机械伤能促进红色砂梨着色

据《园艺学报》报道,以红色砂梨品种“满天红”为试材进行的采后机械伤处理对果实着色相关的生理指标和基因表达影响的研究结果表明：机械伤处理能够有效促进果实受伤部位花色苷的积累,并伴随着该部位果实硬度显著下降,乙烯释放速率显著上升,花色苷合成相关基因PpF3H、PpANS、PpUFGT和PyMYBIO表达量显著上调。     

红梨资源及其果实着色机制研究进展

近几年,随着杂交选育的优良红色砂梨品种在我国的推广栽培,红梨资源及其果实着色机制的研究受到国内学者越来越多的关注.红梨资源分布广泛,具有复杂的遗传背景和丰富的遗传多样性,涵盖了包括西洋梨、砂梨、白梨、秋子梨和新疆梨在内的世界梨主栽系统,商业价值也很高.红梨着色主要缘于果皮中花色苷的积累,花色苷经由类黄酮代谢途径合成,参...     

红色砂梨2个品种着色过程中的外观变化及其解剖学结构观察

以红色砂梨(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)品种美人酥和云红梨1号为试材,以套袋处理(果袋类型、去袋方式和去袋时间组合成10个不同的套袋处理)为手段研究了果实着色过程中外观和解剖结构的变化。结果表明,红色砂梨的着色需要有高强度的光照。生长过程中套有不透光袋的果实临近成熟时,只有完全曝光才能大量合成花青苷,而且在很短的时间内(大约2周)果实着色面积、着色程度即可优于对照(不套袋处理)。红色砂梨着色是从果实向阳的一侧先开始,且以果点为中心呈放射状向四周扩展,至采收时果实阳面红色能够均匀分布,但整个果面色泽很难一致。解剖结构分析表明果面呈红色是因为果皮中紧邻表皮层的3～4层细胞存在红色细胞(含有花青苷),在果实着色过程中这些红色细胞数目不断增多,同时细胞内色素浓度不断增大。云红梨1号合成花青苷的能力明显优于美人酥,果实着色更鲜艳。解剖学观察发现云红梨1号的表皮细胞层也含有红色细胞。     

早熟苹果花青苷积累与其相关酶活性及乙烯生成之间的关系

 以生长发育期相近但着色不同的早熟苹果‘泰山早霞’（红色）和‘辽伏’（绿色）为试材,研究果实生长发育过程中果皮花青苷含量和PAL、CHI、UFGT 活性,以及乙烯释放速率的变化。结果显示：①在果实发育过程中,‘泰山早霞’花青苷含量与苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、查尔酮异构酶（CHI）、类黄酮半乳糖苷转移酶（UFGT）活性均明显高于‘辽伏’。②两个早熟苹果在采收前均有乙烯释放高峰,并且乙烯释放高峰早于花青苷的迅速积累;喷施1-MCP 后果实的乙烯释放速率降低,花青苷合成随之显著减少：说明乙烯启动并调控早熟苹果成熟期花青苷的积累。③‘泰山早霞’发育后期花青苷含量与UFGT活性显著正相关,乙烯可能是通过调控UFGT 酶的活性来促进花青苷的合成。     

油菜素内酯对高温胁迫下葡萄花色苷合成及果实品质的影响

以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’（Vitisvinfera‘CabernetSauvignon’）为试材，于果实转色期前一周对整株喷施2,4–表油菜素内酯（2,4-brassinolide,EBR），采用红外辐射器模拟增温环境，研究EBR处理对高温胁迫下果实成熟过程中花色苷合成及果实品质的影响。结果表明，高温降低了花色苷含量，下调了花色苷合成相关基因VvCHS、VvDFR、VvLDOX和VvMybA1的表达量。转色初期（花后63d），高温处理的果实着色率比对照减少了17.80%。EBR提高了花色苷和可溶性糖的含量。花后77 d，高温+EBR处理与高温处理相比，果实花色苷含量提高了21.65%。果实成熟后期，高温+EBR处理VvCHS与VvLDOX表达量分别是高温处理的3.27和2.21倍。相关性分析显示，高温+EBR处理下花色苷含量与VvMybA1转录水平呈极显著正相关；可溶性糖与花色苷含量呈显著正相关。葡萄外源EBR处理可提高转色初期花色苷含量，改善果实着色，促进总糖和总酚积累，有效缓解高温对果实品质的影响。     

果实花色苷合成激素调控的研究进展

色泽是果实的重要商品指标,果实的着色状况取决于花色苷的含量,而果实中花色苷的合成与植物激素关系密切.现综述了植物激素调控花色苷合成的机理研究近几年取得的进展,介绍了花色苷的种类、合成途径、控制基因及基因表达,详细阐述了果实花色苷合成过程中五大类植物激素的调控作用.     

