小流域畜牧业系统的能流物流特征分析

将陇东黄土高原沟壑区的三星流域的畜牧业作为小流域生态经济系统中的一个亚系统，定量分析各种畜禽能量、蛋白质及其它营养物质的转化效率及畜牧亚系统与其它亚系统之间的物、能交流特征，据此对畜牧业在小流域生态经济系统中的作用作出客观评价。     

新疆畜牧业生态经济系统耦合协调发展研究

实践证明畜牧业发展可以有效促进农牧民脱贫。为了实现新疆维吾尔自治区(下称新疆)畜牧业健康发展,实现畜牧业持续、稳定促脱贫的目的,笔者通过建立新疆畜牧业生态经济系统耦合协调发展评价模型,从生态、经济两个方面对畜牧业生态经济系统进行耦合协调分析,以期找出畜牧业生态经济耦合协调发展关系及其耦合协调度动态演变趋势,为有关部门制定畜牧业政策提供有益的参考。结果表明:新疆畜牧业生态经济系统正逐步趋于向好,但协调只是相对的,经济高速发展的背后,生态环境问题仍不容忽视。     

农垦畜牧业系统化管理的初步设想

畜牧业生产系统是一个生态、社会和经济相结合的系统,因此,研究畜牧业系统不仅是畜牧业经济问题,而且也涉及畜牧业生态问题和相关的社会问题。我们必须以系统的观念综合考虑,使每个系统紧密衔接,减少人为的宽松失误或因某个子系统不协调而造成的生态失衡和社会系统中人的危机。 按照系统本生的要求,除确定畜牧业生产系统所包含的各个子系统外,还应广泛研究与之相关的其他产业及边缘产业的运行和规划。但是,鉴于垦区内部管理衔接的偏差,在此,我们只对影响畜牧业生产系统较大、     

“工厂化”、集约化养殖方式伺以受到质疑（续三）——“工厂化”养殖对动物健康与动物福利的危害及选择

为了拯救日益脆弱的农业生态环境，促进健康安全食品生产，1972年，国际有机农业运动联合会（简称IFOAM）成立。在发展有机农业的启发与推动下，各国纷纷兴起发展生态畜牧业的浪潮。生态畜牧业是生态大农业系统的一个亚系统，是现代畜牧业发展的高级阶段和必然归宿，是畜牧业生产与自然环境和谐统一的产物，是畜牧业发展的最高层次，是畜牧业可持续发展的最佳方式。实践表明，发展生态畜牧业可以有效避免“工厂化”、集约化畜牧业的弊端与危害，实现持续健康发展与生态环境保护的统一，实现提高经济效益与保证动物健康与动物福利的双赢，被认为是畜牧业可持续健康发展的最佳选择。中国发展现代畜牧业和实行健康养殖，发展具有中国特色的生态畜牧业已经成为一种必然选择．     

山东省胶州市大沽河流域综合治理中畜牧业发展的定位与对策

当前畜牧业面临环境保护的压力，养殖环境污染制约着畜牧业的发展，发展生态畜牧业成为必然趋势。本文介绍了山东省胶州市境内大沽河流域的畜牧养殖现状、存在问题以及胶州市准备以大沽河流域综合治理为契机，通过切实加强沿河畜禽养殖的污染防治，对大沽河周边环境进行治理，加快流域内畜牧生产结构调整，大力开展生态养殖，种养结合，打造以大沽河为中心，以胶莱、李哥庄镇为着力点，集种植、养殖、旅游、观光为一体的特色畜牧业基地，建设沿河生态、观光和特色畜牧业发展带。     

试论畜牧业生产系统的稳定机制

试论畜牧业生产系统的稳定机制方德罗，张运涛（浙江农业大学动物科学学院）畜牧业生产系统实质上是一个开放型的人工生态经济系统。建立高效、稳定和整体功能良好的畜牧生产系统是发展生态畜牧业的主要目标。探讨畜牧生产系统的稳定机制对调控畜牧业的健康发展具有重要的...     

"工厂化"、集约化养殖方式何以受到质疑(续三)——"工厂化"养殖对动物健康与动物福利的危害及选择

导读: 为了拯救日益脆弱的农业生态环境,促进健康安全食品生产,1972年,国际有机农业运动联合会(简称IFOAM)成立.在发展有机农业的启发与推动下,各国纷纷兴起发展生态畜牧业的浪潮.生态畜牧业是生态大农业系统的一个亚系统,是现代畜牧业发展的高级阶段和必然归宿,是畜牧业生产与自然环境和谐统一的产物,是畜牧业发展的最高层次,是畜牧业可持续发展的最佳方式.实践表明,发展生态畜牧业可以有效避免"工厂化"、集约化畜牧业的弊端与危害,实现持续健康发展与生态环境保护的统一,实现提高经济效益与保证动物健康与动物福利的双赢,被认为是畜牧业可持续健康发展的最佳选择.中国发展现代畜牧业和实行健康养殖,发展具有中国特色的生态畜牧业已经成为一种必然选择.     

发展草原生态畜牧业是解决草原退化困境的有效途径

自20世纪末以来,随着人口的大幅增长及市场需求的快速发展,草原系统从原先自我封闭、自我调节、自我维持、低效粗放的游牧经济形态转变为自由、开放的生态经济形态.在此过程中,随着畜牧业的发展与农村人口的迁入,使得较大范围的草地不断被开垦甚至撂荒,天然草原不断被挤压,致使草原陷入退化困境.基于此,文章在对草原退化困境进行分析的基础上,深入探析发展草原生态畜牧业的意义,得出发展草原生态畜牧业是解决草原退化困境的有效途径,同时还提出及加快草原生态畜牧业发展的具体措施和建议.     

农业词典

生态畜牧业:是遵循现代生态学、生态经济学与系统科学原理,充分利用食物链理论,运用生态工程方法,通过改变系统的食物链结构,达到调整系统有机态物质和能量流向的目的,实现经济、社会、生态效益三者相统一的高效、稳定、持续发展的畜牧业生产工程。生态养殖技术可以把相应的植物、动物、微生物等生物种群匹配组合起来,从而合理有效地开发、利用多种资源,防治环境污染。生态畜牧业通过经济与生态的良性     

西北内陆河流域水资源利用的生态经济研究

水资源是西北内陆河流域生态环境建设和经济社会发展的控制因素,是进行各类基础设施建设的前提条件.利用生态经济学中的生态经济协调发展理论和可持续发展的思想,从生态、社会和经济3个方面对水资源开发利用的可持续性进行综合评价,找到水资源生态系统和社会经济系统的平衡点,达到生态和经济平衡,实现水资源的可持续利用.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein