黄河三角洲盐碱地菊芋起垄种植对产量的影响

为探究不同种植制度与种植密度对菊芋产量的影响，设置垄作(A1)和平作(A2)2种种植制度，60 cm(B1)、80 cm(B2)、100 cm(B3)3种行距进行大田试验，对收获期的地上茎叶生物量、地下块茎产量以及单个块茎质量进行分析研究。结果表明，垄作菊芋的地上茎叶生物量、地下块茎产量及块茎大小等指标均优于平作；从牲畜饲料收获和块茎产量角度，最优组合为A1B1；从块茎商品性和块茎产量角度，最优组合应为A1B3。因此，在推广菊芋种植制度时，可根据种植目的选择合适的栽培方式。本研究结果可为盐碱地菊芋高产栽培和资源高效利用提供理论指导。     

长期免耕秸秆还田对寒地土壤有机碳及大豆产量的影响

为了优化寒地免耕覆盖栽培技术,利用长期定位试验,研究免耕条件下0%、30%、60%和100%秸秆覆盖还田量对土壤有机碳及微生物生物量碳含量的影响。结果表明,免耕秸秆还田具有显著的固碳效应,有助于提高土壤总有机碳（4.1%~22.3%）、土壤活性有机碳（52.5%~75.5%）及土壤微生物生物量碳含量（14.6%~44.7%）;随秸秆覆盖还田量增加,表层土壤有机碳、土壤活性有机碳和土壤微生物生物量碳含量呈上升趋势,60%秸秆覆盖还田量处理的亚表层土壤总有机碳含量最高,60%和100%处理的亚表层土壤微生物生物量碳含量较高;30%处理的大豆产量最高,60%处理次之。在本试验寒地免耕9年条件下,60%秸秆覆盖还田量对土壤整体有机碳固持及大豆产量提升作用显著。     

滨海盐碱地不同培肥方式对作物产量及土壤肥力的影响

为给滨海盐碱地区土壤培肥及作物高产高效提供一定的理论指导,采用随机区组试验设计,以滨海盐碱地冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式为例,通过大田试验,研究了氮肥、高效有机肥、改良剂不同配比对小麦、玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,在滨海盐碱地上种植冬小麦施用氮肥、有机肥及土壤改良剂均可提高籽粒产量,且三者增产幅度分别为9.52%~29.52%,2.30%~17.82%,2.19%~11.48%;玉米季施用氮肥、有机肥均可提高玉米产量,增产幅度分别为29.37%~45.74%,1.69%~11.15%,小麦改良剂的后效对玉米也有明显增产效果,增产幅度为3.50%~8.33%。盐碱地施用氮肥、有机肥、改良剂对于提高土壤肥力效果明显,其中O3(N_2O3A2)效果最佳,土壤速效氮磷钾含量均最高;施用土壤改良剂能增加土壤有机质含量,且能降低土壤盐碱含量。通过建立施肥效应模型,获得本试验条件下周年小麦玉米总产量最高可达16 770.46 kg/hm~2,对应的氮肥、有机肥、改良剂周年施用量分别为763,2 250,3 167 kg/hm~2。因此,滨海盐碱地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式施肥应重视氮肥、有机肥及土壤改良剂的配合施用,可获得一定的作物高产。     

不同硫酸铝施用条件下对苏打盐碱地水稻吸肥规律的研究

通过对苏打盐碱地水稻施用硫酸铝改良剂的研究,阐明了不同硫酸铝施用量对水稻氮、磷、钾素营养吸收及产量的影响。试验结果表明,在重度盐碱化稻田上,施用硫酸铝可使水稻对氮、磷、钾的吸收量增加,水稻吸收养分能力分别提高40%、100%、40%。吸磷量增加最明显。其中吸氮量、吸磷量最大值均出现在成熟期。不同硫酸铝施用量对水稻吸收养分的影响无规律性。但在硫酸铝施用量为300 kg/hm2的情况下,水稻产量可较不施用硫酸铝处理增加近8倍,是盐碱地水稻产量最大时硫酸铝的施用量。盐碱地稻田土壤供肥能力较低,氮肥分次施用是提高其利用率的重要措施,也是提高产量的重要保障。硫酸铝的施用提高了磷肥的利用率,因此,今后在盐碱地水稻种植中一定要注意改良剂硫酸铝的合理投入并不断加强对硫酸铝施用量有效性的研究。     