乙烯和葡萄糖处理对‘洛阳红’牡丹切花花色和花青素苷合成的影响

以‘洛阳红’牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa‘Luoyanghong’）切花为试材,研究10 μL ? L-1乙烯处理、1 μL ? L-1乙烯抑制剂1-MCP处理、90 g ? L-1葡萄糖处理、90 g ? L-1葡萄糖 + 10 μL ? L-1乙烯复合处理对切花花色和花青素苷含量的影响,以蒸馏水处理为对照。研究结果表明：乙烯处理的切花花色明度增加,红度和彩度下降,花瓣花青素苷含量下降;1-MCP处理与对照无显著差异;葡萄糖处理花色明度下降,红度和彩度增加,花瓣花青素苷含量增加;葡萄糖乙烯复合处理对切花花色及花青素苷积累也有明显改善与促进作用。对花青素苷合成相关基因表达量分析的结果表明,乙烯处理对基因表达有抑制作用,而葡萄糖处理有显著的正调控作用,葡萄糖乙烯复合处理则显著缓解了单独乙烯处理对基因表达的负调控作用。葡萄糖信号和乙烯信号之间一定程度上存在互作,葡萄糖缓解了乙烯对牡丹切花花青素苷合成的抑制作用。     

套袋对2种类型红肉猕猴桃果实着色的影响

【目的】探讨套袋处理对2种不同类型红肉猕猴桃果实着色的影响,为解析光照对花色苷合成分子机制的影响提供依据。【方法】以不同类型的红肉猕猴桃品种‘红阳’与‘天源红’为试材并分别对其进行套袋处理,使用日本柯尼卡美能达可携式色差计CR-400对不同处理、不同时期、不同果实部位进行色差指标的测定,采用高效液相色谱法对这些样品果的花色苷含量进行半定量分析。【结果】套袋能使‘红阳’猕猴桃果实中果皮、内果皮的色度角明显降低,促进中果皮绿色变淡,内果皮红色变深。‘红阳’猕猴桃的中果皮在整个果实发育过程中始终没有检测到花色苷的存在,内果皮在花后70 d开始有花色苷的积累,随后出现交替增长的规律。在果实生长发育前期,套袋果实解袋后内果皮花色苷积累量高于一直套袋和未套袋果实。在花后100~120 d,未套袋果实内果皮花色苷积累量一直增加,至花后120 d达到最大,高于一直套袋和解袋果实。套袋能够显著降低‘天源红’果实外果皮的色度角,而对果肉(中果皮和内果皮)和果心色度角并无显著影响。一直套袋会阻碍花色苷在外果皮、果肉、果心中的积累。套袋果实解袋后外果皮、果肉、果心花色苷的积累量明显升高,在花后110 d达到最大。【结论】套袋果实解袋能够促进‘红阳’猕猴桃果实内果皮更多地积累花色苷,甚至高于非套袋果实,可以促进内果皮更好地着色。一直套袋能够促进‘红阳’内果皮着色,但促进强度不如前者。套袋处理对‘天源红’果实的影响主要集中在外果皮,果肉次之,对果心的影响较小。套袋果实解袋能够促进‘天源红’猕猴桃果实外果皮、果肉更多地积累花色苷,甚至高于非套袋果实,可以促进外果皮和果肉更好地着色。一直套袋阻碍‘天源红’果实花色苷的合成积累,影响着色。     

油菜素内酯和脱落酸调控葡萄果实花色苷合成的研究

【目的】为研究2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)和脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)处理对葡萄花色苷合成与可溶性固形物含量、果皮苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和类黄酮糖基转移酶(UFGT)活性以及果实内源ABA含量的影响,探索油菜素内酯调控葡萄果实成熟及花色苷合成的机理。【方法】以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’(Cabernet Sauvignon)和‘烟73’(Yan 73)为试材,在葡萄转色前分别用0.1、0.4、0.8 mg.L-1EBR,1mg.L-1Brz(brassinazole,BR生物合成抑制剂)和200 mg.L-1ABA,均匀喷施于葡萄果实,在葡萄成熟过程中测定葡萄果皮花色苷含量及PAL和UFGT酶活性,同时测定果实ABA和可溶性固形物含量。【结果】在果实着色初期,‘赤霞珠’和‘烟73’葡萄果皮PAL和UFGT活性及果实内源ABA含量均逐渐升高,当果实接近成熟花色苷含量基本稳定时ABA含量开始降低。与对照相比,0.4mg.L-1EBR和200 mg.L-1ABA处理显著增加了果实内源ABA含量,提高了果皮PAL和UFGT活性,促进了果皮花色苷的合成和果实可溶性固形物的积累。0.1 mg.L-1和0.8 mg.L-1EBR处理总体增加了果实内源ABA含量,促进了花色苷的合成和可溶性固形物的积累,并提高了UFGT和PAL酶活性,但比0.4 mg.L-1EBR处理提高的幅度小,且差异显著。1 mg.L-1Brz处理使果实ABA的合成推迟,果实可溶性固形物含量、果皮PAL和UFGT活性以及花色苷含量均低于对照,但差异不显著。【结论】外源EBR和ABA处理促进了葡萄成熟和花色苷合成,在不同浓度EBR处理中,以0.4 mg.L-1处理效果较好;内源ABA可能参与了EBR对葡萄成熟和花色苷合成的调控。     

ABA对葡萄花色苷合成相关基因表达的影响

以京优葡萄为试材．研究果实成熟过程中果皮花色苷含量及其生物合成相关酶基因和转录因子转录水平的变化．同时研究不同浓度ABA处理对花色苷含量和相关基因转录水平的影响。结果表明,葡萄果实发育进入着色期,CHSs、CHIs基因家族中的CHS3、CH12和UFGT、MybAJ、MybAl-2随花色苷合成而大量表达,其转录水平与花...     

Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.     

Changes in anthocyanin synthesis as an index of maturity in red apple varieties

Changes in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation may be useful for predicting maturity in Jonathan and other early to mid-season, red apple varieties. While the level of anthocyanin at a particular stage of maturity may be related to environmental factors, the capacity to accumulate anthocyanin is a function of maturity and independent of environmental influence.

Anthocyanin is degraded in immature fruit skin as rapidly as it is formed, giving an equilibrium level that is a function of the light intensity. When light intensity is reduced (by shading), the anthocyanin level falls in immature fruit skin but continues to rise in mature fruit skin. The transition from the immature to mature stages with respect to anthocyanin accumulation occurs rapidly and precedes the normal harvest date by about two to three weeks, suggesting that this attribute might be used in the prediction of maturity in suitable red apple varieties.     

光照对云南红梨着色及果实品质影响的研究

对红梨果实套袋处理,测定其果皮花色苷含量和着色指数、果实可溶性固形物及蔗糖含量,以探讨光照对云南红梨32号、红梨35号和云红梨1号果皮着色及果实品质的影响.结果表明,红梨32号、红梨35号和云红梨1号果皮着色指数与光照时间和光照质量有关.相同光照条件下,摘除果袋后果皮着色指数从大到小依次为云红梨1号>红梨32号>红梨35号,且着色指数与果皮花色苷含量变化趋于一致;自然光、桔黄色光和白色光是诱导果皮花色苷合成的主要色光,其中自然光对果皮着色影响最大.随着果皮着色指数增加,红梨果肉中蔗糖含量不断增加.     

1-MCP和AVG对肥城桃果实采后衰老的影响

研究了采前喷AVG、采后1-MCP熏蒸和二者复合处理对肥城桃果实在采后冷藏(0℃)过程中衰老的影响。结果表明,AVG、1-MCP和AVG+1-MCP处理均能显著降低肥城桃冷藏过程中乙烯产生速率,延迟果实衰老,降低脂氧合酶(LOX)活性,显著提高肥城桃冷藏过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并延迟了LOX和SOD活性峰值的出现。此外,3个处理还不同程度地提高了果实的硬度、减少了果实的失重和冷害的发生。     

Effects of water deficit during stage II of peach fruit development and postharvest on fruit quality and ethylene production

Summary

This study examined the hypothesis that enhancement of peach quality resulting from Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) is caused primarily by changes in fruit physiology during development. Water deficit was applied during either stage II of fruit development (RDI-SII) or during stage II and postharvest (RDI-SII-PH), as compared with non-droughted (control) and postharvest (RDI-PH) treatments. Fruit from the various RDI treatments had significantly higher soluble solids concentrations and red colour at harvest than control fruit. While fruit respiration was not altered by any RDI treatment, ethylene production indicated sooner the onset of climacteric phase for fruit from RDI-SII and RDI-SII-PH than for control or RDI-PH fruit. Accordingly, greater ethylene production in detached fruit was related to their having experienced water stress during development. Ethylene production by RDI-PH fruit did not change, but their quality did in terms of increased soluble solids concentration and improved skin colour similar to the RDI-SII treatment. This observation suggests that water-stress related changes occurring during fruit development are not the only factors involved in enhancing quality in RDI fruit.     

Comparison of anthocyanin synthesis of true-to-type `Tsugaru' apple and its red sport strains

Summary

The effects of light and temperature on anthocyanin accumulation in `Tsugaru' red sport strains, `Homei' and `Misuzu' were compared with true-to-type `Tsugaru' apple. The fruit of the red sport strains developed their red colour earlier than `Tsugaru', and `Homei' contained much more anthocyanin both on the blush side and the shaded side of the fruit on the tree. Both red strains accumulated much more anthocyanin than `Tsugaru' under white plus ultraviolet light of 280-320 nm (+UV), and under white light (-UV). The responsiveness of `Homei' to -UV light was greater than that of `Tsugaru' and `Misuzu'. The optimum temperature for highest anthocyanin production changed from 158C to 208C with advance of fruit ripening in all strains. There were no clear differences between `Tsugaru' and red strains for anthocyanin accumulation in response to temperature. Phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) activity has been investigated in relation with anthocyanin accumulation.     

5 - 氨基乙酰丙酸和金雀异黄素促进苹果果皮花青素形成的效应

 无论是树上的苹果果实还是离体果皮, 5 - 氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA) 处理均能显著促进果皮花青素积累, 而金雀异黄素(GNT) 促进离体果皮花青素积累的效应比ALA还明显。光照、ALA和GNT处理均诱导果皮PAL活性短时上升, 表明花青素积累涉及到合成酶活性的诱导。