The Commercial Impact of Oak Shake in Great Britain

The paper describes the results of a postal questionnaire surveyinto the extent of oak ‘shake’ in Great Britain.On average, 21 per cent of all oak was degraded by some formof shake. On a national scale, this represents a reduction inpotential harvesting revenues to growers of between £3million and £8 million annually, and larger sums if thecost of replacement imported hardwoods is considered.     

麻栎叶片含水率与水分指数关系分析

选择江苏省连云港市花果山优势树种麻栎树为研究对象,采集其位于不同海拔位置的树木叶片,测量鲜重及经不同程度阴干处于不同水分状态下叶片的水分指数(W I)和含水率(FMC),在叶片水平上,研究水分指数与含水率之间的关系。研究表明,水分指数对麻栎叶片含水率的变化敏感,二者之间统计关系明显;叶片含水率可以通过水分指数进行曲线拟合,拟合曲线为y=19.022x2-32.707x+14.064,其稳定性较好。     

Relationship between vegetation carbon storage and urbanization: A case study of Xiamen, China

Rapid growth of the Chinese urban population and the expansion of urban areas have led to changes in urban forest structure and composition, and consequently changes in vegetation carbon storage. The purpose of this study is to quantify the effects of urbanization on vegetation carbon storage in Xiamen, a city located in southern China. Data used for this study were collected from 39,723 sample plots managed according to the forest management planning inventory program. Data from these plots were collected in 4 non-consecutive years: 1972, 1988, 1996 and 2006. The study area was divided into three zones, which were defined according to their level of urbanization: the urban core, the suburban zone, and the exurban zone. Total vegetation carbon storage and the vegetation carbon density for each study period were calculated for each zone. Our results show that urban vegetation carbon storage has increased by 865,589.71 t during the period from 1972 to 2006 (34 years) in Xiamen, with a rapid increase between 1972 and 1996, then relatively little change between 1996 and 2006. The increase in vegetation carbon storage is mainly due to the large percentages of the suburban and exurban areas which exist in Xiamen city, and the implementation of reforestation programs in these two zones. The percentage of total regional carbon storage in the city center (urban core), suburbs and exurbs was 5%, 23% and 72%, respectively. This demonstrates that the exurbs store the majority of vegetation carbon, and thus play a critical role in the vegetation carbon storage of the study area. The intensification of urbanization in the future will likely expand the urban core and reduce the area of the suburbs and exurbs, and thus potentially decrease total vegetation carbon storage. This article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for vegetation carbon management and urban landscape planning.     

蒙古栎的加工利用研究进展

蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)是一种耐干旱、耐贫瘠、耐干扰的落叶阔叶树种,主要分布于我国东北地区,为次生落叶阔叶林的主要组成树种.蒙古栎全身都是宝,木材利用率高,市场开发前景好,是实现树木全株利用的优质树种.蒙古栎作为我国主要的工业用材树种,除了木材资源的广泛利用外,蒙古栎林副产品也逐渐被开发和应用.尤其是林业剩余物利用,原料充足、用途广泛、附加值高,为全方位经营林业打开了思路和市场.本文介绍蒙古栎加工利用的最新研究进展,旨在推广蒙古栎树木全株利用技术.通过对蒙古栎木材分类加工、剩余物利用等技术进行研究,充分挖掘蒙古栎的加工利用潜质,提高经济效益和综合利用水平,为我国林业经营、木材加工和应用开发提供一些有益指导.     

A Comparison of Cell Grown and Bare-rooted Oak and Beech Seedlings One Season after Outplanting

With the increased availability of cell grown broadleaved plantingstock on the UK market there has been a need to evaluate itsplace in amenity and forestry planting. The results of threeexperiments using oak and beech seedlings grown in three typesof modular cell or as undercut bare-rooted stock are described.Plants were subjected to poor plant handling, planting outsidethe normal season, cold storage and different planting methods. The results demonstrate that, one season after outplanting,cell grown stock was more resistant to poor standards of planthandling, and being planted outside the normal planting season,compared with bare-rooted stock. On the other hand, there wereno significant differences between the stock types due to coldstorage or planting method. The difficulties of conducting trials between stock types arediscussed. The development of a Plant Quality Index which describesthe morphological and physiological features of good plantingstock, and the assessment of complete establishment systemsis advocated as a better approach.     

