施钾对花生积累氮素来源和产量的影响

利用盆栽试验和15N示踪技术,研究了不同施钾量对花生吸收土壤氮、肥料氮、根瘤固氮量及比例和产量的影响.结果表明,不同施钾处理花生氮素均主要积累在籽仁中,但随着施钾量的增大,花生各器官中茎的含氮量增加幅度最大,果壳的含氮量增加幅度最小.适当增施钾肥可以提高各器官含氮量和15N丰度、氮素和15N积累量,促进花生植株对3种氮源的吸收利用,尤其对籽仁生物量(经济产量)的影响最大.吸收土壤氮的比例在38.29％ ～ 45.10％之间,吸收肥料氮的比例在12.37％～13.40％之间,吸收大气氮的比例在42.53％ ～48.31％之间.适量增施钾肥提高了吸收肥料氮和根瘤固氮的比例,降低了吸收土壤氮的比例,提高了肥料氮的利用率,但过量施钾效果降低.     

欧盟草甘膦限量调整对我国农产品出口贸易的影响及对策

欧盟委员会拟根据欧盟食品安全局(EFSA)的建议修订草甘膦最大残留限量,将茶叶等153种农产品中的草甘膦最大残留限量从0.1～50mg/kg降低至新的定量限0.05 mg/kg.草甘膦在我国登记使用广泛,欧盟是我国植物源农产品出口的重要市场,欧盟此次限量调整可能会对我国相关产品出口产生重要影响.本文系统梳理了欧盟限量调...     

广西农业科学院土壤肥料研究所

广西农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,属省级科研事业单位,内设土壤资源与环境研究室、植物营养与肥料研究室、土壤质量与农产品安全研究室,土壤微生物研究室、通过CM认证的土壤肥料植物化验分析室、行政办公室。     

施氮量对豫北潮土区不同肥力麦田氮肥去向及小麦产量的影响

在豫北潮土区典型高肥力与中肥力田块上,通过田间小区和15N微区试验,研究了施氮量对麦田氮肥去向及小麦产量的影响,以期为目前小麦生产中氮肥优化管理提供依据。结果表明:(1)收获期小麦植株吸收氮素的17.43%~38.75%来自肥料,61.25%~82.72%来自土壤,其中高肥力地块植株吸氮量中来自肥料氮的比例低于中肥力地块,来自土壤氮的比例则高于中肥力地块。(2)随着施氮量的增加,植物对肥料氮的吸收增加,肥料氮的土壤残留量和土壤损失量上升,但施肥过量将抑制小麦对土壤氮的吸收利用;小麦对肥料氮的吸收率、残留率和损失率分别为25.51%~40.77%,20.30%~47.14%,17.75%~48.69%,其中高肥力地块氮肥吸收率、损失率低于中肥力地块,但残留率高于中肥力地块。(3)随着施氮量的增加,施肥的风险/收益比增大,施氮量达270 kg/hm2时,该比值大于1。(4)收获时土壤残留肥料氮有61.41%~87.27%分布于0~20 cm土层,随着肥料用量的增加,肥料氮残留于表层比例下降,两地块相比,中肥力地块肥料氮下移较为明显。(5)适量施氮有利于增加小麦产量,其中高肥力地块最高产量施氮量低于中肥力地块。     

有机肥施用对农产品质量安全及土壤环境的影响研究

由于畜禽业向规模化、集约化发展,畜禽粪尿等排泄物因饲料中违规添加、排泄物处理工艺落后、使用方式等因素,对产地环境、农产品质量安全造成的污染风险日趋严重。本文从有机肥行业现状出发,综述有机肥施用对农产品及土壤的影响。结果表明,有机肥对改善土壤理化性质,优化深层土壤肥力,促进农产品产量、改善农产品品质等具有一定的正面影响,但不合理施用可能造成农产品及土壤等农田环境中的重金属、抗生素、兽药等风险因子累积残留。根据文献综述及初步采样验证结果,建议(1)开发有机肥、农产品、土壤等中的抗生素检测方法,并制定植物农产品中抗生素残留限量标准;(2)对于部分种植面积较大的农产品,制定专用有机肥的重金属限量标准;(3)优化有机肥的生产工艺,进行风险因子减量的技术研究与应用;(4)对于长期施用有机肥,应注意开展监测评估,明确其安全施用年限及施用量,并采取相应种植制度调整。     

浅议科技两面性对农产品安全的影响

农产品中有毒、有害物质的残留积累及其对人体健康的危害已成为当今社会关注的焦点,成为影响社会和谐、稳定的重要因素。本文从农产品产地环境安全、农业生产的自身污染以及农产品生产加工过程分析了威胁农产品安全的来源,阐述了科学技术所具有的两面性对农产品安全质量的影响,讨论了应正确看待科学技术的这种两面性,充分发挥其好的一面,以遏制其对农产品安全的威胁。     

旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性

氮素是作物生长最重要的必需元素之一。合理施用氮肥能促进作物生长并提高产量,但是,过多施用氮肥则抑制作物生长并导致大量的肥料氮残留在土壤中,这部分氮素不但会引起土壤养分不平衡,而且为生态环境带来潜在威胁,因此,研究残留氮的动向及作物有效性可为合理施用化肥氮、高效利用土壤残留氮素和减少残留氮素的损失提供依据。应用~(15)N示踪技术,通过4年定位试验,研究了黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作过程中土壤残留肥料氮的变化及作物吸收利用。在冬小麦和夏玉米轮作的第一个周期,为了制造高肥料氮残留背景,于冬小麦播种前向微区施入240 kg hm~(-2)的~(15)N标记氮素;在夏玉米拔节期,为了研究氮肥施入对残留肥料氮的影响,设置0和120 kg hm~(-2)两个氮水平,以普通尿素施入微区。在第2至第4个轮作周期内,为了分析残留肥料氮的动向及其对作物的有效性,微区内不施任何肥料。结果发现,冬小麦播种前施用的~(15)N标记氮肥于收获期在0~200 cm土壤剖面中均有残留,但大部分累积在0~40 cm土层中,累积总量达到200.9 kg hm~(-2),占当季施入量的83.7%。在随后的夏玉米生长季残留的肥料氮迅速减少,之后随生长季的后移缓慢减少,然后保持相对稳定。经过4年的冬小麦/夏玉米轮作,0~300 cm土壤剖面仍残留大量的~(15)N肥料,后季不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的残留量分别为47.1 kg hm~(-2)和54.0 kg hm~(-2)。可见,有一部分肥料氮被固定在土壤有机质中。作物对残留氮的回收量逐年减少,且因后季追施氮肥与否而异,4年中作物对肥料氮的总利用率不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的分别为46.9%和50.4%,其中在第1个轮作周期中,小麦和玉米的总利用率分别41.6%和42.0%,后3年利用率分别仅有5.3%和8.4%;4年中残留~(15)N的损失率分别达38.1%和29.7%,其损失主要发生在第1个轮作周期的夏玉米生长季节。说明,在旱地土壤上,氮肥的残留是不可避免的,残留肥料氮的有效性较低,只有少量被作物逐年吸收,一部分以有机形态残留在土壤剖面中,另一部分发生了无效损失。后季追施氮肥可促进作物对土壤残留肥料氮的吸收且增加肥料氮在土壤中的保留,减少残留肥料氮的无效损失,但是以自身的大量损失为代价的。     

灌溉方法对温室番茄栽培尿素氮利用影响的研究

用15N示踪技术研究了沟灌和滴灌对温室番茄栽培尿素氮的利用及其在土壤中残留的影响。结果表明,滴灌处理番茄对15N肥料利用率是11.5%(地上部分),沟灌处理15N肥料利用率是7.4%。滴灌处理番茄所吸收的15N肥料量比沟灌处理提高了56.3%,灌溉方式对肥料15N在果实、茎、叶中的分配比例没有明显影响。0~100cm土层中15N肥料残留量滴灌处理为143.1kg/hm2,占氮肥投入量的63.6%,沟灌处理残留量为133.0kg/hm2,占氮肥投入量的59.1%;其中在0~20cm表土层中残留的肥料氮最多,沟灌和滴灌分别达到了79.9kg/hm2和97.3kg/hm2,占0~100cm土层肥料氮残留总量60.1%和68.0%。沟灌处理肥料氮的损失量为75.5kg/hm2,占氮肥投入量的33.5%;滴灌处理肥料氮的损失量为56.0kg/hm2,占氮肥投入量的24.9%。     

土壤中不同浓度阿特拉津和丁草胺对小白菜生长及残留的影响

采用盆栽研究了3种典型土壤(潮土、黑土和红壤)中添加不同浓度的阿特拉津和丁草胺对小白菜生长以及其在土壤中残留的影响。结果表明,阿特拉津的生物效应及其在植株中的残留随土壤类型和浓度变化而变化,阿特拉津很容易从土壤转移至小白菜植物体内积累;未观察到丁草胺对小白菜植株生长的影响及其在植物体内的残留,适用于小白菜前茬或当茬作物杂草防除。     

