苹果短枝型品种脱落酸含量与树体生长的研究

用气相色谱法分析了苹果短枝型品种（系）叶片内源脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）的含量变化。结果表明，不同年份不同时期苹果短枝型品种（系）叶片ＡＢＡ含量显著高于非短枝型对照树。４年生短枝型品种新红星在７月２５日、９月２６日叶片ＡＢＡ含量分别为０．８５４３×１０－７ｇ·ｇ－１、０．９８２５×１０－７ｇ·ｇ－１；同期对照红星树叶片ＡＢＡ含量分别为０．３９５２×１０－７ｇ·ｇ－１、０．４３４０×１０－７ｇ·ｇ－１。相关测验结果表明，苹果短枝型品种（系）和对照树叶片ＡＢＡ含量与９年生树高、新稍长度和节间长度是极显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。红星苹果芽变枝条测定结果看出，以当地条件同系列非短枝型品种或母体树叶片ＡＢＡ含量为基准，其含量的二倍值可作为苹果短枝型品种的预选指标。     

不同砧木对普通型和短枝型富士系苹果花芽分化的影响

选取了宝鸡地区生产上常用的T337自根砧和M26中间砧分别搭配普通型富士‘长富2号’和短枝型富士‘礼泉短富’，对4种砧穗组合苹果树叶片的养分吸收和蔗糖代谢，短枝顶芽的激素代谢、成花基因表达等进行了全面的评价，探究了不同砧木对普通型和短枝型富士系苹果花芽分化的影响，以期为宝鸡地区筛选适宜搭配富士系苹果的最优砧木类型。结果表明：同一富士系品种嫁接不同砧木类型，T337自根砧组合较M26中间砧组合有更高的开花率和更饱满的短枝顶芽，并且在花芽生理分化期，T337自根砧组合中糖类物质的合成和积累、蔗糖代谢和激素代谢水平以及成花基因的表达均显著优于M26中间砧组合。可见，T337自根砧搭配富士系苹果较M26中间砧搭配富士系苹果更易成花。     

短枝型苹果枝条组织解剖显微构造研究

通过对短枝型苹果和普通型苹果成熟的一年生枝条横断面组织解剖的显微构造研究,首次获得,短枝型苹果枝条皮层厚度占枝断面直径的百分率较普通型苹果明显高,而木质部则显著小;短枝型苹果枝断面木质部导管分子密度,导管分子管孔直径明显小于普通型品种;短枝型苹果枝断面射线薄壁细胞层次,射线条数均较普通型苹果多而且较宽。试验结果显示短枝型苹果枝条组织和细胞的特征性结构是短枝型品种营养生长弱,枝条节间短、不徒长、易成花、树体矮化、早结果的解剖学原因。     

苹果植株硝酸还原酶（NR）研究初报

田间耕作条件下苹果短枝型品种与普通型品种的硝酸还原酶活性（ＮＲＡ）分析表明：ＮＲ普遍存在于根系与叶片中，但皮层没有检测到，其活性以根系最高；ＮＲＡ的周年变化动态与植株的３次根系活动高峰相一致，说明其与根系旺盛的土壤Ｎ吸收有关。追施硝态氮（ＮＯ３－Ｎ）能显著提高ＮＲＡ，但高剂量的铵态氮（ＮＨ４－Ｎ）并未造成ＮＲＡ和下降；ＮＲＡ在两类品种间存在差异，短枝型品种的ＮＲＡ高于其相应的普通型品种，表明前者的     

‘塔1’Peng柑果实发育,内源激素变化及品质形成特点

‘塔１’Ｐｅｎｇ柑与亲本品种果实发育过程中果形指数的变化动态基本一致。无论是果皮还是果肉＋种子,‘塔１’Ｐｅｎｇ柑中内源赤霉素（ＧＡ）的质量摩尔浓度［ｂ（ＧＡ）］均高于亲本品种,而脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）的质量摩尔浓度［ｂ（ＡＢＡ）］低于亲本品种。ｂ（ＧＡ）／ｂ（ＡＢＡ）高可能是‘塔１’Ｐｅｎｇ柑大果产生的诱因之一。除酸外,‘塔１’Ｐｅｎｇ柑与亲本品种其它品质变化动态基本相似。果实采收前,‘塔１’Ｐｅｎｇ     