滨海盐碱地玉米施肥效应及土壤供肥潜力研究

在典型滨海盐碱地区,采用随机区组试验设计,研究了玉米需肥特性、施肥效应及土壤供肥能力,以期为滨海盐碱地区合理施肥提供参考。结果表明,玉米籽粒养分含量平均为：N 1.224%,P2 O50.480%,K2 O 0.377%;秸秆养分含量平均为：N 0.820%,P2 O50.142%,K2 O 2.552%;生产100 kg经济产量所需养分量平均为：N 1.92 kg,P2 O50．60 kg,K2 O 2.55 kg。肥料增产率高低顺序为氮肥(44.39%)>磷肥(13.79%)>钾肥(6.55%);每千克氮、磷、钾肥可分别增产9.44,8.38,2.83 kg籽粒;玉米氮、磷、钾肥当季利用率分别为19.96%,5.60%,30.64%。通过建立玉米施肥效应模型,获得本试验条件下最佳经济施肥量为氮(N)348.5 kg/hm2、磷(P2O5)133.6 kg/hm2、钾(K2O)19.1 kg/hm2。本试验条件下土壤氮、磷、钾养分校正系数分别为52.06%,190.30%,32.67%;氮、磷、钾肥相对产量分别为69.26%,87.88%,93.85%,土壤养分丰缺程度氮处于低水平,磷、钾处于中等水平,高低顺序为钾肥>磷肥>氮肥。因此,滨海盐碱地区玉米施肥应重视氮、磷肥的施用,不施或少施钾肥,即可获得高产并取得较高的经济效益。     

不同肥力滨海盐土对棉花生长发育和生理特性的影响

以高肥力非盐土和高、低肥力滨海盐土盆栽棉花,研究了盐渍土肥力和盐分对棉花生长发育与生理特性的影响.结果表明,低肥力盐土种植的棉花,在出苗速率、株高增长、叶面积扩展、干物质积累、叶绿素含量和光合速率等方面显著低于高肥力非盐土(对照)的棉花,其中干物质积累和子棉产量分别比对照降低31.7%和20.7%;而低肥力盐土比高肥力盐土种植棉花的干物重和子棉产量则分别降低20.6%和11.8%,说明低肥力盐碱地棉花光合和产量的降低是养分缺乏和盐分胁迫的共同作用.降低土壤盐分含量,不断培肥地力是提高滨海盐渍土棉花产量的重要途径.     

江苏滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉氮、磷、钾肥料优化配比研究

【目的】建立江苏省滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉合理的施肥技术体系。【方法】2017―2018年在江苏省滨海棉田,以中棉所50为材料,采用正交设计,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥配施量对棉花生物量、养分累积与利用及产量的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥3因子对棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、棉株地上部氮和钾素累积量及皮棉产量的影响均为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。施N 150~225 kg·hm-2、P2O575 kg·hm-2下棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、氮和钾累积量及皮棉产量较高。钾肥因子对生殖器官生物量和皮棉产量影响不显著。钾肥因子对氮、钾素利用效率的影响大于氮肥和磷肥,氮肥因子对磷素利用效率的影响大于磷肥和钾肥,施K2O 75~150 kg·hm-2氮、钾素利用效率较高、施氮225 kg·hm-2磷素利用效率较高。土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较高棉田的氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2和150~225 kg·hm-2。相关分析表明,皮棉产量与棉株氮、钾素累积量显著正相关。【结论】长江流域棉区滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉利于产量和养分利用效率提高的最佳氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2。     

江苏滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉氮、磷、钾肥料优化配比研究

【目的】建立江苏省滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉合理的施肥技术体系。【方法】2017―2018年在江苏省滨海棉田,以中棉所50为材料,采用正交设计,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥配施量对棉花生物量、养分累积与利用及产量的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥3因子对棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、棉株地上部氮和钾素累积量及皮棉产量的影响均为氮肥磷肥钾肥。施N 150～225 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 75 kg·hm~(-2)下棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、氮和钾累积量及皮棉产量较高。钾肥因子对生殖器官生物量和皮棉产量影响不显著。钾肥因子对氮、钾素利用效率的影响大于氮肥和磷肥,氮肥因子对磷素利用效率的影响大于磷肥和钾肥,施K_2O 75～150 kg·hm~(-2)氮、钾素利用效率较高、施氮225 kg·hm~(-2)磷素利用效率较高。土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较高棉田的氮、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm~(-2)、75 kg·hm~(-2)和150～225 kg·hm~(-2)。相关分析表明,皮棉产量与棉株氮、钾素累积量显著正相关。【结论】长江流域棉区滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉利于产量和养分利用效率提高的最佳氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K_2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm~(-2)、75 kg·hm~(-2)、75 kg·hm~(-2)。     

