an improved understanding of mechanisms related to: (1) predator–prey interactions and landscape modulation of trophic relationships, (2) bird dispersal ability and landscape connectivity, and (3) cross-habitat spillover of habitat-dependent avian predators.

Implications

These findings can be applied to efforts to manage and design landscapes capable of supporting both biodiversity and ecosystem services.

     

园林技术措施控制病虫害探析

结合园林工作实际,将园林技术措施控制病虫害的实现途径进行多角度、多层次的探析,即统筹协调"园林植物—病虫害—环境"所组成的生态系统的关系,建设生态园林,实现园林绿地与花木生产基地病虫害的可持续控制。     

蒜瓣不同切法对大蒜出苗和生长的影响

试验采用对蒜瓣进行中间偏离生长点纵切1刀、中间偏离生长点纵切2刀成十字形、中间垂直高度横切1/2、中间偏离生长点右侧纵切1刀＋中间垂直高度偏离生长点横切1/2、去顶1/3等不同处理方法,探讨对大蒜出苗和生长的影响。结果表明,蒜瓣中间偏离生长点右侧纵切一刀＋蒜瓣中间垂直高度偏离生长点横切1/2这种处理方法效果最佳,出苗率快于常规（没有经过处理的蒜瓣）;前期生长也快于常规以及其他处理方法;它的茎粗、株高等单项数量性状均明显高于其他处理方法和对照。     

钙素对乙草胺胁迫下大蒜生长及产量的影响

针对乙草胺在河南省大蒜生产中出现的药害问题,探索性地研究了硫酸钙对乙草胺药害的缓解作用,以期实现降低药害损失的目的。试验通过测定大蒜的植株高度、叶长度、叶宽度、叶绿素含量、根系活力、SOD活性、POD活性及产量来评价其缓解效果。结果表明:施用10 d后,叶绿素含量恢复到未施用乙草胺的对照水平,根系活力、SOD活性、POD活性明显改善,大蒜产量显著高于未施用乙草胺的对照。偏碱性土壤上施用硫酸钙,能有效缓解乙草胺对大蒜的毒害作用,提高抗逆能力,为受除草剂污染土壤的科学利用提供了理论依据。     

3种植物生长延缓剂对温室甜瓜生长发育的影响

以厚皮甜瓜‘西洲密25号’为试验材料,采用3种植物生长延缓剂进行处理,探究其对温室厚皮甜瓜生长发育的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,3种植物生长延缓剂对厚皮甜瓜生长发育指标和产量的影响均达到显著水平。多效唑150 mg·L^-1的处理对蔓长、节间长的抑制效果以及对单瓜质量和总产量的增加效果达到极显著水平,矮壮素50 mg·L^-1处理对增加茎粗效果最为明显;多效唑250 mg·L^-1处理对叶柄长的抑制效果最明显;多效唑150 mg·L^-1与缩节胺200 mg·L^-1处理对增加叶绿素相对含量效果显著。缩节胺300 mg·L^-1处理对可滴定酸含量的增加作用最明显,缩节胺400 mg·L^-1处理减少可滴定酸含量;多效唑150 mg·L^-1处理对维生素C含量的增加作用最显著;多效唑50 mg·L^-1的处理对中心可溶性固性物含量的作用最显著;3种植物生长延缓剂处理对甜瓜硬度及果形指数均无明显影响。综上所述,多效唑150 mg·L^-1处理对厚皮甜瓜生长发育、果实品质及产量等相关指标的综合影响效果最显著,可为厚皮甜瓜温室栽培提供理论参考。     

Effects of daylength and temperature on growth and yield components of three seed spices

Plants of dill, caraway and coriander were grown in phytotrons at either 18°/12°C or 24°/12°C (day/night temperatures) with 10 h or 16 h photoperiods. In all four combinations the three species reached maturity and producéd seeds. The time to flowering and harvesting was reduced by the long-day treatments, but plant weight and most of the other morphological characteristics measured, except plant height, were reduced as a result of the earlier flowering. Seed yield was highest in caraway in short-days, in dill in long-days and in coriander by the higher temperature treatment. Physiological and practical implications are discussed.     

浅析苹果树的病害防治对策和措施

苹果树是较为常见的蔷薇科落叶乔木,也是世界四大水果之一.苹果树经常会发生各类病害,不但威胁到产品的产量及品质,而且对于果农的经济收益和生产效益也会造成不同程度的影响.因此,采取有效的措施防治苹果树病害是果农面临的技术问题.     

3种中间砧对‘春见’柑橘树体生长、产量和果实品质的影响

试验以‘红橘’为基砧,‘清见’‘罗伯特’和‘华盛顿’脐橙为中间砧,‘春见’为接穗,研究了3种不同中间砧对‘春见’柑橘树体生长、产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:3种中间砧嫁接树树势中庸,均呈自然开心形;以‘罗伯特’为中间砧的干周最大(65.50 cm),显著大于其他2个中间砧;以‘清见’为中间砧的株产最高(50.39 kg),显著高于其他2个中间砧;以‘清见’为中间砧的枝梢生长最旺,显著高于‘华盛顿’中间砧;以‘清见’为中间砧的单果重最大(303.96 g),以‘华盛顿’为中间砧的果实纵横径、果形指数、可食率均高于其他2个中间砧;以‘罗伯特’为中间砧的果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量均最高,以‘华盛顿’为中间砧的果实维生素C含量最高;以‘清见’为中间砧的果实固酸比显著高于‘罗伯特’和‘华盛顿’中间砧,分别高7.20和1.20;以‘清见’为中间砧的果实综合评分最高(83.10分),显著高于‘罗伯特’和‘华盛顿’中间砧,分别高6.20分和4.60分。综合分析表明,以‘清见’为中间砧的砧穗组合整体优于其他2个砧穗组合。