产气量法研究不同植物提取物对瘤胃体外发酵的影响

为研究植物蜕皮甾酮、大蒜提取物、苍术提取物、桑叶提取物和牛蒡子提取物对瘤胃体外发酵的影响,试验利用体外产气量法设对照组(未添加组)和5个试验组,每种植物提取物的添加水平为1.5%,测定了发酵24和48h的DM消化率以及发酵96h的发酵参数。结果显示:1)和对照组相比,各试验组24hDM消化率无显著性差异(P0.05),植物蜕皮甾酮和大蒜提取物组48h的DM消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05);2)各植物提取物对96h产气量、理论最大产气量以及产气速率均无显著性影响(P0.05);3)各组之间pH无显著性差异(P0.05);植物蜕皮甾酮、桑叶提取物和苍术提取物组的NH3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05);植物蜕皮甾酮和桑叶提取物显著降低了总挥发酸浓度(P0.05),而牛蒡子提取物显著提高了总挥发酸浓度(P0.05);各提取物均降低乙酸摩尔比,升高了丙酸的摩尔比,但差异不显著(P0.05)。添加上述提取物能够降低体外发酵NH3-N浓度、提高48hDM消化率,可以一定程度的改善瘤胃发酵模式。     

Hormonal changes play important roles in the key period of superior and inferior earshoot differentiation in maize

The upper earshoots with higher superiority usually have higher yield potential and higher efficiency. To determine the key period for the asynchronous differentiation of superior and inferior earshoots and how hormones are involved in this process, a two-year experiment was designed using two maize hybrids: Suyu 41 (S41, single-ear hybrid) and AN 101 (A101, double-ear hybrid). The results showed that the lag of lower earshoot differentiation was not only caused by the delay of the differentiation starting time but also related to extension of the duration in spikelet differentiation (stage II) and sexual organ formation stage (stage IV). From 12 days before silking (DBS), the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR)+zeatin (ZT), and gibberellic acid (GA₃) in both upper and lower earshoots of the two hybrids increased dramatically and then decreased quickly. ABA slightly increased in the two hybrids and then decreased slowly in S41, while it was maintained at a high level in A101. At 8 DBS, i.e., the transition period from floret differentiation to sexual organ formation stage, not only the growth of upper-to-lower earshoot difference (ULED), but also the values for ULED of IAA, ZR+ZT and GA₃ were all significantly higher in S41 than in A101. Furthermore, the upper-to-lower hormone ratios IAA_U//AA_L and (ZR+ZT)_U/(ZR+ZT)_L were also much higher in the single-ear hybrid than in the double-ear hybrid, while the GA_3U/GA_3L and ABA_U/ABA_L had no significant differences. In addition, the time course of ULED_hormone/ULED_{earshoot growth rate} also suggested that the hormones work in different ways in earshoot superiority/inferiority formation. The delayed differentiation of lower ear shoots was conclusively related to the later initiation of differentiation and the longer durations of specific differentiation stages. Compared with the regulating roles of IAA and ZR+ZT in the key period (8 DBS) of superiority/inferiority differentiation, GA₃ seems to be affected earlier, while ABA contributes little to this process.     

The effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculums on in vitro rumen fermentation,methane production,ruminal cellulolytic bacteria populations and cellulase activities of corn stover silage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria(LAB) inoculums on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of corn stover silage. Corn stover was ensiled without(control) or with Lactobacillus plantarum(LP), Enterococcus faecalis(EF), and Enterococcus mundtii(EM) for 45 days. The fermentation characteristics were assessed, and subsequent in vitro dry matter digestibility(DM-D), neutral detergent fiber digestibility(NDF-D), volatile fatty acids(VFA), methane(CH_4) production, cellulolytic bacteria proportions and their activities per corn stover silage were also determined. There was no significant difference(P0.05) among the silage pH, lactic acid, crude protein(CP), water soluble carbohydrates(WSC) and lignocelluloses contents of different treatments. The relative proportions of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes, carboxymethyl-ocellulose and β-glycosidase activities, DM-D, NDF-D, and VFA production of in vitro incubation was higher(P0.05) for silages inoculated with LP and EF than those of the control silage. Silage inoculated with LP showed the lowest(P0.05) CH_4 production per unit yield of VFA, which was positively corresponded to the lowest(P0.05) ratio of acetate to propionate. In summary, the ensiling fermentation quality and subsequent utilization of corn stover silage were efficiently improved by inoculated with L. plantarum.     

