亲鱼的脂类营养与繁殖性能研究进展

多数鱼类在性腺发育前积累的大量脂类,除了为生殖洄游等活动提供代谢能外,还是雌性生殖细胞发育过程中必需储存的重要能源和结构物质,其中必需脂肪酸（EFA）是磷脂和固醇类（生物膜主要结构成分）生物合成中的重要结构组分或转运因子,它对胚胎发育进程及早期仔鱼的存活至关重要。繁殖期间若缺乏EFA,会影响亲鱼的产卵数以及卵的发育质量,导致鱼卵孵化率下降,还可能引起幼鱼脊柱前突、侧突以及鳔发育不完全等严重后果。本文归纳与总结了国内外有关亲鱼脂类营养、代谢及其对繁殖性能影响的研究成果,希望能有助于我国亲鱼的营养与饲料研究,促进优质亲鱼的培育。     

饲料营养对亲鱼生殖性能的影响研究进展

营养对鱼类生殖具有重要的调节作用。亲鱼阶段的营养不仅影响亲鱼的性成熟、配子产生、繁殖力、受精率、受精卵的孵化率和胚胎发育,而且还影响仔稚鱼的质量和存活率;适当的营养可促进鱼类的繁殖性能,而营养缺乏或者过量将降低其繁殖性能。本文总结了饲料中的蛋白质、脂肪、糖、维生素和钙磷等矿物元素的含量和来源等因素对亲鱼生殖活动各个环节的影响,对饲料中一些关键营养素的供应提出了建议,并结合陆生动物的研究结果,对能量、脂肪及必需脂肪酸等调节鱼类繁殖性能的作用机制进行概括和推断。     

试谈亲鱼的产前产后营养管理

湘北地区鱼苗繁殖 ,鲫鲤一般是阳历４月上、中旬 ,水温稳定在１７℃以上 ,最低水温１４℃以上时进行。鲢、鳙、草、鳊鱼一般是５月进行。根据笔者经验 ,总结出一些关于亲鱼喂养的经验。１亲鱼的产前管理亲鱼的产前管理 ,最重要的是喂饱、喂合适 ,才可确保充足的怀卵量和良好的精卵质量。实际操作中 ,管理人员的认识水平有异 ,操作难于完全到位 ,最后极易导致怀卵量偏低、精卵质量不稳定 ,亲鱼甚至难产死亡。亲鱼的产前营养管理 ,是从精原细胞、卵原细胞开始发育至最后形成Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期的成熟精卵细胞 ,至少需要大半年的时间。这也就是秋季培育…     

亲鱼脂类营养对鱼类生殖性能的影响

亲鱼饲料的营养质量是影响生殖性能的主要因素之一,目前的研究大多集中在脂类营养方面。本文主要综述了饲料脂类成分对亲鱼的产卵量、卵和仔鱼质量、胚胎发育、精卵的脂肪酸构成的影响,以及营养成分影响生殖性能的机制。     

鲇形目亲鱼和仔稚鱼营养需求特点研究进展

正鲇形目鱼包含35个科。其中斑点叉尾(Ietalurus punetaus)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、长吻(Leiocassis longirostris)、斑鳠(Mystus guttatus)、胡子鲇(Clarias fuscus)等品种肉质鲜美、营养丰富,是我国重要的淡水经济鱼类,深受广大消费者的青睐。鲇形目鱼类的市场需求持续增加,养殖规模也不断扩大。有关鲇形目鱼幼鱼、成鱼等营养饲料方面的研究报道较多,但其亲鱼和仔稚鱼营养素需求及配合饲料研究相对滞后。     

斑Hu亲鱼营养饲料研制及培育效果的研究

在池塘养殖条件下，对6龄斑Hu亲鱼采取依3^#、4^#西研制的亲鱼营养饲料进行产前强化培育试验，获得成功。结果表明：培育的雌鱼50％、雄鱼95％性腺发育成熟并符合人工催产要求。     

