Influence of applied p on the cation exchange capacity of volcanic ash soils

Abstract

The CEC of volcanic ash derived soils in Guatemala was measured following equilibration with 1.5 and 6.0 me P/100 g soil supplied through KH₂PO₄ solutions. An increase in CEC resulted due to P reaction and the increase was substantial after removal of soluble Al from P reacted soils. The average ratios of increase in CEC to P retained were 0.49 and 1.63 in the former and later, respectively. P apparently neutralized positive charges on the surface of amorphous component and those internally in the soil particles resulting in a net increase in negative charge (CEC).     

The effects of volcanic ash influenced soils and nitrogen fertilization on douglas‐fir seedlings

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to help understand the contributions of different soil layers to soil fertility, plant growth, and response to fertilization. Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were used in a pot bioassay to delimit the effects of volcanic ash soils, urea fertilization at 100 and 200 ppm, and the technique of using undisturbed soil as a growth medium. Volcanic ash horizons contained more available phosphorus and mineralized more nitrogen than underlying horizons. Best seedling growth occurred in ash horizons fertilized with 200 ppm of urea‐N. Fertilization decreased soil pH, mycorrhizae formation and foliar‐P levels but increased foliar‐N. The technique of using undisturbed soil had little effect on seedling growth in the weak structured ash horizons but did decrease root weights in the moderate structured sub‐ash layers.     

Proposal for advanced classification of brown forest soils in Japan with reference to the degree of volcanic ash additions

Abstract

The advanced classification of brown forest soils (BFS) is based on the specific properties of these soils, including the acid ammonium oxalate extractable aluminum (Al_ox) and lithic fragment contents, as well as their vertical distributions in the soil profile. In the present study, these properties were used to classify BFS, resulting in four types: (1) H-Al_ox-NGv BFS, (2) H-Al_ox-Gv BFS, (3) M-Al_ox BFS, (4) L-Al_ox BFS. H-Al_ox-NGv BFS is derived from volcanic ash characterized by a high Al_ox content and no lithic fragment, whereas L-Al_ox BFS is derived from weathered bedrock and has a low Al_ox content. H-Al_ox-Gv BFS and M-Al_ox BFS are derived from mixtures of volcanic ash and weathered bedrock. H-Al_ox-Gv BFS is characterized by high Al_ox content and many lithic fragments, whereas M-Al_ox BFS has moderate Al_ox content. H-Al_ox-NGv BFS and black soils (BLS) develop from accumulated volcanic ash, as indicated by declining Al_ox and clay content with decreasing depth in the surface horizons, as a result of successive additions of less-weathered volcanic ash to the soil surface.     

保护性耕作下土壤动物群落及其与土壤肥力的关系

保护性耕作不仅能改善土壤特性,增加作物产量,也是缓解农田生物多样性损失的重要措施之一。为了探讨保护性耕作下土壤动物群落结构及其与土壤肥力的关系,试验采用裂区设计,主区为翻耕和免耕,副区为3种秸秆还田处理。结果表明：秸秆还田显著增加了土壤动物优势类群弹尾目和蜱螨目,耕作方式和秸秆还田量之间存在显著的交互效应。免耕和秸秆还田的结合增加了土壤有机质含量,但pH值下降;秸秆还田增加了土壤全氮和速效磷;与初始条件相比,过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性下降,而尿酶活性有所增加。土壤有机质和全氮对土壤动物特别是弹尾目和蜱螨目有显著的正效应,土壤速效磷含量也与优势类群表现为正相关;鞘翅目、双尾目和唇足纲表现了能适应相对较高pH值的土壤环境。总之,保护性耕作在一定程度上增加土壤碳库,缓解温室效应,同时也提高了土壤动物丰富度;土壤动物与土壤养分密切相关,表现其在作物对养分利用的有效性上起着重要的作用。     

Soil quality changes under continuous cropping for seventeen seasons of an alfisol in western Nigeria

