邹城市创建国家园林城市成效研究

为研究国家园林城市建设成效,以邹城市为例,采用遥感测算、现场调查、统计分析等方法,构建园林城市建设绩效评估体系,探讨了邹城市国家园林城市创建前后10年城市环境与居民福祉的变化。结果表明：(1)国家园林城市创建使邹城市绿地规模得到大幅提升：十年间邹城市公园数量与面积及人均公园面积剧增、绿化达标道路长度跃增、园林式居住区(单位)增加;(2)园林城市创建提升了邹城市公园绿地的服务民生效率：10年间邹城市公园绿地服务盲区较减少了22.87%;公园绿地服务半径覆盖率、公园分布均好度、社区公园服务半径覆盖率均有显著提升,邹城市创建国家园林城市成效显著。     

公园绿地水平分布均度的应用可行性分析

以郑州市中心城区公园绿地为研究对象,以"公园绿地水平分布均度"为着手点对郑州市中心城区公园绿地建设现状的分布格局进行量化研究。通过现状调查,结合卫星图片及郑州市绿地系统规划图,绘制中心城区公园绿地现状分布图;采用网格法对公园绿地现状图进行统计处理,运用基尼系数以量化的形式展现公园绿地水平分布格局,并判断其分布的均匀程度。结果表明:利用洛伦茨曲线与基尼系数来反应城市公园绿地的分布格局完全是可行的,而且计算方法也比较清晰;认为郑州中心城区公园绿地分布格局非常人性化,以"公园绿地水平分布均度"作为城市绿地系统规划与建设的一个重要量化指标是可行的。     

丽水市区园林绿地调查分析

调查表明，丽水市区绿地总面积为371．14hm^2，城市绿化覆盖率为30．4％。公园绿地、公共设施绿地比重大，社区绿化相对薄弱，旧城区与新城区绿地面积分布不均，树种配置较简单，现有绿地养护与管理有待提高。     

日本的公园绿地系统

日本的绿地环境颇具特色,在世界上是以高达67%的森林覆盖率而闻名。其都市公园绿地规划特别是近代公园绿地计划体系作为城市绿地总体规划中重要的组成部分,经过多年的努力实践,完善了计划,合理     

呼和浩特市公共绿地现状分析

通过对呼和浩特市公共绿地的调查,对全市公共绿地需求及布局进行了进一步量化研究,对公共绿地的现状进行了调查分析,结果表明：目前市民对公共绿地有多样化的要求;人均3.86 m2的公园绿地、3.92m2的游园绿地、21.6 m2的近郊风景点绿地、677.33 m2的远郊风景区绿地,基本符合市民当前对公共绿地的需求;综合性大公园及小游园的服务半径分别以2.5 km和0.75 km为宜;对市内综合性大公园需求为11个,游园的近期需求为119个左右。呼和浩特市尚存在公园分布不合理及游园严重不足等问题。     

建绿色荣昌 造森林县城——重庆市荣昌县实施森林工程掠影

绿色县境生态工程奠基础荣昌县位于重庆西部,东临永川区、大足县,南靠四川省泸县,西连四川省隆昌县,北接四川省安岳县。全县有林地及林业生产为主的土地共计53.43万亩,森林覆盖率30.15%;县城绿化覆盖面积1.09万亩,绿化覆盖率40.5%;绿地面积0.97万亩,绿地率36%,人均绿地36平方米;公园绿地0.27万亩,人均公园绿地10平方米。     

泗洪县公园绿地调查及分析

指出了城市公园绿地是城市对外形象的重要窗口,也是城市居民休闲娱乐的重要场所,同时兼有城市防灾避险的功能。为了解泗洪县公园绿地建设情况,为泗洪县乃至宿迁市公园绿地的设计与建设提供参考,对全县公园绿地进行了调查分析,调查统计结果表明:泗洪县公园、游园绿地率均达到70%以上,取得了良好的社会效益、环境效益和生态效益。目前泗洪县公园绿地布局合理,分布均匀,已达到300m左右一处就可以步入绿色空间的规划要求。     

丽水市区园林绿化现状与发展对策

经调查丽水市区绿化覆盖率为16.5%,人均公园绿地面积为5.85m2,离国家园林城市标准有一定差距,还存在以下问题:绿地总量不足,分布不匀;园林植物种类少,物种多样性没有得到充分体现;行道树种单一化;乡土树种应用少,地方特色不明显等.针对存在的问题,提出了园林绿化的发展建议.     

上海浦西建成区城市森林树冠覆盖特点及格局

应用ArcGIS判读2012年上海的遥感影像,分析上海浦西外环线内建成区(360 km2)树冠覆盖特征;判读样方218个、面积3 420 hm2,占研究区的9.5%。结果表明,现有树冠覆盖总面积为8 241.82 hm2、树冠覆盖率22.89%。浦西建成区内55所公园的平均覆盖率为53.72%;不同功能区的树冠覆盖率有显著差异,其中公园最高(53.72%),其次是外环林带(50.72%)、一般绿地(34.60%)、校园(24.13%),住宅最低(21.87%)。按树冠覆盖估算,研究区共有乔木810万余株,潜在的树冠覆盖率可达24.56%~25.67%,至少可增植乔木60万株。       

基于网络分析法的山地城市公园绿地可达性研究——以承德市中心城区为例

为了研究山地城市公园绿地的可达性水平,利用GIS软件和网络分析法原理,结合山地城市特征及城市公园绿地现状、道路和人口分布状况,在优化山地城市公园绿地可达性分析方法的基础上,以承德市中心城区为例,分析了各行政区及各街道的城市公园绿地空间可达性和服务水平,以期为城市绿地系统规划及城市公园绿地空间分布格局提供优化依据。研究发现:(1)研究区公园绿地可达服务面积比和服务人口比分别为61.68%和60.71%,公园绿地总体服务水平不理想;(2)研究区小型公园绿地建设水平有待提升;(3)研究区缺乏大型综合性公园绿地;(4)新城区的公园绿地建设仍需完善。针对以上问题,提出如下策略:(1)加强城市公园绿地建设水平;(2)增加小型公园绿地的数量,并对其进行合理布局;(3)加强山地公园建设,弥补综合公园绿地建设的不足;(4)新城区在开展城市建设的同时要兼顾绿地系统的建设。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.