旱地糜子生长、产量及土壤环境对不同覆膜种植方式的响应

研究不同覆膜种植方式对宁南山区旱地糜子生长发育、产量及土壤环境的影响,旨在探索适宜宁南山区旱地糜子生产的有效栽培措施,为糜子产业发展提供理论依据。连续2年通过3种覆膜种植方式（膜上、膜侧及起垄覆膜）,以未覆膜的露地平播为对照,研究分析不同覆膜种植方式下旱地糜子生育期、农艺性状、产量、土壤养分及土壤酶活性垂直分布特征。结果表明：起垄覆膜提高了糜子的株高和生物量,生育期明显缩短,整个生育期内干物质积累量始终大于其他处理,产量显著提高。覆膜种植明显改善了0~40cm土层土壤全氮、全磷及有机碳含量,且随土层加深逐渐变低;覆膜种植显著提高了0~20cm土层土壤脲酶活性,起垄覆膜种植对土壤整体肥力的改善效果最明显。起垄覆膜种植方式可改善土壤水热状况,增强土壤酶活性,促进土壤中营养物质的循环和土壤肥力的提高,是适合宁南干旱半干旱区糜子生产的有效栽培措施。     

不同种植方式对旱地马铃薯水分利用及的影响

针对内蒙古阴山北麓农牧交错区年降雨较少、蒸发量大、传统种植模式下马铃薯水分利用效率低等问题,在垄作全覆膜（T1）、垄作半覆膜（T2）和垄作不覆膜（对照）种植方式下对土壤水分动态变化、植株生长、水分利用效率和产量等指标进行比较分析,探讨适宜马铃薯的抗旱保墒种植技术。结果表明,苗期至成熟期,T1单株干物质积累量较对照提高了25.7%~120.0%,叶面积指数增加了42.2%~178.6%,且明显提高了0~30cm土层土壤含水量,其产量和水分利用效率分别较对照提高了133.5%和115.8%,T1减少了土壤水分蒸发,但显著增加了作物对土壤水分的消耗。因此,T1能够有效保持土壤水分,提高作物水分利用效率和产量,是适宜内蒙古阴山北麓农牧交错区马铃薯种植的抗旱保墒技术措施。     

Competition and Control of Volunteer Jerusalem Artichoke in Various Crops

A major production constraint in Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.) is caused by tubers which are not recovered at harvest. Such lost tubers raise a serious weed problem the following season. Winter wheat, oat, spring oilseed rape, sugarbeet, maize and ryegrass were grown in a field which had Jerusalem artichoke as the preceding crop in order to obtain information about their competitive ability and the efficacy of various control measurements against Jerusalem artichoke infestation. The Jerusalem artichoke treatments in these crops were: total control by regular hand weeding (TOC), mechanical/chemical control (MCC), and no control (NOC). Under the NOC treatment, Jerusalem artichoke infestation at harvest was variable among crops, with the number of shoots ranging from 9 to 25 m⁻² in oat and maize stands respectively. The number of Jerusalem artichoke shoots in the MCC plots was reduced by 50 to 99 % in oat and maize, respectively. The highest crop yields in each of the six species were realized under the TOC treatment. Insignificant yield reductions were observed in the NOC treatment of wheat, oat, rape and ryegrass. However, under this management yield reductions of 91 and 81 % occurred in sugarbeet and maize respectively. Depending on the preceding crop, 1–9 shoots m⁻² of Jerusalem artichoke were still recorded under the MCC plots in the following season. Consequently, for complete elimination of infestation, volunteers must be controlled in the second and probably in the third year following a Jerusalem artichoke crop.     

257份菊芋种质资源表型性状的遗传多样性

为有效利用我国菊芋种质资源的遗传多样性,分析了257份菊芋种质资源,表明12个数量性状的变异系数(CV)在6%～50%之间,平均为24.75%,单株块茎重的变异系数最大(50%),生育期的变异系数最小(6%),多样性指数(H')分布在1.24～1.53之间,平均为1.44,单株块茎数的多样性指数最高(1.53),叶宽的多样性指数最低(1.24);8个质量性状的多样性指数在0.85～1.08之间,平均为0.98,以块茎习性最大,块茎整齐度最小,大部分性状表现出丰富的遗传多样性; 257份菊芋资源的隶属函数均值介于0.12～0.58之间,其中JA1095材料最高(0.58),其花数和单株块茎重具有明显优势。菊芋资源12个数量性状的相关性分析表明,茎粗、叶长、花和花盘大小可作为今后选育高产菊芋品种的指导目标性状;主成分分析结果表明,7个主成分因子的累计贡献率达66.794%,其中花数量、单株块茎数量、块茎毛根量、块茎表皮光滑程度4个性状是构成菊芋种植表型差异的主要因素;以20个性状为基础的聚类分析将257份种质材料分为5类,其中,第I类和第II类占总资源量的85%。本研究结果为菊芋种质资源的利用及品种选育等提供了重要参考。     