‘塔1’椪柑果实发育、内源激素变化及品质形成特点

‘塔１’椪柑与亲本品种果实发育过程中果形指数的变化动态基本一致无论是果皮还是果肉＋种子,‘塔１’柑中内源赤霉素（ＧＡ）的质量摩尔浓度［ｂ（ＧＡ）］均高于亲本品种,而脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）的质量摩尔浓度［ｂ（ＡＢＡ）］低于亲本品种ｂ（ＧＡ）／ｂ（ＡＢＡ）高可能是‘塔１’柑大果产生的诱因之一除酸外,‘塔１’柑与亲本品种其它品质变化动态基本相似果实采收前,‘塔１’柑果实柠檬酸质量分数较亲本品种高,但果实贮藏约１５ｄ后,二者中酸的质量分数趋近     

柱型苹果杂交后代不同株型枝叶及光合参数比较

为了分析柱型苹果杂交后代群体不同株型的幼树在形态及生理上的差异,本文以柱型苹果"塔斯坎"、"特珍"与普通型苹果"富士"、"嘎啦"杂交的3个群体为试材,进行了枝条、叶片以及光合参数的比较.研究结果表明:3个杂交组合不同株型的表型存在很大差异,普通型植株节间长度分别是柱型植株的1.81、1.69和1.68倍,长粗比分别是柱型的1.62、1.59和1.57倍,成枝角度分别是柱型的2.07、1.89和1.93倍.柱型苹果植株容易形成大量短枝,短枝比例分别是普通型的1.57、1.85和1.83倍,普通型植株长枝较多,长枝比例分别是柱型植株的2.35、2.49和2.52倍.柱型苹果对光能的利用效率比普通型高,其叶面积指数分别是普通型的6.41、6.43和4.92倍.日周期中,柱型苹果树的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均高于普通型苹果树,二者均呈双峰曲线,在13:00-14:00之间有一段 "午休"现象.     

2种杨树嫩茎质外体内源激素对盐胁迫的响应

以春季盆栽的‘吴屯杨’与‘荷兰杨’为试验材料,采用微透析技术,结合高效液相色谱测定不同浓度NaCl(0、200、300mmol/L)胁迫下2种杨树嫩茎质外体的内源激素变化.结果表明:盐胁迫下2种杨树嫩茎质外体内脱落酸(ABA)含量升高,其他激素含量降低;高浓度盐胁迫下脱落酸(ABA)的积累量大于中浓度盐胁迫;同等盐胁迫条件下,‘荷兰杨’需要积累较‘吴屯杨’更多的脱落酸(ABA)来抵御胁迫环境;‘吴屯杨’的抗盐平衡系数小于‘荷兰杨’;2种杨树的细胞分裂素(CTK)与吲哚乙酸(IAA),细胞分裂素(CTK)与赤霉素(GA),吲哚乙酸(IAA)与赤霉素(GA)显著相关;‘吴屯杨’的耐盐性强于‘荷兰杨’.     

4种矮牵牛叶片直接诱导不定芽再生体系建立

选择4种不同花色的矮牵牛品种‘Pink’、‘Red’、‘Pink Vein’和‘Peppermint’,以MS培养基为基础培养基,分别添加不同质量浓度的6-BA、NAA、IBA激素,除草剂双丙氨膦和抗生素壮观霉素,研究其不定芽的诱导频率,为后续的叶绿体转化提供受体。结果表明:影响矮牵牛叶片诱导不定芽因素中,品种间的影响比激素更重要。当诱导培养基中的6-BA质量浓度为1.0 mg·L-1、NAA质量浓度为0.5 mg·L-1时,诱导效果最佳,是品种‘Pink’、‘Pink Vein’的最适培养基;同样地,品种‘Peppermint’最适培养基中,6-BA质量浓度不变、NAA的质量浓度降低至0.3 mg·L-1;品种‘Red’最适培养基中,6-BA质量浓度仍不变、NAA质量浓度降低至0.1 mg·L-1。4个矮牵牛品种的不定芽诱导率,由高到低的顺序为‘Pink’、‘Pink Vein’、‘Peppermint’、‘Red’,因此,优先选择品种‘Pink’作为转基因受体材料。分别利用不同质量浓度双丙氨膦和壮观霉素筛选,通过二者对品种‘Pink’叶片分化的影响,发现双丙氨膦和壮观霉素的最低抑制质量浓度分别为3、100 mg·L-1。该研究结果对今后利用叶绿体遗传转化技术改良矮牵牛品种提供了技术支持。     

