Effect of neuropeptides on production of inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes

Two groups of mediators, the neuropeptides substance P and K and the monocyte-derived cytokines, interact in the neural regulation of immunological and inflammatory responses. Substance P, substance K, and the carboxyl-terminal peptide SP(4-11) induce the release of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 from human blood monocytes. The neuropeptide effects occur at low doses, are specific as shown by inhibition studies with a substance P antagonist, and require de novo protein synthesis. Since monocyte-derived cytokines regulate multiple cellular functions in inflammation and immunity and since neuropeptides can be released from peripheral nerve endings into surrounding tissues, these findings identify a potent mechanism for nervous system regulation of host defense responses.     

Substance P activation of rheumatoid synoviocytes: neural pathway in pathogenesis of arthritis

Several clinical features are consistent with nervous system involvement in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. The neuropeptide substance P is one possible mediator of this interaction, since it can be released into joint tissues from primary sensory nerve fibers. The potential effects of the peptide on rheumatoid synoviocytes were examined. The results show that substance P stimulates prostaglandin E2 and collagenase release from synoviocytes. Furthermore, synoviocyte proliferation was increased in the presence of the neuropeptide. Similar effects were observed with a truncated form of substance P. Synoviocytes were sensitive to very small doses of the neuropeptide (10(-9) M), and its effects were inhibited by a specific antagonist. Thus, the specific stimulation of synoviocytes by the neuropeptide substance P represents a pathway by which the nervous system might be directly involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.     

Substance P: does it produce analgesia or hyperalgesia?

In the hot plate test, substance P given intravenously at doses of 5 x 10-5 and 5 x 10-4 gram per kilogram caused analgesia, while lower doses caused hyperalgesia. The influence of substance P on nociception depended on the individual mouse's sensitivity to pain (control response latency). Analgesia was produced by substance P administered to mice with high sensitivity to thermic stimulation, whereas hyperalgesia occurred in mice whose control latencies were longer than normal. This result is interpreted as an indication that substance P is capable of normalizing responsiveness to pain and could be classified as a regulatory peptide.     

Substance P and somatostatin regulate sympathetic noradrenergic function

Peptidergic-noradrenergic interactions were examined in explants of rat sympathetic superior cervical ganglia and in cultures of dissociated cells. The putative peptide transmitters substance P and somatostatin each increased the activity of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase after 1 week of exposure in culture. Maximal increases occurred at 10(-7) molar for each peptide, and either increasing or decreasing the concentration reduced the effects. Similar increases in tyrosine hydroxylase were produced by a metabolically stable agonist of substance P, while a substance P antagonist prevented the effects of the agonist. The data suggest that the increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity was mediated by peptide interaction with specific substance P receptors and that peptides may modulate sympathetic catecholaminergic function.     

A substance P antagonist, [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]SP, inhibits inflammatory responses in the rabbit eye

Neurogenic factors released by antidromic nerve stimulation are thought to be in part responsible for the vasodilation and breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier that follows trauma to the eye. Substance P is one candidate for the mediation of the inflammatory response since it is thought to be a neurotransmitter in sensory afferents and since exogenous substance P is capable of eliciting a response characteristic of inflammation. In rabbits, intravitreal or topical application onto the eye of a specific substance P antagonist, [d-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]SP, inhibited not only the irritant effects of exogenous substance P but also the inflammatory response to a standardized trauma (infrared irradiation of the iris). These observations suggest that substance P, or a related peptide, is a neurogenic mediator of the inflammatory response in the eye.     

大丽轮枝菌拮抗细菌7-63菌株的鉴定与抗菌物性质分析

从土壤中分离筛选得到的7-63菌株时棉花黄萎病致病菌大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb)具有较强拮抗活性.通过对7-63菌株进行形态现察、生理生化特征鉴定和16S rDNA全序列分析鉴定其种属;采用有机溶剂萃取和盐析法对发酵产物进行提取,判断其拮抗物质的种类,并进行性质分析.结果表明,拮抗细菌7-63菌株为Bacillus velezensis,16S rDNA序列相似度达99.83%:初步判断其拮抗物质为蛋白质,60%硫酸铵盐析所得到的蛋白质组分活性最高,并且对热以及酸碱敏感性较小.     

Substance P activity in the bullfrog retina: localization and identification in several vertebrate species

Immunoreactive substance P is present in the bullfrog retina, possibly in two types of stratified amacrine cells, with their somas in the inner nuclear layer and their neuronal processes entering the inner plexiform layer and ramifying in sublayers 3 or 4 (or both). Occasionally, polygonal somas positive for substance P were found in the ganglion cell layer. Approximately 75 percent of the cell bodies positive for substance P and 65 percent of the radioimmunoassayable substance P were found in the superior half of the frog retina. On the basis of high-performance liquid chromatography, the immunoreactive substance P in the neural retina of the rat, monkey, or chick is similar to synthetic substance P, whereas this is not true of the immunoreactive substance P in the bullfrog or carp retina.     

