优质肉种鸡开产初期体重对产蛋性能的影响

（1郑州牧业工程高等专科学校,河南郑州 450011;2新郑鑫源养殖公司,河南新郑 451160; 3南京农业大学,江苏南京 210095）     

氯霉素单克隆抗体的研制及其免疫学特性鉴定

（1河南省农科院生物技术研究所,河南郑州 450002;2河南科技学院动物科学学院,河南新乡 453003）     

偶合化学发光法测定水样中的砷

（1河南农业大学理学院,郑州 450002;2河南纺织高等专科学校纺化系,郑州 450007）     

大豆黄酮对奶牛泌乳性能及血浆中激素水平的影响

（河南农业大学牧医工程学院,河南郑州 450002）     

关于完善中国农村合作经济组织内部运行机制的有关问题探讨

（河南省土壤肥料站,河南郑州450002）     

外来树种信息系统的构建

（1河南农业大学林园学院,河南郑州 45002;2中国林业科学研究院林业研究所,北京 100091）     

渗透胁迫对不同供钾水平烤烟叶片抗旱生理指标的影响

（1河南农业大学农学院,河南郑州 450002;2长沙卷烟厂博士后工作站,湖南长沙 410007）     

“国家植物病虫害监测与检疫重点实验室”落户河南

<正>随着河南中原经济区、航空港经济时代的到来,近日国家质检总局也传来好消息:该局日前批准"国家植物病虫害监测与检疫重点实验室(郑州)"落户河南,由河南出入境检验检疫局负责筹建。据介绍,按照建设方案,该重点实验室下设5个分实验室:昆虫鉴定室、杂草鉴定室、植物线虫鉴定室、植物病原微生物鉴定室、植物物种资源鉴定室。据了解,实验室除承担郑州地区出入境植物检验检疫工作外,还将承担河南其他地区检验检疫机构所送疑难植物样品检     

郑州:平稳中有变化

随着春节的临近,郑州年宵花的销售也渐入佳境,到了一年中最好的时期.与往年相比,今年郑州的年宵花市场又有那些变化呢?近日,笔者走访了河南最大的花市郑州陈砦花卉市场,总的印象是平稳中又有一定的变化.     

开春奋蹄 领跑种业

和煦的春风拂过中原大地，河南农业萌动着勃勃生机。由河南省种子协会、郑州国家高新技术产业开发区管委会和清华大学农业产业化中心共同举办的“种业发展论坛”在郑州隆重举行。     

优良牧草与花生间作套种的探讨

首次在河南省对5种优良牧草和花生进行间作套种的研究,并且在牧草与花生“5+6”套作模式的情况下,对比与分析了两者的相互影响、综合生产水平以及可行性。研究表明,套种后紫花苜蓿、白三叶以及苇状羊茅影响花生果实产量,花生果实产量分别下降14.2%、12.6%和7.6%,达到了极显著(前两者)和显著水平。苜蓿和白三叶还对花生的百果重、饱果数有抑制作用,而对总果数影响不大。和紫花苜蓿套作,花生秧产量下降7.3%(p<0.05),与其他牧草套作花生秧的产量无显著影响。与花生的套作能够极显著地促进多年生黑麦草、鸡脚草和苇状羊茅3种禾草的分蘖(11.01%~14.26%)(p<0.01),显著增加其叶面积指数(4.62%~6.37%)和叶绿素含量(5.04%~5.50%)(p<0.05),3种禾草的青干草产量分别提高了8.2%、8.1%、9.3%。花生秧与禾草混合调制成青干草后,饲草中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和钙的含量得到了显著和极显著的提高,而粗纤维含量却明显降低。与花生套作能够提高紫苜蓿产草量5.8%(p<0.01)和,但豆科牧草与花生秧混合调制以后,粗蛋白、粗纤维以及钙和磷的含量明显下降,粗脂肪得到了极显著的提高。     

Performance of Timothy-based Grass/Legume Mixtures in Cold Winter Region

This study sought to identify grass/legume mixtures that increase the yield and persistence of forage stands with improved nutritive quality in cold‐winter regions, compared with the standard mixture of timothy (Phleum pratense L.)/red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)/alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.). Timothy was mixed with either perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) or Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). The legumes in mixtures were red clover, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) or white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Averaged over three production years, the majority of mixtures had greater dry matter (DM) yields than the standard (8.35 t ha^?1). Timothy, grown alone and in three mixtures, outyielded the standard by 19–30 %. Yield reductions in mixtures over the 3‐year period were greatest with red clover, and least with bluegrass. Mixtures with alfalfa were highest in nitrogen (28.4 g kg^?1), while grasses grown alone (24.6 g kg^?1) and the standard mixture (25.1 g kg^?1) were the lowest in N. Mixtures with red clover or alfalfa had the least neutral detergent fibre (NDF), averaging 418 and 429 g kg^?1 respectively. Mixtures including white clover were initially low in NDF at 347 g kg^?1 in year 1 but increased to 550 g kg^?1 in year 3 as white clover composition declined in the sward.     