铅胁迫对马铃薯幼苗生长形态及内源激素的影响

以高富集马铃薯品种‘青薯9号’和低富集马铃薯品种‘丽薯6号’为试验材料,研究不同质量浓度Pb处理对供试马铃薯幼苗生长形态和内源激素的影响。结果显示,Pb处理质量浓度小于250 mg/L时对供试马铃薯幼苗的生物量有促进作用,当质量浓度大于500 mg/L时对供试马铃薯幼苗的生物量有抑制作用,不同程度Pb处理,重金属低富集型‘丽薯6号’脱落酸(ABA)和水杨酸(SA)质量分数高于重金属高富集型‘青薯9号’,生长素浓度为26.47～38.29 pmol/L,处于促进根系生长的最适浓度。低质量浓度Pb对马铃薯幼苗生长有促进作用,高质量浓度Pb对马铃薯幼苗生长有抑制作用,不同质量浓度Pb处理下马铃薯幼苗内源激素变化是一个比较复杂的过程, ABA、SA、乙烯、生长素、玉米素和赤霉素共同参与马铃薯在重金属胁迫下的协调机制。     

吉林省担子菌补记（三）

报道了吉林省新分布担子菌6种，即黄环鳞伞Descolea flavoannulata(L.Vassilieva)Horak,刺毛暗皮伞Phaeomarasmius erinaceellus (Peck)Sing.,二孢长根奥德蘑Oudemansiella radicata (Relh.:Fr.)Sing.var.bispora (Redhead,Ginns et Shoemaker)Z.L.Yang et Zang，带状盔孢菌Galerina vittaeformis(Fr.)Sing.,迭生灵芝Ganoderma lobatum(Schw.)Akt．和环沟纹韧革菌Stereum strigoso-zonatum(Schw.)Cunn.。其中，刺毛暗皮伞和带状盔孢菌为中国新记录种。     

我国南方部分地区实蝇记述及2种中国新记录

1980～1988年,曾用地中海实蝇、瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇(Trimedlure,Cuelure 和 Methy eugonol)性引诱剂,和野外采果相结合的办法,进行了实蝇的调查,所采集的标本,已鉴定出16种,其名称是;桔小实蝇、芒果实蝇、番石榴实蝇、辣椒实蝇、颜带实蝇、鳄梨实蝇、瓜实蝇、南瓜实蝇、颜黑纹实蝇、具条实蝇、拟具条实蝇、腹眼实蝇、二态实蝇、蜜柑大实蝇、桔大实蝇和黑肩光顶实蝇.内鳄梨实蝇和腹眼实蝇2种为中国新记录.在这次调查中,未发现地中海实蝇(Ceratitiscapitata Wied.)。     

Pattern of bombardment-produced radionuclides in rock 10017 and in lunar soil

A large number of radionuclides have been measured as a function of depth in lunar rock 10017 and in bulk fines. Data are reported on (10)Be, (22)Na, (26)Al, (36)Cl, (49)V, (53)mn, (54)Mn (55)Fe, (56)Co, (57)Co, and (59)Ni and on upper limits for (46)Sc, (48)V, (51)Cr, and (60)Co. The results for several nuclides show striking evidence of excess surface production attributable to solar flare particles. Data for short-lived species, (56)Co, (57)CO, (54)Mn, (55)Fe, and (22)Na, appear consistent with fluxes from known recent events. Long-lived species demonstrate the existence of solar flare protons and alphas at least for the last 10(5) to 10(6) years, at fluxes comparable to those now observerved.     

Niningerite: a new meteoritic sulfide

Niningerite, a new meteoritic sulfide ranging in composition from (Fe(0.19)Mg(0.66)Mn(0.14)Ca(0.007)Cr(0.002))S to (Fe(0.52)Mg(0.33)Mn(0.06)Ca(0.06)Cr(0.03)Zn(0.004))S, from the type-I enstatite chondrites Abee, Saint Sauveur, Adhi-Kot, Indarch, St. Mark's, and Kota-Kota, is described. It is named in honor of H. H. Nininger.     

Cosmogenic and primordial radionuclides in lunar samples by nondestructive gamma-ray spectrometry

The (7)Be, (22)Na, (26)Al, (44)Ti, (46)SC, (48)V (51)Cr, (54)Mn, (56)Co, (57)Co, (57)CO, (40)K, (238)U, and (232)Th were measured in lunar fines and portions of three rocks. Major production of cosmogenic radionuclides is due to solar protons, thus their concentrations are far different than those in meteorites. Surface exposures of the rocks and fines are long compared with the 0.74 million year half-life of (26)Al. Lunar fines show substantially higher concentrations of low energy reaction products. The ratios of thorium to uranium are extremely constant at 3.8, which indicates very little geochemical differentiation and are in good agreement with a common nucleosynthesis for lunar and earth materials.     

