沙柳稳定碳同位素值的特点及其水分利用效率

通过对沙柳5个种源苗木叶片不同月份稳定碳同位素组成(1δ3C)的测定,研究不同种源沙柳δ13C值的特点,试图找出影响δ13C值季节变化的关键环境因子。结果表明:沙柳碳同位素值在-26.753‰~-29.915‰之间变化,其中,乌审旗和榆林种源1δ3C值较高,表明在该试验条件下具有较高的水分利用效率;叶片与枝条相比,δ13C值在6月和8月差异明显,达到0.930‰~2.469‰;而枝条的碳同位素值差异较小,为0.032‰~0.838‰;沙柳δ13C值在不同月份间有显著性差异,6月δ13C值明显高于8月;在将各环境因子分离开的情况下,主要研究了大气相对湿度对植物的1δ3C值季节变化的影响,结果显示,δ13C值随大气相对湿度的降低而偏重。     

张掖市地下水硝酸盐污染源的氮同位素研究

张掖市浅层水NO-3 浓度 1 .69～ 1 49.6mg/L ,均值 5 4 .1 7± 41 .97mg/L(n =1 5 ) ,深层水NO-3 浓度 3.89～ 82 .85mg/L ,均值 35 .65± 2 8.0 8mg/L(n =1 2 )。西北部污灌区大部分浅层水样的NO-3 -δ1 5N值在 + 9‰～ + 1 4‰之间 ,不但NO-3 浓度高 ,而且NH+4含量大 (达 1 0 5mg/L) ,说明地下水NO-3 来自灌溉的污水 ;东部非污灌区浅层水NO-3 -δ1 5N值变化在 + 9‰～ +1 1‰ ,指示地下水NO-3 来自动物粪便和生活污水 ;城区、南部和西部深层水绝大部分样品的NO-3 -δ1 5N值在 + 4‰～ + 7‰之间 ,指示地下水NO-3 主要来自矿化的土壤有机氮 ,结合Na+与Cl- 以及δ1 5N与NO-3 的相关图进一步分析 ,揭示δ1 5N小的一端还有显著的化肥的贡献。     

黄河悬浮物及底泥的有机碳同位素研究

通过测定和分析一个水文年内黄河潼关段河流悬浮物和底泥中有机质的碳同位素组成,发现该断面河流悬浮物的δ13C值在-27.4‰~-23.5‰之间变化,平均值为-24.9‰,冬季样品的δ13C值要明显偏负,显示出高比例的C3植物来源。河流底泥的δ13C值相对稳定,在-24.5‰~-23.4‰之间变化,平均值为-24.0‰。研究结果表明:河流悬浮物δ13C值的组成变化可以反映流域内植被组成状况的季节性变化,而河流底泥的δ13C值则代表了流域内长期平均的植被分布状况,受流域内季节性植被变化的影响较小。     

新疆自来水中氢氧稳定同位素时空变化

氢氧稳定同位素是描述水循环过程的天然示踪剂,自来水是重要的生活用水,研究自来水中氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征有助于示踪城乡居民用水来源,为合理规划水资源调配提供参考。基于新疆352个自来水样品,对氢氧稳定同位素以及氘盈余(d=δ²H-8δ¹⁸O)的时空分布进行分析。结果表明：（1）新疆自来水水线为δ²H=7.67δ¹⁸O+10.54（R²=0.92）,δ²H月均值的变化范围为-105.57‰～-37.82‰,δ¹⁸O的月均值在-14.48‰～-6.67‰之间,d的月均值在1.89‰～24.38‰之间波动。（2）北疆和南疆的氢氧稳定同位素及氘盈余都存在季节变化,并且南疆的季节差异比北疆大。（3）利用BW模型对新疆自来水中氢氧稳定同位素的空间分布进行模拟,发现南疆氢氧稳定同位素值普遍高于北疆的同位素值,并且山区同位素值低于盆地的同位素值。     

滹沱河上游区地表水和地下水同位素特征

在滹沱河上游区采集了河水、地下水、泉水、水库水样品,分析了各类水的氢、氧、氮同位素和化学特征,并将氢氧稳定同位素与平原区大气降水进行了对比,分析了沿流程的变化,识别了硝酸盐来源。结果表明:滹沱河源区河水、地下水和泉水与平原区大气降水的同位素组成差别明显;滹沱河水进入水库以后,水库水受到明显的蒸发浓缩作用,也可区别于平原区大气降水;水样的NO3-含量变化在1.68~87.4 mg/L之间,大部分样品的1δ5N值大于8‰,指示水中NO3-来自污水或粪便。     