Substance P: a putative sensory transmitter in mammalian autonomic ganglia

Repetitive presynaptic stimulation elicited slow membrane depolarization in neurons of inferior mesenteric ganglia from guinea pigs. This response was not blocked by cholinergic antagonists but was specifically and reversibly inhibited by a substance P analog, (D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-substance P, which also depressed the depolarization induced by exogenously applied substance P. The atropine-sensitive slow excitatory and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked in neurons of rabbit superior cervical ganglia were not affected by the substance P analog. These and previous results provide strong support for the hypothesis that substance P or a closely related peptide is the transmitter mediating the slow depolarization. The latter may represent a sensory input from the gastrointestinal tract to neurons of the prevertebral ganglia.     

Molecular characterization of a functional cDNA encoding the rat substance P receptor

Substance P is a member of the tachykinin peptide family and participates in the regulation of diverse biological processes. The polymerase chain reaction and conventional library screening were used to isolate a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the rat substance P receptor from brain and submandibular gland. By homology analysis, this receptor belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The receptor cDNA was expressed in a mammalian cell line and the ligand binding properties of the encoded receptor were pharmacologically defined by Scatchard analysis and tachykinin peptide displacement as those of a substance P receptor. The distribution of the messenger RNA for this receptor is highest in urinary bladder, submandibular gland, striatum, and spinal cord, which is consistent with the known distribution of substance P receptor binding sites. Thus, this receptor appears to mediate the primary actions of substance P in various brain regions and peripheral tissues.     

Substance P analog, DiMe-C7: evidence for stability in rat brain and prolonged central actions

A metabolically protected analog of substance P, [pGlu5-MePhe8-MeGly9]SP(5-11) (DiMe-C7), was approximately equipotent with substance P in causing increased locomotor activity after microinfusion into the ventral tegmental area of rat brain, but the effects of DiMe-C7 on behavior were considerably prolonged. There was little metabolic degradation of tritiated DiMe-C7 for up to 1 hour after infusion, whereas tritiated substance P was completely degraded within 10 minutes.     

Morphine tolerance and dependence induced by intraventricular injection

Injection of small quantities of morphine into the cerebral ventricular system of awake, relatively unrestrained, monkeys depressed or abolished operant food-reinforced lever pressing. After repeated injections progressively higher doses of morphine were needed to depress responding. Also, dependence could be demonstrated in these animals by precipitating specific abstinence signs with an antagonist.     

试验性趾叶炎小鼠肠组织中P物质的表达

[目的]为动物趾叶炎的预防和治疗提供免疫学基础。[方法]对昆明种小白鼠注射二磷酸组织胺制备趾叶炎小鼠病理模型,以注射生理盐水为对照。分别于给药后2、14、24、48、72 h及15、30 d取小鼠3~5 mm长的小肠组织块,检测肠组织中炎性细胞、杯状细胞、肥大细胞及其脱颗粒数、P物质表达水平的动态变化。[结果]趾叶炎小鼠的肠腺结缔组织内及其绒毛上P物质表达异常丰富,且P物质呈单根或片状走行,并与肥大细胞串联及相邻排列,随给药时间的延长,P物质表达逐渐增强,肥大细胞及其脱颗粒数也急剧增多 炎性细胞、杯状细胞、腺体数量与肥大细胞的变化趋势一致 给药72 h后,血管内壁出现裂隙,肠粘膜出现水肿。[结论]肥大细胞参与小鼠趾叶炎的发病过程,并影响小鼠肠粘膜的通透性。     

Neuromuscular transmitter substance in insect visceral muscle

Stimulation of the nerves innervating the proctodeum (hindgut) of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.) causes a slow-type, graded contraction of the longitudinal muscles. An unidentified substance, or substances, present in the foregut and hindgut, the specific activity of which is highest in the nerves innervating these organs, effects a similar contraction. This "gut-factor" is depleted from the hindgut after surgical section of the proctodeal nerves. None of Factors P(1) and P(2), 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, alpha-ami-nobutyric acid or glutamate duplicates the pharmacological behavior of this substance. The active factor is associated with subcellular particles that require centrifugal forces of approximately 1,000,000 g-min for sedimentation. The substance is inactivated in homogenates of gut tissue in the absence of suitable precautions. It is proposed that the "gut-factor" functions as an excitatory neuromuscular transmitter substance in insect visceral muscle.     