亲鱼春季培育要点

春季,亲鱼的性腺发育已进入大生长期,需要大量的营养和适宜的环境,因此抓好亲鱼的春季培育十分重要。根据笔者多年的实践体会,其关键技术要诀是: 1 备好鱼池选择环境安静,交通便利,靠近水源和催产池,面积667m2-2 000 m2,水深2 m左右,池底平坦,淤泥较少,不渗漏的池塘为亲鱼培育池。放养前排干池水,冻、晒池塘,每667 m2用生石灰100 kg-150 kg全池泼洒消毒,5 d后注入新水。     

亲鱼的性激素及营养调控

亲鱼的繁殖过程受各种激素调控,包括性腺及生殖细胞的生长发育,这是鱼类神经系统和内分泌系统发展进化的结果,下丘脑一垂体一性腺轴就是调节性腺及分泌性激素的三级轴心体系,3者从不同水平共同促进性激素分泌,对维持体内外周循环血中激素水平的衡定极为重要。本文综述影响亲鱼性腺发育的几种主要的性腺激素、类固醇激素及营养物质对其产生的影响,旨在为营养学研究提供理论支持和研究思路。     

斑蠖亲鱼营养饲料研制及培育效果的研究

20世纪90年代以来，国内多家科研院所进行了大量关于斑蠖亲鱼池塘吗化，生态，性腺发育，亲鱼促熟等方面的研究，试图在池塘养殖条件下获得性腺发育成熟的亲鱼，以达到人工繁殖及规模养殖的目的，但一直没有成功，本研究从斑蠖亲鱼的营养需求出发，研制并筛选满足斑蠖亲鱼性腺发育需求的人工配合饲料进行亲鱼强化培育，获得成功，培育的雌鱼50％，雄鱼90％性腺发育成熟并符合人工催产要求，现将试验结果整理如下。     

日本囊对虾亲虾人工繁育技术初步研究

2003年11月18日～2004年6月18日期间，采用人工养殖的日本囊对虾，经过越冬培养和室外培育（性腺促熟、交尾），人工控制光线、饵料、温度和培育密度等手段，亲虾性腺均可发育成熟。在越冬培养中光线为500～800lx之间、温度为9～10℃、饵料为沙蚕及杂色蛤，亲虾培育密度为12～30尾／m^2，越冬实验结果，亲虾体重增长率为10．9％，存活率为93．2％。在室外培育中温度为13．6℃、养殖密度为1．3尾／m^2，饵料以蜾赢蜚、藻钩虾和低值贝类为主。实验结果，亲虾体重增长率为5．1％、存活率为90．5％、交尾率为100％。2004年6月24日～7月10日利用人工繁育的日本囊对虾亲虾进行苗种生产实验。实验结果，每尾亲虾产卵量为20～25万粒／尾、孵化率为82．96％、出苗率为62．8％。实验表明，人工繁育的日本囊对虾亲虾可用于正常的苗种生产。     

海水鱼类亲体必需脂肪酸营养的研究进展

脂肪酸营养特别是其中的必需脂肪酸在海水鱼类生殖调控方面具有重要的生理作用。饲料中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)以及花生四烯酸(ARA)含量在调控海水鱼类性腺发育、排卵、孵化率及仔鱼质量等方面作用显著。本文主要从必需脂肪酸需求量、对繁殖性能影响、对机体脂肪酸存储影响及对内分泌调控作用4个方面归纳总结了海水鱼类亲体脂肪酸营养的研究概况,并重点分析探讨了在内分泌调控方面的研究进展,同时对后续的研究重点提出了一些建议。     

Design and performance of recirculating aquaculture system for marine finfish broodstock development