陕西洛川L_5-S_8黄土和古土壤水分特征研究

通过对洛川L5-S8黄土和古土壤层的原状土进行水分特征曲线的实验测定,分析了L5-S8各层土壤的持水性能和供水性能等土水特征。结果表明:L5-1-S8-2的持水性、供水性均随吸力值的增大而减弱。L5-1-L8-2的持水性在较低压力段强于相邻下部的S5-1-S8-2,在较高压力段弱于相邻下部的S5-1-S8-2。L5-1-L8-2的供水性能比相邻下部的S5-1-S8-2强。L5-S8黄土和古土壤水分特征差异的直接原因是孔隙大小分配及粘粒含量多少,根本原因是土壤发育过程中冷干和温湿的气候变化。     

中亚哈萨克斯坦西部过去～30000年以来有机碳同位素变化及其意义

选取位于中亚干旱区哈萨克斯坦中西部的VA剖面作为研究对象,在AMS14C测年基础上,分析了该剖面记录的过去～30000年以来的有机碳同位素组成变化。结果表明:该剖面记录的过去～30000年以来有机质碳同位素值(δ13Corg)变化于-26.19‰--22.12‰之间,均值为-23.77‰,植被主要为C3植物,C4植物仅仅在末次冰盛期出现且其相对丰度极低。因此VA剖面土壤有机碳同位素组成变化主要反映的是C3植物对气候环境因子的响应,进一步对影响该地区植物碳同位素因素的分析发现,降水是控制该地区C3植物碳同位素变化的主要因素,即:降水增多导致C3植物碳同位素值偏负,可以用来指示研究区古降水变化趋势,CO2浓度以及温度仅仅在末次冰盛期对C3和C4植物相对丰度有一定的影响。     

许家沟泉域岩溶地下水δ13CDIC特征及碳汇效应

为确定许家沟泉域水岩相互作用过程中的碳汇效应,选取22个采样点分期采样进行水化学和同位素分析,利用同位素技术和水化学方法对泉域内碳同位素特征和岩溶碳汇效应进行了研究.结果表明:丰水期岩溶地下水δ13C为-12.16‰ ～-7.11‰,平均-9.93‰,岩溶作用所形成的溶解无机碳主要来源于土壤CO2,枯水期岩溶地下水δ1...     

土地利用变化对土壤水补给来源影响研究

为探究不同植被类型深剖面土壤水补给来源,以黄土区长武塬为研究区,采集两种土地利用方式(农地、18 a苹果园、26 a苹果园)下20 m深土壤剖面,测定土壤水及其稳定性和放射性同位素含量,基于同位素方法对不同土地利用类型下不同深度土壤水来源进行溯源分析。研究表明：(1)苹果园土壤水含量明显低于农地,说明果园耗水强度更大,对深层土壤水影响更为显著。(2)农地、18 a和26 a苹果园下降水偏移量分别为-22‰、-20‰和-6‰,说明降水补给土壤水后受到蒸发作用影响,且农地土壤水比果园受到的蒸发效应更强。(3)该区土壤水补给主要以活塞流为主;对于补给不同深度土壤的可能水源,6 m以下补给水的同位素组成(δ²H=-83.8‰,δ¹⁸O=-12.1‰)较0～6 m (δ²H=-68.8‰,δ¹⁸O=-10.1‰)更为贫化,且6 m以下补给水的氢氧稳定同位素组成与日降水量≥50 mm·d^-1的降水更相似。与农地(δ²H=-70.6‰,δ¹⁸O=-...     