Preparation of dry flowable formulations of Clonostachys rosea by spray drying and application for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum control

A dry flowable formulation of Clonostachys rosea with fungicidal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was prepared by spray drying. The formulation was optimized by a four-factor, three-level orthogonal experiment to screen inert ingredients and spray-drying conditions. The optimal dry flowable formulation of C. rosea included 30% C. rosea (ratio of conidia powder and its fermentation broth is 1:3), 3% Morwet EFW, 4% K12, 10% Morwet D425, 9% sodium salt of polynaphthalene sulphonic acid (NNO), 5% croscarmellose sodium, 5% (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na), 1% oxalic acid and palygorskite (carrier) up to 100%. The formulation exhibited good physical characteristics, such as high dispersibility, viability and a long shelf life. Plate antagonism tests and pot trials indicated that the dry flowable formulation was very effective against S. sclerotiorum, with control efficiency of up to 88.30%. This dry flowable formulation of C. rosea is a new potential commercial fungicide for spray drying to control S. sclerotiorum.     

Initial material for breeding of fiber flax under conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region

Sixty two cultivar samples of fiber flax of various ecological-and-geographic origin were studied for basic economically valuable traits (straw and seed productivity, fiber content and its quality) in 2014–2016 under conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region (Kirov oblast). The best genotypes were identified in terms of a set of traits: Flax of Heilonjiang no. 7 and no. 10; Heiya 11, 13 and 14; Huanguang 2 (China); Belinka (the Netherlands); and AP₅ (Russia). Straw yield depends on the stem technical length (r = 0.71–0.76). Cultivar samples having high fiber contents (28.7–34.5%) are identified: Mirazh, Tverskoi, AP₅, AP₆, Pskovskii-93, Dobrynya, Nord, Peresvet (Russia), B-179 (Lithuania), and Merilin (the Netherlands). High fiber durability is characteristic of samples Soglasie (Belarus)—20.3 kgf; Er-27 (Russia)—18.5 kgf; and B-179 (Lithuania)— 17.8 kgf.     

Productivity and parameters of the adaptive ability and stability of pea varieties

The complex assessment has been given to the pea varieties permitted for use by productivity and parameters of the adaptive ability based on the results of their test in three natural and climatic zones in Tyumen oblast. The best varieties by average productivity have been found—in conditions of subtaiga, Yamal’skii; in northern forest steppe, Yamal; and in southern forest steppe, Omskii 9. All varieties had strong variability of productivity. The highest level of realization of productivity potential of varieties was noticed in the conditions of subtaiga. The highest general adaptive ability was peculiar to the varieties Yamal’skii, Agrointel, and Yamal; and the largest values of a variance of the specific adaptive ability were detected in the varieties Omskii 9, Batrak, and Tyumenets. By plasticity, the varieties were divided into three groups: weakly responsive to the improvement of conditions (b _i < 1)—Omskii 9 and Batrak; intensive, with high response to the improvement of conditions (b _i > 1)—Yamal and Agrointel; and plastic, changing the productivity of which fully corresponds changing the growth environment (b _i = 1)—Tyumenets and Yamal.     

Combining Phytate/Ca2+ Fractionation with Trichloroacetic Acid/Acetone Precipitation Improved Separation of Low-Abundant Proteins of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Leaf for Proteomic Analysis

Proteomic assessment of low-abundance leaf proteins is hindered by the large quantity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) present within plant leaf tissues. In the present study, total proteins were extracted from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves by a conventional trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone method and a protocol first developed in this work. Phytate/Ca²⁺ fractionation and TCA/acetone precipitation were combined to design an improved TCA/acetone method. The extracted proteins were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The resulting 2-DE images were compared to reveal major differences. The results showed that large quantities of Rubisco were deleted from wheat leaf proteins prepared by the improved method. As many as (758±4) protein spots were detected from 2-DE images of protein extracts obtained by the improved method, 130 more than those detected by the TCA/acetone method. Further analysis indicated that more protein spots could be detected at regions of pI 4.00–4.99 and 6.50–7.00 in the improved method-based 2-DE images. Our findings indicated that the improved method is an efficient protein preparation protocol for separating low-abundance proteins in wheat leaf tissues by 2-DE analysis. The proposed protocol is simple, fast, inexpensive and also applicable to protein preparations of other plants.     