Tropical and subtropical climatic conditions in India present an ideal and unique opportunity for being the leader in tropical marine finfish aquaculture. However, the problem persist due to non-availability of marine finfish seed for the culture. In response to this problem, broodstock development of different tropical marine finfishes for seed production was started. The present study was undertaken to design a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and studying their performance in managing the various water quality required for the marine finfish broodstock development and breeding. The design of RAS, developed in the present study, included a broodstock tank, egg collection chamber, electrical pump, rapid sand filter, venturi type protein skimmer and biological filter. Two RAS were designed, one was stocked with a demersal fish species, orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and the other was stocked with a pelagic fish species, Indian pompano (Trachinotus mookalee) at the rate 1 and 0.5 kg/m³ with a sex ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 (female: male) respectively. Various physio-chemical parameters, viz, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate, pH, alkalinity, temperature, free carbon dioxide (CO₂) and dissolved oxygen (DO) of both tank water were analyzed to assess the performance of recirculating aquaculture system in maintaining the water quality. Gonadal development of the fishes was assessed and the spawning performance was recorded and finally, economic performance of the system was also evaluated. During the entire experimental period, mean monthly total ammonia nitrogen was less than 0.07 and 0.06 mg L⁻¹ and mean monthly nitrite was less than 0.02 and 0.01 mg L⁻¹ in orange spotted grouper and Indian pompano RAS tanks respectively. The pH (7.8–8.2), DO (>4 mg/L) and alkalinity (100–120 mg/L) were found to be in optimum range in both recirculating aquaculture systems. Carbon dioxide was found to be nil during the entire experimental period in both the systems. In fact these levels were comparable or less than that is reported as the permissible limits for broodstock development. Indian pompano and Orange spotted grouper matured and spawning was obtained with production of fertilized eggs round the year. Economic evaluation showed the price of 10,000 fertilized eggs of orange spotted grouper to be US $ 1.33. The design of RAS devised in the present study is efficient in controlling and maintaining optimum water quality for broodstock development of both demersal and pelagic finfishes. The fishes stocked in RAS attained final maturation and round the year spawning was obtained.     

Serotonin induces ovarian maturation in giant freshwater prawn broodstock, Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man

This study investigated the effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5HT) on ovarian development in Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man. Adult female prawns at the ovarian stage I (spent) were injected with 5HT at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μg g^− 1 body weight (BW) intramuscularly on days 0, 5 and 10, and sacrificed on day 15. The doses as related to the effect could be categorized into three levels: low (1 and 5 μg g^− 1 BW of 5HT), medium (10 and 20 μg g^− 1 BW of 5HT) and high (50 μg g^− 1 BW of 5HT). The low-dose, especially at 1 μg g^− 1 BW, caused prawns to exhibit a significant increase in ovarian index (ovarian weight/body weight × 100) (5.79 ± 0.09%) as compared to the control (1.49%). The ovaries of most of these prawns could develop to stage IV (mature) and contained synchronously mature oocytes while most of the control ovaries remained at stage I and II (proliferative), and contained only oogonia to previtellogenic (Oc1, Oc2) and early vitellogenic oocytes (Oc3). The medium- and high-dose treated prawns exhibited ovaries that could reach stages III and IV and contained various types of oocytes of different maturity. Pretreatment with 5HT receptor antagonist, cyproheptadine (CYP), at 10 μg g^− 1 BW before 5HT injection significantly suppressed the effect of 5HT. Intramuscular injection of the 5HT-primed thoracic ganglion culture medium into CYP-pretreated prawns resulted in the increase of ovarian index about 5–6 times more than in the control, and in the groups injected with 5HT-primed media from muscle strip, eyestalk and brain. The ovaries of most prawn could develop up to stage IV and contained synchronously developed vitellogenic (Oc4) and mature oocytes (Oc5). These findings suggest that 5HT indirectly induces ovarian development and oocytes maturation in M. rosenbergii, probably via a putative ovarian stimulating factor released from the thoracic ganglia.     

