Moricandia arensis与甘蓝型油菜属间杂种的获得及其生物学特性研究

以Ｃ３作物甘蓝型油菜作父本与野生Ｃ３－Ｃ４中间型植物Ｍｏｒｉｃａｎｄｉａａｒｖｅｎｓｉｓ作有性杂交,经子房培养和胚性芽挽救,获得了４个属间杂种,经腋芽繁殖使杂种群体增至数百株,ＲＦＬＰ分析结果显示,杂种核ＤＮＡ具有两个亲本的特征指纹,而其细胞质中仅含母本Ｍｏｒｉｃａｎｄｉａａｒｖｅｎｓｓｉ的线粒体ＤＮＡ指纹,杂种式具３３条染色体,为双亲配子染色体数之和。虽然杂种植株在多数形态特征上表现为双亲的中间     

人工合成甘蓝型油菜高频率再生研究初报

资源材料保存在作物遗传资源的研究与利用中起到非常重要的作用。该实验以不同来源的人工合成甘蓝型油菜KH106，KH109，KH111D为材料，以花序轴，子房，果柄为外植体研究其再生情况，结果表明，由芥蓝和小白菜人工合成的甘蓝型油菜KH106的再生频率极显著高于由羽衣甘蓝和白菜型油菜人工合成的甘蓝型油菜KH109和KH111；与花序轴和子房为外植体再生频率相比，以果柄为外植体平均再生频率最高，差异达到极显著水平；利用不同预处理培养基处理不同时间，结果显示不经过预处理直接接种到分化培养基上再生频率最高。     

甘蓝型油菜与云南小油菜的远源杂交研究

以2个甘蓝型油菜品种为母本,3个云南小油菜材料为父本,研究了单一授粉、混合花粉授粉、重复授粉3种授粉方式对其杂交亲和性的影响.结果表明:甘蓝型油菜与云南小油菜的杂交为高度不亲和,最强的组合是云油23号×23号小油菜,其亲和指数为0.130.混合花粉授粉降低了其杂交亲和性,花油3号×小油菜的亲和指数为0.092.重复授粉可以提高杂交亲和性,亲和指数比单一授粉和混合授粉的都高,但角果中的种子几乎都是皱瘪的,可见甘蓝型油菜与云南小油菜杂交是受精后不亲和,其杂种胚发育受到阻碍而不能形成正常的种子.     

甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育三交种选育研究及配合力分析

甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育三交种研究结果表明,三交种方法是克服细胞质雄性不育系微量花粉的有效途径。三交种、单交种的不同组合之间,三交种与单交种之间的产量存在着显著差异,产量最高仍是一个单交种,两个强优势的三交种的产量经强油821、油研七号增产34．99％、32．66％、20．89％、18．81％,比相应的单交种增产6．4％、4．6％。恢复系恢11的配合力最高,恢12的配合力居第二,一个临保不育系的配合力也较高。     

甘蓝型油菜亚基因组间杂种（ArAnCcCn）的细胞学和育性研究

以新型甘蓝型油菜（A^rA^rC^cC^c）与自然甘蓝型油菜品种湘油15（AⁿAⁿCⁿCⁿ）杂交，人工配制了A^rAⁿC^cCⁿ油菜亚基因组间杂种。亚基因组间杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂基本正常，中期I大多以19个二价体的构型存在，但偶尔也有单价体、三价体和四价体等异常情况出现。在减数分裂后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ，绝大多数细胞中的同源染色体和姊妹染色单体正常分离，仅在很小比例的花粉母细胞中观察到落后染色体。不同亚基因组间杂种的减数分裂正常程度存在一定的差别，其中Ar和An基因组之间的遗传分化可能是主要原因。产量分析表明亚基因组间杂种具有较强的杂种优势潜势，并且亚基因组间杂种的种子产量和正常花粉母细胞所占比例呈显著正相关。     

甘蓝型油菜隐性胞核不育两型系花粉与外源花粉竞争能力研究

甘蓝型油菜胞核不育两型系117AB在先授花恢花粉，1－48小时后授以可育株花粉的条件下，其异交率为45.75％－70．83％，比对照增加3．89％－28．97％，在先授可育株花粉，1－48小时后再授以花恢花粉时，其异交率为41．29％－15．77％，比对照减少0．75％－26．09％，该类材料不存在异品种优先授精现象，而且可育株花粉比花恢花粉有更强的竞争能力，其竞争优势系数为1．13-1．73之间，平均值为1．49，在制种中无论何种行比，不拔可育株，后代将不能作为种子用。     