半干旱地区菊芋品系植株表型与光合特性分析

为了加快半干旱地区的新型资源作物菊芋品种的选育进程,探讨菊芋产量及相关性状表型和光合生理基础是必要的。选用本课题组收集和培育的4个品系( 2个高产,2个低产品系),设置随机区组试验,比较菊芋高产和低产品系与产量形成相关的生物量累积、植株表型和光合特性的差异。结果表明,高产菊芋品系的地上生物量、块茎产量及根生物量显著高于低产品系;高产品系整体表现出明显的生长优势,其株高、基径、叶面积和叶片数均显著高于低产品系。气体交换参数分析表明,高产品系的光补偿点和暗呼吸速率显著小于低产品系,而其他各项参数差异不显著。相关性分析表明,菊芋块茎产量与株高、基径、叶面积、叶片数、地上生物量和根生物量呈显著正相关,而与光补偿点和暗呼吸速率呈显著负相关。建议多的叶片数、大的叶面积和发达的根系作为半干旱地区菊芋高产品系田间选育指标,而低的光补偿点和暗呼吸速率在高产品系选育中也具参考价值。     

Einfluß des Standortes, der N-Düngung, der Sorte und des Erntezeitpunktes auf den Ertrag an fermentierbaren Zuckern bei Topinamburkraut und -knollen

Effect of location, N-fertilization, variety and harvest date on the yield of fermentable sugars of Jerusalem artichoke tops and tubers
In the past, the production of fermentable sugar with Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.) resulted nearly exclusively from tubers.
It should be investigated to what extent the tops can be used beside tubers as a source of fermentable sugars, connected with studies about diverse components of yield and morphological characteristics.
In field trials at three locations in the south-west of Germany in 1983 and 1984 yields of "Total Fermentable Sugars" (TFZ) with Jerusalem artichoke tops up to 6.7 t/ha were achieved according to variety, N-fertilization and harvest date. While harvesting Jerusalem artichoke tubers yields of TFZ up to 8.3 t/ha had been feasible.
The presented correlations between components of yield and morphological plant characteristics refer to interesting mechanisms of reaction and dependence on the formation of yield with this crop. The high yield level of Jerusalem artichoke and its adaptability to different locations also present this crop as an interesting renewable biomass crop for the south-west of Germany.     

Genotypic variation of resistance to southern stem rot of Jerusalem artichoke caused by Sclerotium rolfsii

Southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is a significant problem of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) production in Thailand. Resistant varieties are not available. The objective of this study was to investigate genetic variability of Jerusalem artichoke genotypes for resistance to stem rot caused by S. rolfsii. Ninety-one Jerusalem artichoke genotypes were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Traits evaluated included disease score, lesion length, days to permanent wilting, plant height, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight index. Number of days from inoculation until permanent wilting was the only trait with statistically significant differences among genotypes. Based on this trait, genotypes were categorized into two distinct groups: resistant and susceptible. Genotypes that consistently expressed relative resistance to S. rolfsii included HEL 280, HEL 278, HEL 293 and JA 98. These genotypes may be useful to plant breeders as sources of germplasm for incorporating resistance to S. rolfsii into Jerusalem artichoke.     

Effect of environmental variables on performance of Jerusalem artichoke (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus tuberosus</Emphasis> L.) cultivars in a long term trial: a statistical approach

Tuber yield, together with tuber number and size are the basic agronomic and breeding traits in Jerusalem artichoke and can be significantly affected by environmental factors. We report the results of a long term trial on the performance of 20 Jerusalem artichoke cultivars. The random model for means with restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedure was used to estimate the overall effects of the genotype, environment and genotype by environment interaction on traits. The partial least square regression (PLSR) model was used for modeling genotype by environment interaction variance components with a set of available correlated environmental variables. The REML variance component estimates model revealed that tuber number and yield are more dependent on GE interaction which allowed identification of best genotypes for specific environments. The PLSR model revealed that the most important climatic variables for optimal emergence, canopy development, high tuber number and yield are adequate soil and air temperatures in April. For larger tuber mass, precipitation variables and even distribution of rainfall were the most important factor, together with soil and air temperature in June when tuber growth is initiated. The knowledge obtained in this study is valuable for the identification and understanding of key environmental factors that contribute to the performance of Jerusalem artichoke.     