Growth and reproductive performance of broodstock shrimp reared in a biosecure recirculating aquaculture system versus a flow-through pond

Over the past decade, viral pathogens have caused mass mortalities of farmed shrimp throughout the major shrimp farming regions of the world. In addition, the global shrimp farming industry has been criticized for negatively impacting coastal environments. These issues have raised concerns about the sustainability of traditional shrimp farming practices, and have prompted farmers and researchers to develop biosecure technologies that promote a sustainable industry. Current technologies include the use of specific pathogen free (SPF) shrimp that are grown to market size in recirculating systems that rely on pathogen exclusion. Inherent in this approach is the need to produce SPF broodstock under biosecure conditions. However, there is a paucity of information on broodstock growth and reproductive performance when they are reared in recirculating systems. The present investigation compares shrimp growth and reproductive performance in two trials where shrimp were cultured from market size (20 g) to broodstock size (40–60 g) in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) versus a flow-through earthen pond (EP). In trial 1, mean growth rates of males and females in the RAS were 0.83 and 1.33 g/week, respectively. In the EP, males and females grew 1.07 and 1.48 g/week, respectively. In trial 2, mean growth rates of males and females in the RAS were 0.90 and 1.53 g/week, respectively, whereas in the EP, males and females grew and 1.24 and 1.78 g/week. Slower growth rates in the RAS may be attributed to the lack of natural productivity, which provides supplemental nutrition to the shrimp. In addition to growth rates, reproductive performance of broodstock reared in the RAS was compared with historical reproductive performance of broodstock reared in the EP. Data on spawning success and production of viable nauplii revealed no significant differences (P>0.05) between broodstock shrimp reared in these two systems. These results indicate that broodstock shrimp can be cultured in a biosecure RAS while maintaining good growth and high survival. In addition, reproductive performance of broodstock shrimp reared in a RAS is not compromised when compared with broodstock shrimp reared in a conventional, flow-through pond.     

Design and development of a geothermal temperature control system for broodstock management of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

A control system was designed to raise and maintain water temperatures within 0.03-ha earthen ponds to a range conducive for spawning (24–30 °C) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Heating was done during February 2001 to April 2001, when temperatures would have otherwise prohibited spawning (<24 °C). Temperature was increased from 10 °C (ambient) by 2 °C per day, and maintained at 27 °C, by the addition of geothermally warmed water (36 °C). The control system substantially increased the controllability and precision of heating ponds compared to manual operation. Systems were designed to control sets of four ponds. In designing this control system, consideration of biological constraints was essential. Reproduction in channel catfish is most strongly influenced by temperature. Because cold fronts are common during the winter and early spring (January–March), it was essential to ensure that pond temperatures did not fall below the range for spawning. Constraints on the heating rate and temperature variability to maintain fish health and stimulate spawning behavior were considered. Components of the control system included temperature measurement devices (type-T thermocouples), a central electronic control unit, electronic switches and electrically actuated ball valves. In response to the temperature sensed by each thermocouple, the controller sent a message to close or open the valve. When the valve was opened, warm water was added to the pond to increase the average pond temperature. Hardware and algorithm design and initial system testing were the major components of this project. The final design incorporated information on relevant biological parameters and safety features including peak pond temperature, independent aeration and water pressure control mechanisms. Initial results indicate successful control of this biological system, and ongoing studies suggest similar mechanisms may be used for additional control objectives. In particular, this system could be used to vary pond temperatures to study biological responses and to cool ponds by addition of well water during summer months.     

Effects of dietary protein level on spawning performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock reared at different water salinities