Establishment, Development and Yield of Forage Legumes and Grasses as Cover Crops in Grain Corn in Eastern Canada

Interseeded cover crops can minimize soil erosion, increase organic matter and nutrient levels and the yield of subsequent crops. However, their performance is very sensitive to local conditions. Field experiments were conducted at two Quebec locations in 1993 and 1994 in order to evaluate the potential use of forage legumes and grasses as interseeds in corn in eastern Canada. Twelve forage species were evaluated. Fall rye ( Secale cereal L.), hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), a mixture of red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) and ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam), a mixture of white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) and ryegrass, subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.), yellow sweet clover ( Melilotus officinalis Lam.), black medic ( Medicago lupulina L.), Persian clover ( Trifolium resupinatum L.), strawberry clover ( Trifolium fragiferum L.), crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), annual alfalfa ( Medicago saliva L.) and berseem clover ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.) were seeded at two planting dates (10 and 20 days after corn emergence). The control treatments were: hand weeding, chemical weeding and non-weeded. Early seeded forages established better and had higher biomass accumulation than the late seeded ones. In the presence of larger weed populations, the interseeded forages did not develop well due to competition with the weeds. At Macdonald crimson clover provided good soil cover while Persian clover, fall rye and alfalfa provided relatively little cover. Strawberry clover and hairy vetch did not provide early ground cover due to their late development. Forage mixtures of red or white clover and rye grass established well and achieved high populations at the end of the growing season. Fall rye provided good early ground cover but senesced by the middle of the season. The better establishment and early germination of crimson clover caused a 19% reduction in corn grain yield in 1993. In 1994 none of the cover crops caused a reduction in corn yield.     

Contribution of White Clover Varieties in High-Productivity Systems under Grazing and Cutting

Two medium leaf size varieties of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were grown in mixture with a range of grass species and varieties in a field experiment conducted over 4 years. The clovers were grown singly or as a blend in swards with a tetraploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), a diploid Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) or tetraploid hybrids between these two species (Lolium x boucheanum Kunth). These grasses were also grown in monoculture. Swards were managed in a regime involving two periods of sheep grazing, two periods of cattle grazing and a silage cut in the same year for 4 years. The objectives of this experiment were 3‐fold: (1) to examine the yield and persistency of white clover in highly productive systems with modern perennial, hybrid and Italian ryegrasses; (2) to compare the performance of white clover varieties grown singly in mixture with grasses with their performance together as a blend, and (3) to examine the persistency of new Italian ryegrass varieties, exemplified by AberComo. The clover content of the sward remained high throughout the experiment, with a mean of 31 % overall. Differences in clover yield between plots were largely attributable to the effects of companion grasses. Total yields were very similar in plots containing different clover varieties and in plots where these varieties had been grown singly or as a blend. Grass yields in mixture were greater than those in monoculture but showed similar relative rankings. The diploid Italian ryegrass variety AberComo showed an unexpectedly high yield in the 4th year of the experiment. The implications of these results for strategies for productive, sustainable agriculture using modern white clover and ryegrass varieties are discussed.     

Management of Italian and Perennial Ryegrasses for Seed and Forage Production in Crop Rotations

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L.) can be grown for seed and forage in cold winter regions provided the stand persists well over winter. Seed yield and plant characteristics during primary growth, and forage yield during regrowth, were determined for two Italian and one perennial ryegrass cultivars in Atlantic Canada. Establishment methods and dates included sowing ryegrass in cultivated soil alone or with barley in mid‐May and, after harvesting the barley crop, by sowing ryegrass following conventional or reduced cultivation and by no‐till drilling into barley stubble in mid‐August and early September. Despite some winterkill, particularly in Italian ryegrass, seed and forage yields were adequate in post‐establishment growing seasons. Seed yield for Italian ryegrass was greatest (1270 kg ha^?1) when it was sown into cultivated soil in mid‐August and least (890 kg ha^?1) when sown alone in May. Italian ryegrass yielded 15–17 % more seed when plots were established in mid‐August rather than in mid‐May or early September. Italian ryegrass cv. Lemtal had a greater density of fertile tillers (1030 m^?2) in the sward than cv. Ajax (860 m^?2) and its tiller density was greater when seeded into cultivated soil in September than in mid‐August. There were fewer spikelets per seed head for sowing Italian ryegrass with barley in May than for the other methods of establishment. Forage yield in regrowth was greater for Italian ryegrass cv. Ajax (2770 kg ha^?1) than for cv. Lemtal (2480 kg ha^?1). Seed yield of perennial ryegrass was greater when seeded in mid‐May than in mid‐August or early September. The seed yield of perennial ryegrass was greater when it was sown with barley in May and harvested for grain, than when it was sown alone or with barley harvested at late milk stage. The establishment methods for mid‐August and early September sowing had little effect on seed yield. However, the no‐till and reduced tillage methods resulted in a greater tiller density than sowing into the cultivated seedbed. Fertile tillers tended to be denser under reduced cultivation for sowing in August. Forage yield of perennial ryegrass regrowth was not influenced by the sowing method and timing. In conclusion, Italian and perennial ryegrasses produce adequate seed and forage regrowth under different establishment methods and timing. However, the poor persistence of Italian ryegrass may limit commercial production after the establishment year in Atlantic Canada.     