Estimating the Nutrient Balance of Multicomponent Meat Products Using Information Technologies

A computer system for the quality and nutrient balance assessment of multicomponent meat products, which is used for calculating the quantitative and qualitative indicators of food products, has been examined. In the computer system, the amino acid qualitative composition is determined by the comparative redundancy factor, the amino acid composition differences, the utility, and the biological value. The main block of the computer system is the Food Product Chemical Composition general reference database, which consists of five subblocks: the amino acid, fatty acid, carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral composition datasets. In order to develop the database, the object-oriented environments with the application of the Delphi- 7 desktop relational database management system are used. The second main block of the computer system is the Product Design block. An example of the computer system operation to assess the quality of the amino acid balance in the emulsified meat products (small sausages) is given. Four-percent soy protein incorporated into the formulation has been shown to change the main raw material composition (decreasing the secondgrade trimmed beef content from 48 to 35% and the semifat pork content from 30 to 23%). No significant change in the amino acid composition, the biological value (comprising 90.7 and 89.58% before and after adding, respectively), the amino acid score difference factor (comprising 9.3 and 10.43% before and after adding, respectively), the comparative redundancy factor (comprising 0.33 and 0.38 unit fractions, respectively), and the utility (9.16 and 9.04 unit fractions, respectively) has been revealed.     

饲料中添加糖萜素对大菱鲆幼鱼体成分、消化酶活力、血脂及肠道组织结构的影响

为了探讨饲料中添加糖萜素对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼体成分、消化酶活力、血脂及肠道组织结构的影响,在6组基础饲料中分别添加0(D0)、25(D25)、50(D50)、75(D75)、100(D100)和200(D200)mg/kg糖萜素,实验期64 d。结果显示:各组间全鱼与背肌水分和粗蛋白含量无显著差异(P0.05);D100和D200组全鱼粗脂肪显著低于D0组(P0.05),D75组背肌粗脂肪显著高于D0组(P0.05),D200组背肌粗脂肪显著低于D0组(P0.05);D25和D50组全鱼粗灰分含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),D200组显著高于D25~D75组(P0.05)。各组间饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量均不受饲料糖萜素添加水平的影响(P0.05);多不饱和脂肪酸除D75组,其他添加组均显著高于D0组(P0.05)。D200组甘油三酯和总胆固醇显著低于D0组(P0.05);D50组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著高于D0组(P0.05),D75~D200组显著低于D0组(P0.05);各组间低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量无显著差异(P0.05)。各添加组胰蛋白酶活性显著高于D0组(P0.05);D25~D75组脂肪酶显著高于D0组(P0.05);饲料中添加糖萜素对幼鱼肠道淀粉酶活性无显著影响(P0.05)。在石蜡组织切片中:D50组前肠微绒毛长度显著高于其他各组(P0.05);D50组黏膜厚度显著高于D200组(P0.05);D25~D100组皱襞高度显著高于D0、D200组(P0.05)。综合以上实验结果,饲料中添加50~75mg/kg糖萜素可提高背肌多不饱和脂肪酸含量、降低血脂、改善肠道生理环境。     

Efficiency of potassium-solubilizing Paenibacillus mucilaginosus for the growth of apple seedling

Chemical potassium(K) fertilizer is commonly used in apple(Malus domestica L. Borkh) production but K is easily fixed by soil, resulting in reduced K fertilizer utilization and wasted resources. K-solubilizing bacteria(KSB) can cost-effectively increase the soluble K content in rhizosphere soil. Therefore, the objectives were to select high-efficiency KSB from apple orchards under various soil management models and evaluate their effects on apple seedling growth. Maize(Zea mays L.) straw mulching(MSM) increased the total carbon(TC), total nitrogen(TN) and available potassium(AK) in the rhizosphere and improved fruit quality. The number of KSB in the rhizosphere soil of MSM was 9.5×104 CFU g–1 soil, which was considerably higher than that in the other mulching models. Fourteen KSB strains were isolated with relative K solubilizing ability ranging from 17 to 30%, and five strains increased the dry weight per apple seedling. The most efficient strain was identified as Paenibacillus mucilaginosus through morphological observation and sequence analysis of 16 S rDNA, named JGK. After inoculation, the colonization of JGK in soil decreased from 4.0 to 1.5×10~9 CFU g~(–1) soil within 28 d. The growth of the apple seedlings and the K accumulation in apple plants were promoted by irrigation with 50 mL JGK bacterial solution(1×10~9 CFU mL~(–1)), but there was no significant increase in the AK content of rhizosphere soil. High-performance liquid phase analysis(HPLC) data showed that the JGK metabolites contained phytohormones and organic acids. Hence, the JGK strain promoted the growth of two-month-old apple seedlings by stimulating function of the produced phytohormones and enhanced K solubility by acidification for apple seedling uptake. This study enriches the understanding of KSB and provides an effective means to increase the K utilization efficiency of apple production.     