农产品农药残留检测技术要点分析

农产品可满足人类饮食需求,农产品质量安全关系到人类健康。农药残留作为影响农产品质量安全的主要因素之一,加强对农药残留的检测非常重要,基于此,对几种常用农产品农药残留检测技术进行总结。     

保水剂与氮磷肥配施对玉米生长及养分吸收的影响

以夏玉米为研究对象,采用避雨桶栽试验方法精确控制水肥条件,研究保水剂(SAP)与5种氮磷肥配比(N∶P分别为1∶4,2∶3,1∶1,3∶2,4∶1)模式对土壤肥力水平、玉米植株生长及其养分吸收利用的效应。结果表明,保水剂与氮磷肥均衡施用(N∶P为1∶1)能够促进玉米植株的生长及对养分的吸收利用,生育期内平均株高、叶面积较其他处理分别提高了3.36%～7.19%,5.36%～29.26%;干物质积累与植株氮、磷累积量较其他处理分别提高了13.79%～27.61%,15.91%～32.47%,18.66%～33.75%;同时与未施保水剂处理相比,生育期内土壤平均无机氮含量减少5.42%,有效磷含量提高3.55%;在本试验条件下,施用SAP 1.68g/pot、N 2.89g/pot、P 2.89g/pot可得到最大玉米产量113.93g/pot,收获时产量较其他处理提高了18.69%～30.94%。试验结果为华北地区应用保水剂条件下的夏玉米氮磷肥施用配比提供了参考。     

Bacterial inoculants for rice: effects on nutrient uptake and growth promotion

Beneficial soil bacteria are able to colonize plant root systems promoting plant growth and increasing crop yield and nutrient uptake through a variety of mechanisms. These bacteria can be an alternative to chemical fertilizers without productivity loss. The objectives of this study were to test bacterial inoculants for their ability to promote nutrient uptake and/or plant growth of rice plants subjected to different rates of chemical fertilizer, and to determine whether inoculants could be an alternative to nitrogen fertilizers. To test the interaction between putatively beneficial bacteria and rice plants, field experiments were conducted with two isolates: AC32 (Herbaspirillum sp.) and UR51 (Rhizobium sp.), and different nitrogen fertilization conditions (0%, 50%, and 100% of urea). Satisfactory results were obtained in relation to the nutrient uptake by plants inoculated with both isolates, principally when the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 50% reduced. These bacterial strains were unable to increase plant growth and grain yield when plants were subjected to the high level of fertilization. This study indicated that the tested inoculant formulations can provide essential nutrients to plants, especially when the levels of nitrogen fertilizers are reduced.     

有机、无机肥料氮在水稻-土壤系统中的转化与分配

在农业生产中,氮肥是决定作物产量的一个重要因素.有关氮肥的施肥方法和增产效果,长期以来已有很多报道,但是,对于有机态氮肥,如绿肥以及有机、无机肥结合施用以后,肥料氮素和土壤氮素在作物—土壤系统中的转化和分配动态研究较少.有机肥和绿肥是我国农业生产中的主要肥源.解放以后,全国开始普遍施用化肥,当前有机、无机肥结合施用已是我国施肥方法中的主要特点.     

土壤氮矿化-固持周转(MIT)研究进展

土壤氮矿化-固持周转(MIT)过程与土壤供氮力及氮素损失间存在密切关系。本文概述了近年来MIT过程的研究方法及其相应的模型;对土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤理化性质、植物生长状况以及有机、无机肥的施用等影响MIT过程的主要因素进行了较详尽地阐述,并展望了今后主要的研究方向。     

Aminochelates in plant nutrition: a review

Chelates are compounds that are applied to improve nutrition, especially the micronutrients status of plant tissues. During past decades, various chelating agents have been synthesized and introduced to agricultural systems. The recent formulas are aminochelates that are synthesized using various amino acids and a single or several nutrient ions aimed at improving fertilizer use efficiency and more adaptation to environment protection. Apart from their primary use as a micronutrient source, aminochelates represent an effective nitrogen (N) fertilizer in plant nutrition that can avoid negative effects from simple N fertilizers, such as urea. In various studies, higher yield and quality as well as higher concentration of nutrient elements have been obtained by application of aminochelates rather than simple chemical fertilizers. These compounds claimed to be more natural and safer forms of chelating agents, with higher use efficiency and without environmental side effects. However, there is lack of sufficient knowledge especially regarding their detailed impacts and their fate within the soil and plant system. This review provides information concerning the role of aminochelates in plant nutrition and to summarize the previous recent studies that have been done using these fertilizers.     