Tillage and soil management effects on soil physical and chemical qualities were monitored for eight years from 1979 through 1987 in a long-term experiment involving 17 consecutive crops of maize. Effects of no-till and plow-till methods of seedbed preparation were compared at two levels of residue management (residue removed versus residue returned) and two levels of fertilizer application (without fertilizer versus recommended fertilizer). Soil chemical quality was better for no-till compared with plow-till methods. Mean soil chemical properties of 0–5 cm depth for no-till and plow-till treatments respectively were 18·6 g kg⁻¹ versus 12·2 g kg⁻¹ for soil organic carbon content, 1·9 g kg⁻¹ versus 1·1 g kg⁻¹ for total soil nitrogen, 0·14 units yr⁻¹ versus 0·18 units yr⁻¹ rate of decline in soil pH, 63·1 mg kg⁻¹ versus 31·8 mg kg⁻¹ for Bray-P, and 6·0 cmol kg⁻¹ versus 2·3 cmol kg⁻¹ for Ca⁺². Soil chemical quality consistently declined, although the rate of decline differed among tillage and fertilizer treatments. There were also differences in soil physical quality. Soil bulk density increased with cultivation duration in both tillage methods, and use of furadan in no-till plots drastically increased soil bulk density. Infiltration rate and soil moisture retention at all suctions was consistently more for no-till than plow-till treatments. Decline in soil quality with cultivation was reflected in decrease in crop yields. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EFFECT OF APPLIED LIME AND BORON ON THE AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN AN ACID SOIL

Productivity of resources on acid soils occupying one fourth of the total area in India is abysmally low. Lime is applied to such soils with the primary objective of increasing the productivity of crops by enhancing the availability of native and applied plant nutrients. Greenhouse pot experiments and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of lime and boron (B) on the availability of nutrients in soils and their uptake by plants. The application of lime enhanced the available nitrogen (N,), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) content in soils, which was reflected in their uptake by sunflower (Helianthus annus). On the contrary, availability of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in soil was reduced due to liming. Sunflower responded very well in terms of dry matter yield to B application to the extent of 175% and 188% under 1 and 2 mg kg^?1 applied levels of B, respectively. Dry matter yield of sunflower was reduced to the tune of 29.2 and 42.7% under 2/3 and 1 lime requirement (LR), respectively, over control. Lime application at 1/3 LR with 2 mg kg^?1 of applied B emerged as an optimum combination in acid soils.     

Effect of nutrient management and straw mulching on crop yield,uptake and soil fertility in rapeseed (Brassica campestris)–greengram (Vigna radiata)–rice (Oryza sativa) cropping system under Gangetic plains of India

An experiment was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India during 2001–2003 to study the effect of levels of fertility and straw mulch on a rapeseed (Brassica campestris var yellow sarson)–greengram (Vigna radiata)–rice (Oryza sativa) cropping system under a rainfed upland ecosystem. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design having 14 treatment combinations of organic and inorganic nutrients along with straw mulch in three replicates. The results revealed that conjunctive use of organic and inorganic nutrients as well as paddy straw mulch resulted higher yield in both rapeseed and greengram, and the residual effects of different levels of fertilization and mulching also gave rise to higher grain yield in the succeeding rice crop. The uptake of nutrients, by the cropping system as a whole, to the tune of 204.29 and 183.00 kg ha^?1 of N, 72.84 and 74.07 kg ha^?1 of P and 179.95 and 175.41 kg ha^?1 of K took place, with the treatment receiving 10 t ha^?1 of farmyard manure (FYM) applied (to rapeseed) along with 50% recommended dose (RD) of NPK to all the crops in the sequence in two consecutive years, respectively. The same treatment resulted in a higher percentage of porosity vis-à-vis lower bulk density. Soil physico-chemical properties were superior in mulch-treated plots compared with no mulch treatment. Application of organic and inorganic nutrients along with proper moisture conservation practices can enhance the yields maintaining a good soil health.     