河北省松毛虫害指示植物的研究

通过对河北省松毛虫危害程度和油松林灌草多样性的相关性调查 ,在对虫害程度和植物喜湿度进行量化的基础上 ,利用多元回归等方法研究了松毛虫害的指示植物。结果表明 ,油松林分郁闭度是影响松毛虫害发生的主要因子 ,林内灌草植物喜湿度对虫害具有指示意义。荆条和中华卷柏的数盖值可作为松毛虫害程度的指标。     

山海关林场油松－槲树林种群结构的研究

本文将山海关林场的油松－槲树林划分为５种类型，并对各种类型的种群空间分布格局、年龄结构、胸径结构、树高结构等进行了研究。结果表明：槲树幼树分布格局为聚集分布；油松幼树只存在于郁闭度不超过０．７的油松林分中，其分布格局偏离聚集分布。油松和槲树混交时，次要树种林木常呈聚集分布，优势树种林木呈随机分布。以年龄结构表示的林木发生过程显示，油松先发生，槲树后发生，但有时两树种的年龄结构是隔离的，有时是略有重叠的。油松的树高和胸径结构呈山形分布，槲树往往呈倒Ｊ形，这表示了两树种在演替中的地位。     

Indicator development in sustainability impact assessment: balancing theory and practice

In this article, the development and operationalisation of forestry-wood chain indicators within the frame of sustainability impact assessment are discussed. The analytical framework follows a distinction between indicator definition and selection in a first phase, and a second operational phase of indicator application in terms of interconnecting material flows, calculation of chain performance and utilisation within evaluation components. A clear boundary drawing effort in terms of the development of indicator definitions, related subclasses, and measurement units as well as the creation of conversion factors between indicator values and individual chain stages supports this. Economic, social and environmental indicators have to respond to data collection needs on individual process levels (that correspond to sub-divisions of the forestry-wood chain). For the usage of indicators within evaluation tools, a functional hierarchy has to be provided that supports clear preference elicitation as well as information on related externalities. In total, this paper aims at demonstrating an enhanced spectrum in the use of sustainability indicators, and the challenges that arise from a developing and applying multi-functional indicators in sustainability impact assessment.     

桦木,柞木小径材刨切薄板热压干燥的研究

对桦木、柞木两树种小径材刨切薄板（２１３ｍｍ×７０ｍｍ×４ｍｍ）热压干燥工艺的研究,着重探讨了：（１）热压干燥对桦木、柞木小径材刨切薄板翘曲度的影响;（２）热压干燥工艺参数及其交互作用与板片终含水率及厚度压缩率的关系,建立多元线性回归方程;（３）通过电镜分析,确定桦木、柞木小径材刨切薄板的优化干燥工艺条件。     

板栗花粉形态与果实产量的相关性

为了给板栗优良品种的鉴别和选育提供数据支持和理论依据,对20个常见板栗品种的花粉进行了扫描电镜观察。结果表明:各测试板栗品种的花粉均为长球形,大小为13.08μm×9.07μm,花粉大小(极轴)与赤道轴之比(P/E)为1.45,花粉粒均具三孔沟,沟长平均为11.00μm,占极轴长度的84.19%;沟间距均为6.68μm;花粉极面观均为三裂圆形;各品种花粉的外壁纹饰不同;坚果鲜、干质量分别为14.14和6.56g;边果底座宽度为1.76cm,外侧弧长为5.21cm;板栗果实(坚果)大小与花粉大小(极轴)及其它花粉外形指标均无相关性;板栗果实(坚果)质量与花粉大小(极轴)无显著相关关系,却与花粉的沟间距呈极显著负相关关系。     

呼和浩特市经济增长与环境污染的关系分析

从经济增长与环境污染之间关系研究的意义出发,以人均GDP和环境污染指标为研究指标,运用相关分析、回归分析、主成分分析、主成分投影法等方法,对呼和浩特市1991-2004年间的经济增长与环境污染的关系进行定量分析,并建立了呼和浩特市的环境库兹涅茨曲线模型。结果显示：呼和浩特市的环境EKC曲线不符合典型的EKC特征,而呈现出二次曲线的特点,表明呼和浩特市在经济增长过程中尚未经过污染排放量最大点,存在持续上升的态势,呈现出＂边增长、边污染＂的发展模式。因此,为了经济长远发展,必须控制污染。     

动物保护立法中的人与动物的关系

人类经历了采集渔猎时代、畜牧农业时代、无限制利用和残酷掠杀时代,正在进入动物保护时代,最终要达到人类和生物共同协和进化时代．近代以来的法学理论认为,人与动物的关系是人支配动物和利用动物的关系,但现代民法开始转换立场,接受了动物保护法对动物的财产性利用的各种限制．可持续发展观要求人们善待一切生命,但“动物受法律保护”和“动物享有权利”是两个不同的概念．动物在法律中无论是作为主体还是客体,只体现立法技术不同,而无本质差别．应当改变动物保护立法中的教条主义态度．     