Genetic Variability for Mineral Concentration in the Forage of Jerusalem Artichoke Cultivars

Summary One of the potential uses of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is as a forage crop. Information on inherent differences in forage nutritional quality is essential if the quality of the forage is to be improved through breeding. The objectives of this study were to determine the genotypic variability among and within forage of Jerusalem artichoke cultivars for the concentration of N, P, Ca, Mg, K and the Ca/P ratio at flowering, to determine if selection among and within cultivars is feasible, to estimate the magnitude of the genotype × environment interaction, and to examine the relationships among mineral concentrations in the forage. Ten cultivated Jerusalem artichoke cultivars grown in an irrigated field nursery at Bushland, TX were evaluated for N, P, Ca, Mg, K, and the Ca/P ratio in the forage at flowering over a 2-yr period. Cultivars, cultivar × year, and error variances were estimated to calculate the phenotypic variance. Estimates of the within-population variances were also determined. The adequacy of Jerusalem artichoke forage at flowering for maintenance of a ruminant animal was classified as follows: N, Ca, Mg, K as adequate, P inadequate, and the Ca/P ratio as excessive. There were genotypic differences among the ten cultivars for N, P, Ca, Mg, K, and the Ca/P ratio for both years and averaged across years. The magnitude of the genotypic variance components indicated that a substantial proportion of the total variation for these elements was due to cultivar, indicating the possibility of improving these elements. However, further studies on heritability and response to selection will be required before conclusions can be reached concerning the likelihood of successfully breeding for these traits.     

菊芋营养器官解剖结构及其与抗旱性的关系

为了探讨菊芋适应干旱环境的解剖特征,分析菊芋植株营养器官解剖结构与抗旱性的关系,本研究采用石蜡切片和光学显微技术,对2个菊芋品种的根、地上茎、匍匐茎、叶的解剖结构进行了观察比较与参数测定。结果表明:‘青芋1号’与‘青芋2号’的根、地上茎、匍匐茎及叶的解剖结构均存在显著差异。与‘青芋2号’相比,‘青芋1号’根的表皮、皮层厚度分别显著减小35.21%、49.06%,内皮层、韧皮层厚度、韧皮部和木质部所占的比例分别是‘青芋2号’的1.23倍、1.33倍、1.34倍、1.57倍;‘青芋1号’地上茎和匍匐茎表皮的厚度分别是‘青芋2号’的1.18倍和1.38倍;在叶片的解剖结构上,‘青芋1号’的叶片厚度、上表皮、下表皮、栅栏组织厚度分别显著高于‘青芋2号’71.63μm、1.57μm、2.48μm、19.25μm。综合分析说明,‘青芋1号’通过根部表皮、皮层厚度的减小,内皮层、韧皮部的增厚及韧皮部和木质部所占比例的增加来响应干旱胁迫;通过地上茎和匍匐茎表皮厚度的增加,抵御水分流失;通过叶片、上表皮、下表皮的增厚及其内部栅栏组织的增多,利于水分的储存,从而适应干旱环境。本研究结果为菊芋抗旱性品种的鉴定提供解剖学依据。     

不同发育时期菊芋块茎DNA提取效果比较研究

为筛选菊芋块茎DNA提取的适宜生育时期,以“青芋1号”菊芋品种为试材,用改良CTAB法对不同发育时期菊芋块茎DNA进行提取,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳及全波长分光光度计检测总DNA的纯度、浓度及质量,选用4条ISSR引物进行PCR验证.结果表明:不同发育时期提取菊芋块茎DNA效果较好,DNA浓度呈现单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在第9周,与琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测呈现的亮度结果一致,PCR验证结果显示,提取的DNA能够满足后续相关分子生物学的要求.     

Genotypic variability and genotype by environment interactions for inulin content of Jerusalem artichoke germplasm

Genetic variations in germplasm and genotype × environment interaction (G × E) are important for crop improvement. The objectives were to explore genetic variation in Jerusalem artichoke germplasm and to evaluate G × E interaction for inulin content. Seventy-nine accessions of Jerusalem artichoke were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with two replications for three seasons. Significant variation in inulin content (55.3–74.0% dry weight) was observed and the genotypes with high inulin content could be identified although there was intermediate G × E interaction. Genotypes were also significantly different for days to maturity, fresh tuber yield, biomass and harvest index and G × E interactions for these traits were also significant. The correlation between inulin content and days to maturity was not significant (r = −0.20), whereas inulin content and fresh tuber yield were significantly associated (r = 0.22). JA 37 and CN 52867 are promising for high yield and inulin content.