马铃薯离体块茎发育过程中的关键因子及其与蛋白质组分的关系

 利用多元相关、通径分析及线性回归分析等手段 ,针对马铃薯离体块茎发育过程中各影响因子对块茎发育的贡献程度进行分析。结果表明 :平均薯重、质体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性、质体 Ca2 + - ATP酶活性、线粒体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性、总可溶性蛋白含量、块茎平均直径、Q酶活性等是影响块茎产量的重要因素 ,其中平均薯重、质体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性、质体 Ca2 + - ATP酶活性、线粒体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性等是影响离体块茎发育的关键因子。所得线性回归方程为 :Y=0 .5 2 11+0 .0 5 95 X(1) +0 .8389X(2 ) +0 .0 882 X(3) - 0 .0 0 73X(4) +0 .144 9X(5 ) +0 .35 10 X(6 ) +0 .0 0 31X(7) -0 .0 0 0 0 3X(8) +0 .34 12 X(9) +0 .0 12 7X(10 ) +0 .2 90 4X(11) +0 .0 5 70 X(12 ) +0 .0 15 9X(13) +0 . 35 85 X(14) +0 .0 134 X(15 ) - 0 .10 12 X(16 )。在此基础上 ,对于影响离体块茎发育的各关键因子与块茎蛋白质组分的关系进行分析 ,找到了一些可能与发育中这些重要性状相关的蛋白质组分。即总可溶性蛋白组分中 A4、B1、B8、C8,质体蛋白组分中A4及线粒体蛋白组分中的 A4与 B2等 ,对于马铃薯离体块茎晚期发育具有重要作用。     

Metastable phases in polar stratospheric aerosols

Phase changes in stratospheric aerosols were studied by cooling a droplet of sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)) in the presence of nitric acid (HNO(3)) and water vapor. A sequence of solid phases was observed to form that followed Ostwald's rule for phase nucleation. For stratospheric partial pressures at temperatures between 193 and 195 kelvin, a metastable ternary H(2)SO(4)-HNO(3) hydrate, H(2)SO(4) . HNO(3) . 5H(2)O, formed in coexistence with binary H(2)SO(4) . kH(2)O hydrates (k = 2, 3, and 4) and then transformed to nitric acid dihydrate, HNO(3) . 2H(2)O, within a few hours. Metastable HNO(3) . 2H(2)O always formed before stable nitric acid trihydrate, HNO(3).3H(2)O, under stratospheric conditions and persisted for long periods. The formation of metastable phases provides a mechanism for differential particle growth and sedimentation of HNO(3) from the polar winter stratosphere.     

Carbon-free fullerenes: condensed and stuffed anionic examples in indium systems

Condensed, well-ordered analogs of the fullerenes occur in the hexagonal phases Na(96)In(97)Z(2) (Z = nickel, palladium, or platinum). Large cages of In(74) (D3h) and M(60) (= In(48)Na(12), D3d) share pentagonal faces to generate a double-hexagonal close-packed analog of NiAs. All these polyhedra are centered by partially disordered In(10)Z clusters within deltahedra of sodium atoms that cap all inner faces of the cages, namely, Z@In(10)@Na(39)@In(74) and Z@In(10)@Na(32)@Na(12)In(48) "onions" The highest filled bands in these compounds apparently involve localized electron pairs on surface features on In(74)-based layers. Structural and electronic relations between diamond and Naln (stuffed diamond structure) parallel those between certain fullerenes and Na(96)In(97)Z(2) and, presumably, other valence-driven intermetallic phases.     

Oxygen isotope effect in high-temperature oxide superconductors

The effect of oxygen isotope substitution on the superconducting transition temperature, T(c), has been measured for BaBi(0.25)Pb(0.75)O(3) (T(c), approximately 11 K) and Lal(1.85) Ca(0.15)CuO(4) (T(c) approximately 20 K), and is compared to the shifts observed for La(1.85)Sr(0.15)CuO(4) (T(c) approximately 37 K) and YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) (T(c) approximately 92 K). For all four materials, the transition temperature is shifted to lower temperature upon substitution of oxygen-18 for oxygen-16. The observed shifts demonstrate that phonons are involved in the electron-pairing mechanism in these oxide superconductors.     

Tunneling Spectroscopy of M3C60 Superconductors: The Energy Gap, Strong Coupling, and Superconductivity

Tunneling spectroscopy has been used to characterize the magnitude and temperature dependence of the superconducting energy gap (triangle up) for K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60). At low temperature the reduced energy gap, 2triangle upkappaT(c) (where T(c) is the transition temperature) has a value of 5.3 +/- 0.2 and 5.2 +/- 0.3 for K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60), respectively. The magnitude of the reduced gap for these materials is significantly larger than the value of 3.53 predicted by Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory. Hence, these results show that the pair-coupling interaction is strong in the M(3)C(60) superconductors. In addition, measurements of triangle up(T) for both K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60) exhibit a similar mean-field temperature dependence. The characterization of triangle up and triangle up(T) for K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60) provides essential constraints for theories evolving to describe superconductivity in the M(3)C(60) materials.