Relationship between structure and function of mammalian vibrissa

MaterialsandmethodsMaterialsThevibrissaeinthisexperimentweresampledfromHarbinZooandtheSpecimenRoomofNortheastForestryUniversity.Thesesamplescover4families,Carnivora,Perissodactyla,RodentiaandPrim8ts.MethodsThewholevibrissawithhairrootwassampIedinvarioussitsofmammaIbodySuchasmouth,eyelid,face,neckandjaw.Bycomparison,theauthordidnotfindsignificantdifferencesinvibrissastruCtureofdifferentpartsofbody,SothevibrissaofcheekisusedfOrobservationandcomparison-SampIeswereobservedwithIightmicrosc…     

树皮结构与山核桃溃疡病抗性关系的研究

对树皮结构与山核桃溃疡病之间关系的研究表明,随着树龄的增大,周皮呈现出较厚的胞壁特征,病害较轻或不发病,感病指数与周皮厚度存在一定的负相关,其中,木栓层的厚度对植株抗病性的影响最大,木栓形成层区的宽度与感病指数之间呈一定的正相关,栓内层与之呈微弱的负相关。皮层的机械性能在一定程度上影响着树皮对溃疡病抗性。韧皮纤维比量在30％～50％之间,与感病指数则呈较强的负相关。次生韧皮部里的含晶纤维束占韧皮纤维总量的50％～55％,不同龄级之间差异不明显,与抗病性的相关性不明显。筛管活动能力与病害程度之间有着较强的负相关性,随着病害程度的加重,直径逐渐减小。韧皮射线组织比量与感病指数之间也呈负相关。     

小粒咖啡性状与产量的关系

通过对卡蒂莫、铁毕卡、波邦、墨西哥等4个品种的小粒种咖啡的一些性状与产量的测定和相关分析，小粒种咖啡的株高、冠幅、一级分枝对数和一级分枝节间长度等性状都与产量有显著或极显著的相关关系，可作为品种选择、评价的依据。     

衢江区开展乌溪江库区群众下山脱贫工作的实践与思考

党的十六大提出,要在本世纪头二十年建设惠及十几亿人的更高水平的小康社会。作为欠发达地区的浙江省衢江区要加快小康社会建设步伐,必须树立和落实“坚持以人为本,全面、协调、可持续”这一科学发展观,解决好贫困地区,特别是乌溪江库区困难群众的脱贫致富问题。乌溪江库区位于     

Relationship between farm size and reforestation activity: evidence from Queensland studies

This paper reviews the findings of nine studies carried out over about the last decade by a forestry socio-economic research group in Queensland, Australia. On the basis of survey evidence and landholder typology research, the questions of who plants trees and for what reasons are addressed, and inferences are drawn about the impact of land fragmentation on farm forestry. It is concluded that forestry is less popular on the larger and commercially viable farms than on smaller holdings of similar land type, and plantation establishment is often supported by off-farm income, so that farm fragmentation may actually lead to increased tree planting. However, whether this would lead to increased timber production is less clear, because of the strong interest of people on small holdings in environmental plantings and because of difficulties in marketing small quantities of the variable quality timber from mixed-species plantings. Also, the quality of silviculture appears to be positively correlated with area planted. Some implications are drawn for land-use policy.     

陆地植被与全球变化中碳之间的关系

由于燃烧化石燃料和砍伐森林引起CO2浓度升高并随0之带来全球气候变化，陆地植被生态系统，尤其是森林的生长与碳循环之间的关系成为陆地生物圈与全球变化研究中的主要内容。本文综述了国外对际地植被和大气中CO2之间的关系以及陆地植被的动态与全球变化中碳循环的研究结果，同时也对我国这方面的研究进行了介绍。     

国内外栎类容器苗培育技术研究进展

针对栎类容器苗培育中种子保存与处理、胚根短截与菌根化、育苗容器与基质选择、施肥、育苗环境控制等关键技术国内外研究进展进行了综述,并对栎类的树种容器育苗研究方向进行了展望。     

Relationship between canker size and wood starch in American chestnut

Chestnut trees (Castanca dentata) were wounded in May and inoculated with Cryphonectria parasitica. In August, canker area was measured and the surfaces of longitudinal dissections of stem wood were stained with I₂KI to reveal the presence of starch. Sections with the most starch had smaller cankers than sections with no starch. Results show that starch reserves were related to canker size and therefore may play a role in the tree's ability to respond to infection.