公路边坡绿化覆盖物水土保持效果试验研究

公路施工过程中产生大面积裸坡,植物无法迅速生长,土壤流失量也特别大,铺设覆盖物是一种有效而廉价的保持水土的方法。为了研究不同覆盖物在坡面的水土保持效果,该文基于自制的室内人工模拟降雨器,在对其进行标定后,对已覆盖无纺布、遮阳网或草帘子的正在进行绿化喷播施工的模拟公路边坡进行人工模拟降雨试验,对3种覆盖物在公路边坡的水土保持效果进行了详细描述。3种覆盖物下坡面的径流量、径流系数、泥沙浓度以及产沙量均明显(P=0)小于裸坡的,说明无纺布、遮阳网和草帘子均可以有效的减少公路边坡喷播绿化过程中的水土流失。其中,草帘子覆盖下坡面的径流量(1.9mL/s)比裸坡减小69.9%,径流系数(6.4%)比裸坡减小14.9%,坡面产沙量(1.5g/m2)仅为裸坡的3.4%,且远小于无纺布和遮阳网覆盖下的,说明草帘子对公路边坡的水土保持效果较好。该文为公路边坡绿化施工中覆盖物的水土保持效果提供理论依据,为覆盖物的选择提供科学参考。     

作物残茬对农田土壤风蚀的影响

通过对不同留茬高度对地表风速的影响以及留残茬(保护性耕作主要方式)、旋耕和常规翻耕3种耕作方式对土壤风蚀的影响进行比较研究,得出如下结果:留茬高度对地表风速的影响程度不明显,仅与地面有无留茬有关,留茬20cm左右即可有效降低地表风速,减少田间扬沙,抵抗土壤风蚀,是比较适宜的留茬高度;留茬(保护性耕作)、旋耕和常规翻耕3种耕作方式对田间扬沙情况的影响差异明显,其中在60cm高度以内,留茬比常规翻耕减少田间扬沙量34.9%,比旋耕方式减少61.5%,因此,留茬(保护性耕作)是一种有效防止农田土壤风蚀的耕作方式。     

Evaluation of p as a limiting macronutrient in volcanic ash soils of guatemala

Abstract

P status of soils derived from volcanic ash in Guatemala was investigated. Growth chamber and greenhouse studies were conducted with H‐3 hybrid corn (Zea mays). All plants exhibited P deficiency symptoms and yielded less dry matter when they were grown on soils that received only lime at a rate equivalent to 2,240 and 4,480 kg/ha. The P content of plants was low and correlated with P deficiency symptoms. Application of P (336 and 672 kg/ha) under constant liming corrected the P deficiencies and increased dry matter. In comparative studies, plants grown on a highly fertile, non‐volcanic soil showed vigorous growth and yielded high dry matter. Apparently, P was limiting productivity in volcanic ash soils of Guatemala, and due to low exchangeable Al, addition of only lime did not produce beneficial results. The soils responded to P fertilization and they should be supplied large quantities of this macronutrient.     

Dilute acid-soluble phosphorus in fresh air-borne tephras and fixation with an increase in active aluminum and iron

Fresh rhyolite-to-andesite tephras ground to less than 0.15 mm particles contained dilute acid-soluble phosphorus (P) as in the case of cultivated upland soils in Japan. The amount of P determined by Truog extraction (Truog P) ranged between 119 and 784 mg P₂O₅ kg^-1 in 12 rhyolite-to-andesite tephras, and that determined by a modified Bray P₂ extraction method (modified Bray P₂) ranged between 133 and 812 mg P₂O₅ kg^-1. In contrast, the Truog P-content in fresh basaltic andesite-to-basalt tephras was only 3.4–23 mg P₂O₅ kg^-1, and the modified Bray P₂-content was in the range of 41–185 mg P₂O₅ kg^-1, although the total P-content of the two tephra groups was in almost the same range.