氮磷钾配施对烤烟农艺性状和主要化学成分的影响

采用灰色关联分析法,通过大田试验,研究了氮磷钾肥在影响烤烟生长发育中农艺性状和叶片主要化学成分的主次关系。结果表明,烤烟农艺性状与氮肥的关联序为:单叶重>叶长>叶宽>株高>留叶数;与磷肥为:单叶重>株高>叶长>叶宽>留叶数;与钾肥为:单叶重>叶长>株高>叶宽>留叶数。叶片含氮量与磷肥密切相关;叶片含钾量与钾肥密切相关,氮肥和磷肥的影响也较钾肥显著;影响淀粉的主要因子是磷肥;影响总糖和还原糖含量的主要因子分别为钾肥和磷肥;影响游离氨基酸含量的主要因子是钾肥。因此,在烤烟栽培中选择合理比例的氮磷钾肥配施,能够有效协调烤烟农艺性状及主要化学成分的含量,进而为烤烟优质高产奠定基础。     

滴灌施氮肥对盆栽玉米生长的影响

本研究通过滴灌施氮肥与常规的基施氮肥进行比较试验,以了解两种不同的施肥方式下施用不同品种氮肥对氮肥利用率的影响。试验设10个处理,所选用的氮肥品种有:尿素、硝酸铵、硝酸钙、硫酸铵。试验结果表明,同基施氮肥+滴灌处理相比,滴灌施氮肥处理能显著提高氮肥的利用率,其增幅达8.75%～21.50%,有利于玉米对氮肥的吸收及生物量的积累;在同一灌溉施肥条件下施用不同品种的氮肥时,各处理间的氮肥利用率表现出一定的差异性,其中硝酸钙处理的氮肥利用率显著低于另外3种氮肥处理。     

Short-term impact of two liquid organic fertilizers on Solanum lycopersicum L. rhizosphere Eubacteria and Archaea diversity

This study evaluates the effect of two different kinds of liquid organic fertilizers and a mineral fertilizer on microbial populations (Eubacteria and Archaea) living in the tomato rhizosphere. The organic fertilizers comprised a stillage from bakery yeasts production, characterized by acidic pH and high organic nitrogen content, as well as a vermicompost extract with alkaline pH and low nitrogen content. The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of Archaea species significantly increased after the addition of both the organic and mineral fertilizers, in comparison to the unfertilized control. Eubacteria OTUs increased only in plants treated with the stillage. T-RFLPs profiles identified different clusters of soil rhizospheric Archaea and Eubacteria in treatments of both organic and mineral fertilizers. However, multivariate analyses performed on indicators of genetic diversity, based on the T-RFLPs profiles, and Shannon and equitability indexes of the Archaea and Eubacteria communities, pointed out marked differences between the control (or the mineral fertilization) and the organic fertilizers. The latter treatments induced also a higher root growth and a modification of the root architecture in comparison to both control and mineral fertilizer. The results are discussed with reference to the effect of the organic products on rhizospheric soil characteristics and the relationships between the plant and the rhizospheric microorganisms.     

水稻全耕层一次性基施氮肥增产的机理

本试验应用15_N示踪技术研究了氮肥不同施用方法对水稻增产的机理。结果表明:全层一次基施法与一次面施法或分次表施法相比,植株对氮素的吸收增多,碳铵利用率提高30.2—84.2％,尿素利用率提高13.8—23.7％;在土壤中的残留率,碳铵增加9.4—29.6％,尿素增加11.4—12.8％,从而有利于提高稻谷产量。     

Mineral Fertilizers and Green Mulch in Chinese Cabbage [ Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.]: Effect on Nutrient Uptake,Yield and Internal Tipburn

Large applications of mineral fertilizers in Chinese cabbage [ Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.] increased growth, total nitrogen and nitrate concentrations at harvest, and increased the occurrence of internal tipburn. Green mulch, as the only fertilizer or in combination with small amounts of mineral fertilizers, resulted in slower growth and lower total nitrogen and nitrate concentrations at harvest, and also prevented the occurrence of internal tipburn. No visible symptoms of nutrient deficiencies were detected, but plant analyses showed that the concentrations of magnesium, zinc, manganese and copper were below the estimated sufficiency limits in all fertilizer regimes. High soil pH, 6.4-6.8, and large amounts of calcium in the soil decreased the availability of these elements. The results demonstrate the importance of simultaneous analyses of several elements in revealing suboptimal concentrations and/or imbalances that depress yield and quality but do not result in visible symptoms. The results also indicate that organic fertilizers such as green mulch may be more suitable than mineral fertilizers in preventing the occurrence of physiological disorders such as tipburn.