利用甘蓝型油菜与白菜类蔬菜近缘种间杂交创造早熟油菜新种质

为拓宽甘蓝型油菜遗传基础,解决甘蓝型油菜育种中早熟资源贫乏的问题,利用甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus,2n=4x=AACC=38)与白菜类蔬菜(Brassica campestris,2n=2x=AA=18)的大白菜、小白菜和紫菜苔进行杂交,采用系谱法,经过连续10 年的选择,培育出10 个稳定的早熟优良品系,代号D1~D10。这些新种质的生育期比对照早2.5~9.5 天,品质符合国家双低油菜标准,农艺性状各具特色。由于新种质拥有白菜A染色体的遗传背景,在杂交组合测配中,用这10 个新种质比用非新种质材料配制杂交组合早熟,且获得高产组合的概率高出1倍以上。     

甘蓝型油菜与埃塞俄比亚芥种间可交配性的胚胎学研究

在甘蓝型油菜×埃塞俄比亚芥中,杂种胚乳不甚发育并提前形成细胞,杂种胚发育缓慢,消耗早育的胚乳组织后便停滞在心形期或鱼雷形期.反交时胚乳早期发育旺盛,但在发育中期不能形成细胞并逐渐退化解体;杂种胚从原胚阶段即有退化现象发生,并可持续到鱼雷形期,胚退化时常伴有胚柄细胞的解体.甘蓝型油菜母本基因型对杂交的生殖过程有显著影响.对受精的影响表现在其柱头与异种花粉的亲和性不同,以Rucabo作母本时表现与反交相似的高亲和性和高受精率.以84014A作母本时近半的胚珠中发生体质不育现象.而华油8号作母本时产生的杂种胚和胚乳在后期的发育相对正常,可形成少量有生命力的杂种种子.文中提出通过杂交重组创造出种间受精率高,又具结实潜力的“桥梁品系”,以经济有效地克服甘蓝型油菜与埃塞俄比亚芥杂交的不可交配性.     

甘蓝型杂交油菜干物质积累、分配及其与产量关系研究

以10个四川盆地甘蓝型杂交油菜品种为材料,分析了各器官干物质积累、分配及其与产量的关系。结果表明：油菜各器官干物质积累量大小顺序为粒重﹥茎秆重﹥枝重﹥壳重;不同参试油菜品种相同器官干物质差异较大,就粒重而言,早杂2号最高;高粒重油菜品种茎秆、枝、荚壳较理想的干物质分配比例应为10∶12.2∶9.9,其中枝重与粒重正相关最大,所以生物产量是提高油菜子粒重的首要条件,但生物产量差异不大时,茎秆重比例略小于枝重可能更加有利于粒重增加,同时兼顾荚壳重。     

白菜型油菜黄籽沙逊和芥蓝种间杂交合成甘蓝型油菜研究

人工合成甘蓝型油菜是拓宽油菜遗传育种种质资源的有效途径,也是研究芸薹属物种起源与演化的重要手段之一。为了把黄籽沙逊的黄籽性状同芥蓝的优良特性相结合,本研究利用白菜型油菜黄籽沙逊(Brassica. campestris var. Yellow Sarson Pain, 2n=AA=20)与芥蓝(Brassica albograbra, 2n=CC=18)开展了芸薹属种间杂交研究,在MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+7%蔗糖+活性炭1.0 mg/L的培养基上,通过胚珠培养从授粉7 d的140个胚珠中得到6个远缘杂交胚发育而成的植株,其中1个自然加倍成为双二倍体,随后应用形态学、细胞学和分子标记的方法对双二倍体种间杂种植株进行了鉴定,结果表明杂种植株生长势较强,形态属于中间类型;根尖染色体压片观察显示杂种植株具有父母本的染色体数量之和;SSR分子标记分析表明,杂种植株包含了双亲的遗传信息,由此证明了所获杂种的真实性,这为最后自交分离获得黄籽甘蓝型油菜提供了科学依据。     

Identification and Genetic Studies of the Inhibition of Dominant Male Sterility in Brassica napus

By transferring dominant male sterility (DMS), caused by the gene Ms, to genotypes with various types of cytoplasm 12 DMS lines were developed and a number of crosses made between the DMS lines and other genotypes of Brassica napus. During the course of this population improvement programme, 16 genotypes were identified as having the capacity to restore the fertility of F₁ plants with the Ms gene. According to pedigree analysis, the inhibitory gene in those lines probably originated from a few genotypes from Australia and Germany. In further studies the inheritance of the sterility inhibition was determined, providing definite evidence that dominant male sterility and its inhibition in B. napus are controlled by two dominant interacting genes rather than by multiple alleles.     

甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜杂种小孢子培养获得再生植株

利用分离小孢子培养首次从甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油莱种间杂种(甘芥杂种)中获得了胚和再生植株。所用的培养程序是,将甘芥杂种小孢子在蔗糖浓度为13％的液体NLN培养基中32℃下暗培养2天,转入25℃暗培养3周,再在光照条件下振荡培养一周后转入再生培养基(B_5)。供试的8个正反交甘芥杂种,有4个对培养有反应,其中3个均为以甘蓝型油菜为母本的杂种。杂种911186(甘蓝型)×851336(芥菜型)的胚产量明显高于其他杂种,未发现杂种花粉育性与小孢子胚产量存在显著相关。多数再生植株形态上介乎两个亲本之间,已开花的植株多为不育类型。讨论了亲本基因型对杂种小孢子胚胎发生的影响和小孢子衍生植株的可能用途。     

甘蓝型油菜种皮花青素相对含量测定方法研究

在配合甘蓝型油菜育种工作中,花青素含量的变化是重要的一个测定指标,笔者介绍了一种改进的测定甘蓝型油菜种皮中花青素相对含量的方法pH差示法,同常用的盐酸甲醇法相比较,同样不需要标准样品,成本低廉,测定简便快捷,同时能有效的去除甘蓝型油菜种皮中褐色物质对测定结果的干扰,所得结果能更准确地表现出不同色泽的种皮中花青素含量的变化。pH差示法在简便,快捷的基础上,所测定甘蓝型油菜种皮花青素相对含量更为准确、有效。     

Comparisons of Isozyme Patterns in Resynthesized Amphihaploid Rapeseed (Brassica napus) and Their Parental Species Brassica campestris and Brassica oleracea

Resynthesized rapeseed plants produced by embryo culture and the progeny of their selfed parents from Brassica oleracea and Brassica campestris were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis staining of enzymes GPI, LAP and SDH. In at least one unequivocal case it could be proved for each enzyme system studied that the alleles of both parents arc independently expressed in the newly synthesized individuals and that in the pattern of the dimeric enzyme GPI interlocus bands of the homoeologous loci arc visible. Comparisons with enzyme patterns in cultivated B. napus leads to the conclusion that in general active enzyme loci of both parental genomes are present. This is of great significance in estimating slide frequencies, degree of heterozygosity and other genetic parameters of B. nupus populations/cultivars.     

Overcoming Self-Incompatibility of Brassica napus by Salt (NaC1) Spray

The results of studies from 1982 to 1989 confirm that self-incompatibility (SI) of B. napus can be effectively overcome by spraying solutions of 2 — 10 % table salt (NaCl) during the flowering period. The optimum salt concentration was found to be 5 %. Spraying onto both stigma and stamen is better than onto only one of them, in particular better than spraying only onto the stamen. When self-pollination occurred at intervals of 1 to 32 hours after spraying 5 % NaCl solution upon stigma and stamen, the compatibility indexes fall slightly; they decrease considerably after 72 and 120 hours, but still then they stay higher than without spraying. After spraying 5 % NaCl solution at intervals of 4, 5, 8 and 24 hours, respectively, the compatibility indexes after self-pollination are almost equal to that of bud-pollination; this treatment is effective even at intervals of 48 or 72 hours after selfing. In practice, spraying 5 % NaCl solution every 3 to 5 days during the flowering period is enough for satisfying seed set of SI lines under field conditions.     

甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育系统不育系材料选育中常见的育性分离及基因型判断

隐性上位互作核不育授粉控制系统是甘蓝型油菜杂种优势利用安全、高效的授粉控制系统,因其育性稳定、恢复源广等优点,在油菜杂交育种中越来越受到重视.根据隐性上位互作核不育系的遗传机理,结合多年从事隐性上位互作核不育三系选育的育种实践,梳理出在甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育系材料选育中,自交或杂交下一代常见的不育株分离比例,并依...     

A cytogenetic study of the progenies of hybrids between Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea, Brassica bourgeaui, Brassica cretica and Brassica montana

In this cytogenetic study the progeny of all crosses were investigated in F₁, F₂ and backcross (BC₁) hybrids. Brassica napus and F₁ hybrids between B. napus and B. oleracea, and between B. napus and three wild relatives of B. oleracea (B. bourgeaui, B. cretica and B. montana). Each of the wild relatives has 18 somatic chromosomes. Interspecific F₁ hybrids were obtained through ovary culture mean. These had 28 and 37 chromosomes and their mean pollen fertility was 10.7% and 93.0%, respectively. Many F₂ and BC₁ seeds were harvested from the F₁ hybrids with 37 chromosomes after self‐pollination and open pollination of the F₁ hybrids, and backcrossing with B. napus. Many aneuploids were obtained in the F₂ and BC₁ plants. It is evident from these investigations that the F₁ hybrids may serve as bridge plants to improve B. napus and other Brassica crops.