河南省优良草种区划的探索

通过对河南省主要草种的生物学特点、生态学特点以及经济价值的分析,结合当前农牧业发展对饲草的需要特点的分析,采用系统学优化理论,确定了河南省当家草种应具备的条件,制定了全省草种区划方案。结果表明：适合河南省的当家草种有10种,分别是：紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、苇状羊茅、多年生黑麦草、小冠花、红三叶、杂三叶、鸡脚草、无芒雀麦;适合河南省草业优质发展的草种区域有6个,分别是：豫北平原牧草种植区、豫西北黄土丘陵和太行山地种植区、豫中东低洼平原和南阳盆地种植区、豫西山地种植区、淮南与桐柏山区种植区、豫东平原种植区,并且明确了各区域内以当家草种为核心的草种优化组合。河南省当家草种的制定和草种区划的确定有利于为河南省各地草种的正确选择和草业未来大发展提供理论依据。     

Late heading of perennial ryegrass caused by introducing an Arabidopsis homeobox gene

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is the most important temperate forage grass species. Unfortunately, the nutritional value of perennial ryegrass declines as maturity progresses, mainly because of a high concentration of poorly digestible compounds in inflorescences. Therefore, the development of forage‐type ryegrass varieties with extended vegetative growth is of interest for agriculture. To delay floral transition in perennial ryegrass the Arabidopsis ATH1 gene driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter, the rice actin promoter or the rice OSH1 promoter, respectively was introduced. In ATH1‐expressing plants heading was delayed, and in a number of cases the plants never flowered at all. Such non‐ or late‐heading was accompanied by the outgrowth of normally quiescent lateral meristems into extra leaves, resulting in a leafy growth habit. When eventually heading, these plants generally produced a reduced number of inflorescences. These observations suggest that ATH1‐mediated delay of heading may be useful to improve fodder quality of perennial ryegrass.     

Genetic analysis of forage grasses based on heterologous RFLP markers detected by rice cDNAs

Genetic polymorphism within and between three species of forage grasses, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), was analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers detected by rice cDNA probes developed at the Rice Genome Research Programme of Japan (RGP). One hundred and ninety‐seven rice cDNA clones were used for hybridization to genomic DNA of forage grasses. Many of the rice cDNA clones produced no visible band or only a smear with no discrete bands. Twenty‐three clones showed high efficiency cross‐hybridization to the genomic DNA of forage grasses. Genetic variation was evaluated for five varieties and one population of forage grasses using 12 polymorphic rice cDNA RFLP probes. Genetic variability within varieties as measured by Rogers’ genetic distance was considerably lower for the F. pratensis variety ‘Tomosakae’ than for the L. perenne and F. arundinacea varieties. To determine the genetic diversity between varieties of different species, cluster analysis was performed using data from the 12 RFLP probes. The two accessions of Lolium perenne were clustered more closely together than the three varieties of F. arundinacea. Two Japanese varieties of F. arundinacea were grouped in the same cluster. The variety‐specific RFLP markers were seen among six accessions of L. perenne, F. pratensis and F. arundinacea. Such variety‐specific RFLP markers would provide very useful tools for breeding programmes such as the intergeneric hybridization of Lolium and Festuca genera.     

Temperature Before Cold Acclimation Affects Cold Tolerance and Photoacclimation in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The expected temperature rise in late summer/early autumn can change the conditions for acclimation and affect the winter survival of perennial crops. This study examined the effect of the temperature just before the onset of cold acclimation (pre‐acclimation) on freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations (both cultivars and breeding populations) adapted to either northern or southern parts of Norway. Using phytotron experiments, we studied whether increasing pre‐acclimation temperature delays growth cessation, affects photoacclimation and reduces freezing tolerance. Furthermore, we assessed whether these effects were related to the latitudinal adaptation of the plant material. The results showed that a rise in pre‐acclimation temperature decreased both cold acclimation capacity and photoacclimation in these species. This affected the freezing tolerance, which was reduced significantly more in northern‐adapted population of timothy and perennial ryegrass compared with southern‐adapted populations. Red clover was less affected by temperature changes than the grasses.     

Effect of Overseeding Forages into Alfalfa on Alfalfa Weevil, Forage Yield and Quality

Many alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) fields are sprayed each year with insecticides to control Egyptian alfalfa weevil ( Hypera brunneipennis ) and the alfalfa weevil ( Hypera postica ). Overseeding various species of legumes and grasses into established alfalfa has been proposed as a method to mitigate weevil damage without insecticides. Established fields of alfalfa were overseeded with legumes and grasses in randomized complete block designs in three years of study in a Mediterranean climate in the Sacramento Valley of California, USA. Several overseeding practices maintained or increased yields compared with the insecticide-sprayed treatment. Overseeding increased or maintained forage yield, eliminating the need for insecticides. However, overseeding did not prevent weevil damage to alfalfa. Overseeding is best used to extend the life of alfalfa stands in the final year of production, since overseeding can thin alfalfa stands. Market acceptance for mixed-species hay and harvest management of overseeded forages are the most important limitations to overseeding practices.