Effects of dietary protein level and water salinity on spawning performance of Nile tilapia broodstock and growth of their larvae were studied. Four isocaloric (400 kcal/100 g) diets containing 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% crude protein were prepared. The diets were fed to broodfish (25.7 g) reared at three water salinities (0‰, 7‰ and 14‰) at a female/male ratio of 3:1, to satiation twice a day for 195 days. The size at first maturation increased with increasing dietary protein at all salinities. At 25% and 30% protein levels, broodstock reared at 0‰ reached their sexual maturity at bigger sizes than those reared at 7‰ and 14‰. At 0‰, spawning intervals were not significantly affected by dietary protein levels. At 7‰ and 14‰, spawning intervals significantly decreased with increasing dietary protein level. Spawning frequency and number of eggs per spawn were increased with increasing dietary protein level. The total number of spawnings per female and absolute fecundity were better in fish fed 40% protein in freshwater than at 7‰ and 14‰ salinity. The relationship of dietary protein and water salinity on egg size was significant, but showed irregular patterns. The chemical composition of broodstock muscles, eggs and fry were not significantly affected by dietary protein and water salinity, except for body water and crude protein of broodstock which were significantly affected; but showed irregular trends. At each water salinity, egg hatchability was linearly increased with increasing dietary protein level. Eggs produced from broodstock fed 25% protein at 7‰ and 14‰ needed more time for hatching and yolk-sac absorption and resulted in poorer larval weight than those reared in freshwater. Fry growth was improved with increasing protein level at all salinities. This result revealed that 40% dietary protein is required for optimum spawning performance of Nile tilapia reared at 0‰, 7‰ and 14‰ salinity. It also indicated that spawning performance and larval growth were better in freshwater than at 7‰ and 14‰.     

Application of DNA markers to the management of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) broodstock

For many aquaculture finfish species, the current broodstock have been collected from the wild or have undergone only a few generations of domestication. The Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) aquaculture industry in Atlantic Canada has retained F₁ juveniles (n=145) from the 1996 spawning of wild adults for candidate broodstock. Through the development and use of a five-microsatellite DNA marker multiplex, we determined the parentage of these 1996 F1 individuals, which are being reared at one government and two industry hatcheries, and evaluated the change in genetic variation between the wild and the 1996 F₁ stock. In the three groups of F₁ fish, single parental pairs were assigned to 98%, 96% and 100% of individuals. Large full- and half-sibling groups were identified within and across F₁ groups and, overall, only 36% of attempted crosses were represented in the retained fish. Effective population size in the parental group decreased from 27 to 13 when variance in family size was accounted for and to 12.5 when changes in gene diversity (compared to the combined F₁ stocks) were considered. Statistically significant differences in measures of genetic variation were not widely observed between groups (original wild sample, parental group, three F₁ groups and combined F₁). However, the F₁ population shows a 26% decrease in total allele numbers compared to the wild sample. These observations demonstrate the utility of genetic tools in the evaluation of genetic diversity and determination of pedigree during the establishment of new broodstock. They also emphasize the necessity for closely monitoring future matings among these fish and suggest the need to introduce additional genetic variation into this group of Atlantic halibut broodstock.     

Reproductive performance and offspring quality in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) broodstock fed different diets

A 2-month feeding trial was conducted toevaluate the reproductive performance andoffspring quality of mud crab (Scyllaparamamosain) females fed either a mixture offresh food items (squid, shrimp, trash fish andArtemia biomass) or two experimentaldiets developed for penaeids. Before testinitiation, mud crab females with an averageindividual wet weight of 200–300 g wereacclimated for 2–3 days and reared together inone concrete tank of 2.0 × 0.5 × 8 m untilspawning. After spawning, the spent spawnerswere unilaterally eyestalk ablated and randomlydivided (20 animals/treatment) over three tanksof the same size and subjected to the dietarytreatments. Spent spawners were used toeliminate the effect of feeding history.There were only minor differences inreproductive performance between dietarytreatments. No differences were observed in theduration of the latency period from eyestalkablation to spawning. Fecundity was onlymarginally higher for the broodstock fed thecontrol diet. Also egg quality seemed onlyslightly affected by the treatments. Egghatching rates were slightly higher in crabsfed the formulated diets compared to thosecrabs fed the fresh diet. The onlystatistically significant difference (p < 0.05) observed however was in egg hatchingrate between the control diet and diet A2. Incontrast, the crabs fed the fresh diet producedstronger larvae as determined by a starvationtest.We therefore conclude that artificial dietsresulted in reproduction success comparable tothe use of fresh food. The nutritionalcomposition of the artificial diets couldhowever be improved in order to produce larvaeof optimal quality. Based on our researchfindings, the protein level and n-3 HUFA levelin the diet warrants further investigation inthis respect.