毛竹笋品质的区域分异性分析

在福建省选取8个不同区域采集鲜笋,对其营养成分及矿质元素含量进行测定并统计分析。在8个不同区域间毛竹笋营养成分中粗蛋白及维生素C含量差异达到0.1显著水平,其他营养成分虽有差别,但并未表现出显著差异;而矿质元素中N和Cu、Fe、Mn的含量差异达显著或极显著水平,其余矿质元素未表现显著差异;对毛竹笋中的重金属Cd进行测定,发现Cd在各区域毛竹笋中都存在,其含量在各区域间不存在显著差异。进一步对8个地区毛竹笋差异显著成分进行最小显著差数法(LSD)多重比较,结果表明地区差异对毛竹笋的品质存在显著影响。     

A selective imidazobenzodiazepine antagonist of ethanol in the rat

Ethanol, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations of 20 to 100 mM, stimulates gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) receptor-mediated uptake of 36Cl-labeled chlorine into isolated brain vesicles. One drug that acts at GABA-benzodiazepine receptors, the imidazobenzodiazepine Ro15-4513, has been found to be a potent antagonist of ethanol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake into brain vesicles, but it fails to antagonize either pentobarbital- or muscimol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake. Pretreatment of rats with Ro15-4513 blocks the anticonflict activity of low doses of ethanol (but not pentobarbital) as well as the behavioral intoxication observed with higher doses of ethanol. The effects of Ro15-4513 in antagonizing ethanol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake and behavior are completely blocked by benzodiazepine receptor antagonists. However, other benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists fail to antagonize the actions of ethanol in vitro or in vivo, suggesting a novel interaction of Ro15-4513 with the GABA receptor-coupled chloride ion channel complex. The identification of a selective benzodiazepine antagonist of ethanol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake in vitro that blocks the anxiolytic and intoxicating actions of ethanol suggests that many of the neuropharmacologic actions of ethanol may be mediated via central GABA receptors.     

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like substance: the potential transmitter for cerebral vasodilation

In vitro pharmacological studies demonstrated that exogenously applied vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) relaxes the smooth muscle cells of cat cerebral arteries, whereas substance P constricts them. Ultrastructural-immunocytochemical techniques show that a VIP-like substance is present in the large granular vesicles of nonsympathetic nerve axons and terminals in the cerebral arterial walls. These results provide strong evidence in favor of the hypothesis that a VIP-like substance is the transmitter for vasodilation in cerebral blood vessels.     

黄瓜品种与其根围主要病原菌的拮抗菌之间关系的研究

对具有不同抗性和品质的黄瓜品种与其根围、根表的主要病原菌（Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｔｏｎｉａｓｏｌａｎｉ和Ｐｙｔｈｉｕｍａｐｈａｎｉｄｅｒｍａｔｕｍ）的拮抗菌之间关系的研究结果表明：黄瓜在不同生长时期,两者的关系不一致。在出苗后２ｄ,７ｄ时,抗病品种根围拮抗菌的数量多于感病品种;在出苗后１４ｄ,在这６个品种中,Ｒ．Ｓｏｌａｎｉ与Ｐ．ａｐｈａｎｉｄｅｒｍａｔｕｍ根围、根表的拮抗菌数均达到最高峰,且品质优良但相对较感病的两个品种浙农１８、上海洋行根围、根表拮抗菌数明显高于其他品种;经Ｄｕｎａｎ＇ｓ多重比较表明,Ｒ．ｓｏｌａｎｉ的根围、根表拮抗菌数与Ｐ．ａｐｈａｎｉｄｅｒｍａｔｕｍ相比,两者差异均达极显著水平,前者明显高于后者。     

稻草还田对红壤性水稻土肥力的影响

通过对稻草还田的长期(10年以上)定位试验研究表明,稻草还田后土壤有机质和有机无机复合体数量提高了,土壤主要物理性质与结构得到进一步改善,土壤速效钾、速效磷、有效磷、全氮含量也都有比较大的提高,土壤酶活性增强,生产力提高,水稻增产。稻草直接还田模式省工增效,目前生产上利用比较多,但也存在稻茬影响农民田间作业,腐解产生有机酸、微生物与秧苗争肥,传播病害等缺点,稻草堆沤还田可有效解决以上问题,但堆沤时要占场地,花工比较大,且这两种还田模式都没有充分利用稻草中的粗蛋白和生物质能,所以稻草利用应该向物质循环利用、能量多级转换模式转变。     

IMMUNIZATION AGAINST MALARIA: VACCINATION OF DUCKS WITH KILLED PARASITES INCORPORATED WITH ADJUVANTS

When ducks are injected with formalin-inactivated P. lophurae in combination with a lanolin-like substance, paraffin oil and killed tubercle bacilli, they develop considerable resistance to subsequent infection with P. lophurae.     

大鼠脊髓P物质对细胞免疫调节作用的研究

目的：观察大鼠脊髓Ｐ物质对细胞免疫水平的影响，方法：两组新生大鼠分别皮下注射辣椒素（ＣＡＰ）和Ｐ物质抗血清，成年大鼠则于脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射，用丝裂原激活的大鼠脾细胞方法测定了淋巴细胞的白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）水平。结果：大鼠皮下及脊髓蛛网膜下腔各分别注射ＣＡＰ，Ｐ物质抗血清后，ＩＬ－２的水平较对照组显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：新生大鼠（皮下）与成年大鼠（蛛网膜下腔）注射ＣＡＰ或Ｐ物质抗血清垃