吐鲁番盆地水环境同位素分析与应用

在吐鲁番盆地范围内进行水环境取样,运用同位素技术及分析方法,对吐鲁番盆地各类水体进行研究,分析了研究区水环境同位素特征,并讨论各类水体间的相互关系。盆地地表水的δ18O值在-13.62~-9.00‰之间,平均值为-10.31‰;δD值在-79.73~-60.09‰之间,平均值为-65.98‰。地下水的δ18O值在-12.28~-7.02‰之间,平均值为-10.30‰;δD值在-86.54~-48.98‰之间,平均值为-68.27‰。结果表明二者之间具有较强的水力联系。高昌区、鄯善县地表水、地下水起源自北部山区内水系,托克逊县地表水、地下水起源即来自北部山区内水系,又来自西部山区内水系。盆地内泉水起源即有潜水也有承压水,坎儿井水起源较为复杂,即有潜水也有人为灌溉入渗补给。     

汾渭盆地全新世成壤环境演变比较研究

通过对汾渭盆地全新世土壤的野外考察以及磁化率和高分辨率CaCO3 的分析 ,揭示了该区域土壤成壤过程与气候变化关系。研究表明 ,汾渭盆地全新世的S0 地层形成于全球性的全新世气候最适宜期 ,约从 85 0 0aBP土壤开始发育 ,形成较厚的S0 层。约从 310 0aBP起始 ,气候发生变化 ,干旱和沙尘堆积形成了黄土L0 层和现代表土层。土壤剖面磁化率与CaCO3 指标反映 ,由于地带性因素存在 ,全新世汾河盆地古土壤S0 的成壤强度远远低于渭河盆地。在全新世气候最适宜期 ,两地气候和环境的差异扩大 ,而晚更新世马兰黄土堆积期间和全新世其它主要阶段 ,两地气候和环境的差异相对减小。     

A warmer but drier Marine Isotope Stage 11 during the past 650 ka as revealed by the thickest loess on the western Chinese Loess Plateau

Marine Isotope Stage 11(MIS 11; ca. 423–362 ka) is generally considered to be the best analogue for the present interglacial(Holocene), and investigation of it will improve our understanding of current climate variability and assist in predictions of future climate change. However, many recent studies primarily focus on the structure and duration of MIS 11. Little research has focused on climate warmth and stability recorded in the Chinese loess-paleosol sequences(LPS) during the S4 paleosol formation(equivalent to MIS 11). On the basis of previous work, this study presents a high-resolution record(ca. 75 a/cm) that spans from MIS 1 to MIS 15, as preserved in the thickest known Jingyuan loess section on the western Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP). This LPS is almost 165 m thick and was sampled from the upper part of L6 to the modern soil at 2-cm depth intervals. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility, mean grain size and 63 μm particle content, carbonate content, total organic carbon, and soil color of samples were made to reconstruct the paleoclimate variation, and a grain-size age model was used to constrain the chronological framework. The primary results show that a generally warm-humid climate dominated the S4 paleosol development, but the climate condition was extremely unstable during the whole of MIS 11. Two obviously different climate regimes controlled the MIS 11 climate variation: the early part of MIS 11 was extremely warm and stable, but the latter part was relatively cool(non-glacial) and unstable. This climate pattern was consistent with records on the central CLP and wavelet analysis suggested that it was forced by the 65°N insolation variability modulated by a quasi-100-ka cycle. In addition, a multi-proxy comparative study on the climate conditions during S0 to S5 paleosol development indicates that the period of S4 development might be the warmest interglacial of the past 650 ka. However, the climate condition during S4 development was not the most humid episode as recorded in Xifeng and Luochuan loess sections on the central CLP. On the contrary, it was drier than both the MIS 15 and the present interglacial on the western CLP, which is somewhat similar to the present climate pattern on the central CLP.     

西伯利亚落叶松树轮稳定碳同位素对气候的响应

利用采自阿尔泰山南坡东段正格采点的西伯利亚落叶松树轮样本,建立树轮宽度年表,对比宽度年表,按照树轮稳定碳同位素研究步骤,提取树轮稳定碳同位素序列（δ¹³C）和去趋势序列（DS）。分析表明：阿尔泰山南坡东部近160 a西伯利亚落叶松树轮δ¹³C变化于-22.8‰～-25.4‰,平均值为-24.0‰,变差系数-0.017。相关分析表明：正格采点树轮宽度序列对各气候要素相关不显著;树轮去趋势序列（DS）对前期气候因子的响应也不敏感;在生长季内（5~9月）,树轮去趋势序列（DS）与富蕴气象站平均气温、平均最高气温和平均相对湿度有较好的相关性,树木生长季内的平均气温、平均最高气温与树轮去趋势序列（DS）显著正相关,6~7月平均最高气温与去趋势序列（DS）相关达到0.611（P<0.000 001);与生长季内平均相对湿度呈负相关关系,其中6~7月相对湿度与去趋势序列（DS）相关最高(r=-0.493, P<0.001),与7月降水量呈负相关关系(r=-0.459, P<0.01)。生长季内的平均最高气温和相对湿度对阿尔泰山西伯利亚落叶松树轮δ¹³C的响应最为敏感,阿尔泰山西伯利亚落叶松树木碳同位素分馏的主要控制因子为6~7月的平均最高气温,降水对树轮稳定碳同位素影响不大,相对湿度对树轮稳定碳同位素没有直接影响。     