Among 12 rhyolite-to-andesite tephras, those from Mt. Usu that erupted in 1977 and from Mt. Pinatubo that erupted in 1991 were selected for detailed studies. Fine particle size fractions of these tephras showed higher Truog P values than the coarse ones. The Truog P values further increased in the heavy fraction with a particle density of 2.8 or greater. In this heavy fraction, apatite was detected by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, indicating the contribution of the mineral to the high Truog P. Dilute sulfuric acid treatment of the tephras at 80°C for 15 d followed by neutralization increased the amount of active Al and Fe and decreased the Truog P values of these tephras. These results suggested that the amount of apatite rapidly decreased with weathering in volcanic ash soils.     

Role of active aluminum in the formation of water-stable macroaggregates

Soil structure is determined by the arrangement of particles in soil and the particles of sand, silt, and clay bind together into aggregates of various sizes by organic and inorganic materials. Structural stability which is the ability of the aggregates and pores to remain intact when subjected to stress, markedly affects crop production and soil erosion (Tisdall 1996). Since water, either directly as rainfall or as surface runoff is the main agent of aggregate breakdown, in the analyzes of stable soil aggregation, the term water-stable aggregation is generally used (Lynch and Bragg 1985). Water-stable aggregates have been divided into micro aggregates < 0.25 mm dia.) and macro aggregates (> 0.25 mm dia.) (Edwards and Bremner 1967; Tisdall and Oades 1982). Microaggregates show a relatively high stability against physical disruption (Edwards and Bremner 1967). On the other hand, macro aggregates are sensitive to soil management (Tisdall and Oades 1982).

There are many reports on the relationships between the aggregate stability and the soil physicochemical properties. For example, significant correlations were found between the aggregate stability and the amounts of organic C (Tisdall and Oades 1982), total N, and carbohydrates or the CEC (Chaney and Swift 1984). However, most of these studies were conducted in non-volcanic ash soils. Volcanic ash soils are widely distributed in Japan and are very important soils for crop production. The objective of this study was, therefore, to obtain more information on the relationship between the degree of macro aggregation and the soil physicochemical properties in non-volcanic and volcanic ash soils.     

贵州持续农业中的土壤肥力与水土保持问题

贵州农村经济基础较薄弱,迫于人口迅速增长的压力。滥垦滥伐、广种薄收,导致水土流失加剧,土壤肥力下降,石质荒漠面积不断扩大,生态环境恶化,严重地阻碍了农业生产持续稳定的发展。实践经验证明,采用先进的农业科学技术,增加物资投入,实行集约经营,农作物产量和农民收入能大幅度增长,为调整农作物种植结构、解决农林牧业争地矛盾、合理利用土地资源、改善农村生态环境创造了条件;而增施肥料、提高土壤肥力与推广生物梯化、加速坡改梯进程又是实现农田集约经营,促进我省水土保持与农业持续发展的前提与基础。     

坡耕地不同水土保持措施下的养分平衡和土壤肥力变化

在贵州省罗甸县坡耕地上布置长期定位试验 ,研究几种水土保持措施对作物产量和土壤肥力变化的影响。9年的测试结果表明 ,在旱坡耕地上 ,水土流失是造成坡地地力下降、养分损失 ,的主要原因。未采用水土保持措施的坡地种植 ,因水土流失产生的全氮、全磷、有效钾损失 ,分别占总养分消耗量的 5 3.0 % ,6 7.6 %和 19.0 % ,相当于施入土壤的氮素化肥 ,施入的有机和无机磷素 ,有机质的损失与施入的有机肥中有机质含量相当 ,土壤全氮、有机质和有效钾含量趋于下降 ,全磷维持在较低的水平。采取水土保持措施后 ,这些土壤养分可维持平衡或在土壤中逐步积累 ,试验中的植物篱水保处理 ,9年玉米产量平均增产 8.6 % ,并趋于逐年上升。长期的试验证明 ,采用适宜的水土保持措施可提高地力 ,增加产量 ,实现坡耕地的可持续利用