Comparison of forage yield,silage fermentative quality,anthocyanin stability,antioxidant activity,and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich purple corn (Zea mays L.) stover and sticky corn stover

The objective of this study was to observe the forage yield, silage fermentative quality, anthocyanin stability, and antioxidant activity during the storage period and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich purple corn (Zea mays L.) stover (PS) and sticky corn stover (SS). Forage yield of corn stover was weighed and ensiled with two treatments: (1) hybrid sticky waxy corn stover (control), and (2) hybrid purple waxy corn stover (treatment). Samples were stored in mini-silos for periods of 0, 7, 14, 21, 42, 63, 84, and 105 d. The results showed that PS had significantly higher (P<0.05) yields of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and total anthocyanins than that of the SS. Anthocyanin-rich purple corn stover silage (PSS) showed higher (P<0.05) levels of DM and CP relative to the sticky corn stover silage (SSS). Although anthocyanin-rich PSS displayed a lower (P<0.05) level of pelargonidin-3-glucoside (P3G), it had higher (P<0.05) levels of peonidin (Peo) and pelargonidin (Pel) compared to the control. Delphinidin (Del) and malvidin (Mal) were not detected in SSS during the ensilage period; in PSS, Del was no longer detected after 7 d of ensilage. Specifically, total anthocyanins in anthocyanin-rich PSS decreased rapidly (P<0.05) prior to 7 d of ensilage, and then remained at relatively stable (P>0.05) constants. Compared to the anthocyanin-rich PSS, SSS displayed significantly higher (P<0.05) pH value and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) content. Propionic acid (PA) at 0 d and butyric acid (BA) during the entire study period were not detected, whereas anthocyanin-rich PSS showed a higher (P<0.05) level of lactic acid (LA) than that of the SSS. Compared with the SSS extract, anthocyanin-rich PSS extract showed a higher (P<0.05) level of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and displayed a lower (P<0.05) half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value. Moreover, anthocyanin-rich PSS reduced (P<0.05) gas production (GP), and displayed lower levels of immediately soluble fraction and ratio of acetic acid (AA) to PA at 12 h, but the other parameters were unaffected (P>0.05) relative to the control. Taken together, the results indicated that: (1) anthocyanins could be stable in silage; (2) anthocyanin-rich PSS showed better silage fermentative quality and stronger antioxidant activity; and (3) anthocyanin-rich PSS had no negative effect on rumen fermentation parameters.     

毛棉杜鹃芽形态分化期间封顶叶内源激素含量变化的研究

本研究观察了毛棉杜鹃(Rhododendron moulmainense Hook.f.)花芽与叶芽的分化进程,测定了花芽和叶芽形态分化过程中封顶叶内源赤霉素(GA3)、生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素核苷(ZR)的含量变化,探讨了毛棉杜鹃花芽分化与内源植物激素的关系.结果表明:毛棉杜鹃花芽分化与叶芽分化形态特征与所持续的时间明显不同,花芽分化时期从7月中下旬至9月中旬,历时约40～45 d,而叶芽分化持续35～40 d;在花芽和叶芽形态分化期,花芽封顶叶的ABA和ZR含量明显比叶芽封顶叶的高,而且其含量呈显著上升趋势,而GA3和IAA则相反,花芽封顶叶中ABA/GA3、ABA/IAA、ZR/GA3和ZR/IAA的比值都明显高于叶芽,并呈显著上升趋势,表明封顶叶内源激素及其各自之间的平衡关系对毛棉杜鹃的花芽形态分化起着重要的调控作用.     