高寒沙地不同林龄中间锦鸡儿的水分利用策略

中间锦鸡儿是青海共和盆地高寒沙地的主要造林灌木树种之一。文中利用稳定同位素技术,测定共和盆地不同林龄(5a,9a,25a)中间锦鸡儿枝条木质部和土壤各层(10,20,30,50,100,150,200cm)水分的δD值、δ18O值,分析它们是否随林龄变化而选择性地利用不同深度的土壤水分;并通过测定不同林龄中间锦鸡儿叶片的δ13C值,分析比较它们的长期水分利用效率。结果表明:5a,9a和25a中间锦鸡儿均主要利用源自降雨的土壤浅层10-50cm的水分。3个林龄中间锦鸡儿的水分利用效率差异显著(P<0.05),5a中间锦鸡儿明显高于9a和25a中间锦鸡儿,9a和25a中间锦鸡儿水分利用效率类似。水分利用策略的分析结果表明,中间锦鸡儿在发育低龄期,采取提高水分利用效率的方法来应对干旱胁迫。25a中间锦鸡儿未发生明显退化。     

陕西周原地区全新世黄土-古土壤序列风化程度研究

通过对周原LC全新世黄土-古土壤剖面的元素含量分布及其化学风化程度和元素迁移特征的研究。结果发现:古土壤S₀的CIA和Rb/Sr值高于黄土L₀,Na/K比低于黄土L₀,指示其风化程度强于黄土L₀,形成时期气候比黄土堆积时期温暖湿润;黄土风化成壤过程中,Si,K和Fe相对富集,而Ca,Na,Mg和Ti则迁移淋失,呈现Ca>Na>Mg>Ti>Al>Si>K>Fe的迁移序列;全新世剖面化学风化程度处于脱Na和Ca阶段或早期去K阶段。     

Source identification of nitrate in the upper aquifer system of the Wadi Shueib catchment area in Jordan based on stable isotope composition

Groundwater forms the main freshwater supply in arid and semi-arid areas,and contamination of this precious resource is complicated by the slow rate of recharge in these areas.Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a global water quality problem,as it entails threat to human health as well as aquatic ecosystems.Source identification of contamination is the cornerstone and a prerequisite for any effective management program of water quality.Stable isotope composition of the dissolved nitrate(δ¹⁵N-NO₃-andδ¹⁸O-NO₃-)has been applied to identify NO₃-sources and the main transformation processes in the upper aquifer system(A1/2,A4,and B2/A7 aquifers)in the Wadi Shueib catchment area,Jordan.Moreover,the stable isotope compositions of the groundwater(δ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸O-H₂O)in conjunction with the groundwater hydrochemistry were integrated to investigate the origin and evolution of the groundwater.Results revealed that groundwater in the study area is fresh and hard-very hard water,and mainly a Ca-Mg-Cl type.NO₃-concentration was in the range of 7.0-74.0 mg/L with an average of 37.0 mg/L.Most of the samples showed concentration higher than the natural background concentration of NO₃-(5.0-10.0 mg/L).Theδ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸O-H₂O values indicated that the groundwater is meteoric,and of Mediterranean origin,with a strong evaporation effect.Theδ¹⁵N-NO₃-values ranged between 6.0‰and 11.3‰with an average of 8.7‰,and theδ¹⁸O-NO₃-values ranged between 1.6‰and 5.9‰with an average of 3.4‰.These values are in conformity with the stable isotope composition of nitrate derived the nitrification of wastewater/manure,and soil NH4.Nitrification and denitrification are the main transformation processes affecting nitrogen species.Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in theδ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸OH₂O values,andδ¹⁵N-NO₃-andδ¹⁸O-NO₃-values for the three aquifers(A1/2,A4,and B2/A7),indicating that the groundwater of these aquifers has the same origin,and a common source of pollution.     