Response of axillary bud development in garlic(Allium sativum L.) to seed cloves soaked in gibberellic acid(GA_3) solution

Gibberellins(GAs) are important phytohormones that regulate many developmental processes in plants. Clove, as the reproductive organ of garlic, dramatically affected garlic bulb development. Considering the potential of gibberellins in plant development and our previous studies, we investigated the effect of soaking two types of seed cloves(seed clove-I: without root/shoot sprouting; seed clove-II: with root/shoot sprouting) in GA_3 solution on axillary bud development and examined the effect of soaking seed cloves in GA_3 solution on bulb development, phytohormone level and sugar content in this study.Results indicated seed clove types, soaking liquids and their interaction significantly affected the number of cloves per bulb and the rate of single-clove bulb. Moreover, soaking seed cloves in 1 mmol L~(–1) GA_3 solution for 24 h not only promoted axillary bud formation and secondary plant growth(equal to tillering or branching), but also slightly increased the number of cloves per bulb and changed bulb structure with a low yield and marketable quality. On the 40 th day after GA_3 treatment(at axillary bud outgrowth stage), zeatin riboside(ZR) and soluble protein in stem were sharply increased with the increase of GA_3, sucrose, fructose and soluble protein in leaf. However, GA_3, indole~(-3)-acetic acid(IAA), soluble sugar and sucrose in stem(3.52 ng g~(–1) fresh weight(FW), 19.88 ng g~(–1) FW, 237.3 mg g~(–1) FW, and 8.24 mg g~(–1) FW, respectively) were significantly decreased on the 40 th day after GA_3 treatment, compared to the control of water treatment(5.56 ng g~(–1) FW, 32.96 ng g~(–1) FW, 263.6 mg g~(–1) FW, and 10.37 mg g~(–1) FW, respectively). To our knowledge, these novel results indicate seed cloves soaked in GA_3 solution promotes axillary bud formation and outgrowth that caused the changes in plant architecture and bulb structure. Meanwhile, our findings suggest that the level of endogenous plant hormone(GA_3, IAA and ZR) cooperates with the content of sugar(sucrose and fructose) in leaf and stem to regulate axillary bud outgrowth in garlic.     

小白菜再生培养基中适宜激素浓度的筛选

以子叶盘和下胚轴切段为外植体，研究了小白菜再生培养基中不同激素及其浓度水平对外植体产生愈伤、不定芽和根的影响。结果表明，小白菜子叶盘的再生频率较下胚轴的高。较适宜的愈伤组织诱导培养基为MSB 2，4-D0.1mg/L AgNO35.0mg/L，诱导频率为28.3％，较适宜的不定芽诱导培养基为NSB 6-BA4.0mg/L IAA0.1mg/L AgNO35.0mg/L，诱导频率为94.1％，较适宜的生根培养基为MSB IAA0.15mg/L，生根率为95.0％。     

植物内生菌促进宿主氮吸收与代谢研究进展

内生菌与植物共生能够提高宿主的氮吸收与氮代谢水平,这可能是由于内生菌在植物体内引发的多种效应的综合结果.植物内生菌能够通过促进植物根系发育和固氮作用为宿主植物提供更多的无机氮素;能够通过分泌多种胞外酶系如漆酶、蛋白水解酶等使宿主植物更好地利用有机氮素;能够提高宿主氮代谢关键酶如硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)等酶的活性;能够提高宿主植物激素水平和维生素含量从而促进宿主氮代谢;能够通过影响宿主植物氮代谢促进宿主植物分蘖、提高宿主植物叶绿素含量和光合速率等等.综述了国内外关于植物内生菌促进宿主氮代谢的相关报道,归纳了植物内生菌影响宿主氮素吸收与代谢的可能机制,并展望了关于植物内生菌促进宿主氮代谢机制方面的研究方向.     

Identification of Antifungal Substance (Iturin A2) Produced by Bacillus subtilis B47 and Its Effect on Southern Corn Leaf Blight

Bacillus subtilis B47 is an endophytic bacterium of tomato, and produces substance that strongly inhibits the growth of Bipolaris maydis, the pathogen of southern corn leaf blight (SCLB), as well as several other phytopathogenic fungi. The antifungal substance was purified from the broth culture of the bacterium using acid precipitation, methanol extraction, and three-step chromatography. Based on FT-IR spectrometry, amino acid composition, and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS CID analyses, the antifungal substance was identified as iturin A₂, a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic. To evaluate the efficacy of iturin A₂ for control of SCLB, partially purified iturin A₂ (75%, w/v) was applied under different conditions. At the concentration of 300 mg kg^-1, iturin A₂ showed efficacy ranging from 100 to 53.1% under in vitro, in plot and in field conditions. This efficacy was higher than or similar to that of the fungicide chlorothalonil. When the concentration of iturin A₂ was increased to 500 mg kg^-1, the control efficacy was enhanced to 64.2% in field, which was significantly higher than that of chlorothalonil. These results indicate that iturin A₂ has potential for SCLB control and could be a substitute to synthetic fungicides. To our knowledge, this is the first report on using partially purified iturin A for control of SCLB under field conditions.