西藏雨季主要水体氢、氧同位素特征

通过对2014年雨季西藏境内63处水体中δD和δ~(18)O值的测定,分析其中氢、氧稳定同位素组成特征。结果表明:水体δD和δ~(18)O的取值范围分别为-152.06‰~-19.05‰和-16.96‰~4.66‰,δD较δ~(18)O的标准差大,平均值分别为-101.38‰和-9.67‰;3种水体的δD和δ~(18)O值关系为湖泊δD相对河流δD富集,河流δD相对沼泽δD富集,湖泊δ~(18)O相对河流δ~(18)O和沼泽δ~(18)O富集,河流δ~(18)O和沼泽δ~(18)O无差异;蒸发趋势方程分别为δD湖泊=6.14δ~(18)O-45.48(n=22,R2=0.855),δD河流=7.83δ~(18)O-26.22(n=32,R2=0.858),δD沼泽=5.93δ~(18)O-52(n=9,R2=0.723),河流相比湖泊和沼泽水体的δD与δ~(18)O更易受大气降水的影响;氘过量参数特征为湖泊-79‰~-17‰,河流-40‰~-5‰,湿地沼泽-34‰~-7‰,表现出蒸发强烈的水体特征;沼泽水体δ~(18)O与纬度的一元线性回归方程为y=1.67x-63.23。     

包头地区大气降水δD和δ~(18)O变化特征浅析

大气降水中氢氧稳定同位素包含着水循环演化过程中的历史信息,对揭示水资源的形成及演化机制具有重要的意义。文中根据包头站大气降水中稳定同位素和气象资料,分析了包头地区(1986-1992年)大气降水的氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征及其与气温和降水之间的关系,发现该区氘盈余值(d)具有冬季高夏季低的特点,且d值接近全球大部分地区降水的d值(10‰)。该区大气降水中δ18O值具有夏季高冬季低,δ18O的温度效应显著,而降水量效应只在夏半年(4-9月)间显著。同时提出了包头地区当地大气降水线方程为δD=6.4δ18O-4.07,与全国及全球降水线方程相比,反映出干旱的气候特征。     

Application and verification of simultaneous determination of cellulose δ13C and δ18O in Picea shrenkiana tree rings from northwestern China using the high-temperature pyrolysis method

Stable isotopes in tree-ring cellulose provide important data in ecological, archaeological, and paleoenvironmental researches, thereby, the demand for stable isotope analyses is increasing rapidly. Simultaneous measurement of cellulose δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values from tree rings would reduce the cost of isotopic commodities and improve the analytical efficiency compared with conventional separate measurement. In this study, we compared the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of tree-ring α-cellulose from Tianshan spruce (Picea schrenkiana) in an arid site in the drainage basin of the Urumqi River in Xinjiang of northwestern China based on separate and simultaneous measurements, using the combustion method (at 1050°C) and the high-temperature pyrolysis method (at 1350°C and 1400°C). We verified the results of simultaneous measurement using the outputs from separate measurement and found that both methods (separate and simultaneous) produced similar δ¹³C values. The two-point calibrated method improved the results (range and variation) of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values. The mean values, standard deviations, and trends of the tree-ring δ¹³C obtained by the combustion method were similar to those by the pyrolysis method followed by two-point calibration. The simultaneously measured δ¹⁸O from the pyrolysis method at 1400°C had a nearly constant offset with that the pyrolysis method at 1350°C due to isotopic-dependence on the reaction temperature. However, they showed similar variations in the time series. The climate responses inferred from simultaneously and separately measured δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O did not differ between the two methods. The tree-ring δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values were negatively correlated with standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index from May to August. In addition, the δ¹⁸O was significantly correlated with temperature (positive), precipitation (negative), and relative humidity (negative) from May to August. The tree-ring δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values determined simultaneously through the high-temperature pyrolysis method could produce acceptable and reliable stable isotope series. The simultaneous isotopic measurement can greatly reduce the cost and time requirement compared with the separate isotopic measurement. These results are consistent with the previous studies at humid sites, suggesting that the simultaneous determination of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O in tree-ring α-cellulose can be used in wide regions.