Ion selectivity in a semisynthetic K+ channel locked in the conductive conformation

Potassium channels are K+-selective protein pores in cell membrane. The selectivity filter is the functional unit that allows K+ channels to distinguish potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ions. The filter's structure depends on whether K+ or Na+ ions are bound inside it. We synthesized a K+ channel containing the d-enantiomer of alanine in place of a conserved glycine and found by x-ray crystallography that its filter maintains the K+ (conductive) structure in the presence of Na+ and very low concentrations of K+. This channel conducts Na+ in the absence of K+ but not in the presence of K+. These findings demonstrate that the ability of the channel to adapt its structure differently to K+ and Na+ is a fundamental aspect of ion selectivity, as is the ability of multiple K+ ions to compete effectively with Na+ for the conductive filter.     

NaCl胁迫对甘薯试管苗生长和离子含量的影响

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the salt-tolerance mechanism of sweet potato. [Method] Two sweet potato varieties of Xu 25-2 (salt-tolerant cuhivar) and Triumph 100 (salt-sensitive cultivar) were treated by sodium chloride with the concentration of 0 mmol/L and 100 mmol/L. After 20 days, Na+ content and Na+/K+ ratio in the roots, shoots and leave were determined by the flame photometer, while dry weight and fresh weight of roots, shoots and leave in different varieties were also studied. [Result] The growth of two sweet potato varieties was inhibited under salt stress, so the plant became shorter, leaf and root became fewer, dry weight of roots and leave decreased, but seedlings of Xu 25-2 were inhibited slightly. Furthermore, Na+ content and Na+/K+ ratio in roots, shoots and leaves of two sweet potato varieties increased. Na+ content of salt-tolerant Xu 25-2 was low in roots, shoots and leaves, while Na+ content of salt-sensitive Triumph 100 was high in shoots and leave of seedlings, but the change range of Xu 25-2 was less than that of Triumph 100. [Conclusion] The lower Na+ content and Na+/K+ ratio in leaves under salt stress were the most important characteristics for salt-tolerance of sweet potato varieties.     

Alteration of alpha 1 Na+,K(+)-ATPase 86Rb+ influx by a single amino acid substitution

The sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K(+)-ATPase) maintains the transmembrane Na+ gradient to which is coupled all active cellular transport systems. The R and S alleles of the gene encoding the Na+,K(+)-ATPase alpha 1 subunit isoform were identified in Dahl salt-resistant (DR) and Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats, respectively. Characterization of the S allele-specific Na+,K(+)-ATPase alpha 1 complementary DNA identified a leucine substitution of glutamine at position 276. This mutation alters the hydropathy profile of a region in proximity to T3(Na), the trypsin-sensitive site that is only detected in the presence of Na+. This mutation causes a decrease in the rubidium-86 influx of S allele-specific sodium pumps, thus marking a domain in the Na+,K(+)-ATPase alpha subunit important for K+ transport, and supporting the hypothesis of a putative role of these pumps in hypertension.     

NaCl胁迫对甘薯试管苗生长及离子含量影响

[目的]探讨甘薯的耐盐机理。[方法]用浓度分别为0、100 mmol/LNaCl处理耐盐性不同的2个甘薯品种徐25-2(耐盐品种)和胜利百号(盐敏感品种),培养20 d后以火焰光度计测定根、茎、叶中的Na+含量、Na+/K+比值,并测不同品种的根、茎、叶的干重、鲜重。[结果]盐胁迫下,2个甘薯品种的生长均受抑制,导致植株矮小、叶片变少、根系稀少、根叶干物质减少,但是徐25-2幼苗受抑制程度较轻;此外,2个甘薯品种不同器官(根、茎、叶)的Na+含量及Na+/K+比值都增加,耐盐性强的徐25-2的Na+含量在根、茎和叶片中较低,而耐盐性较弱的胜利百号幼苗茎、叶Na+含量较高,但徐25-2的变化幅度均小于胜利百号。[结论]盐胁迫下叶片较低的Na+含量和Na+/K+比值是甘薯品种耐盐性的重要特征。     

胞外ATP、H2O2、Ca2+与NO调控木榄根系离子平衡机理研究

运用非损伤微测技术(NMT),研究了短期盐胁迫下胞外ATP(eATP)、H2 O2 、Ca2 + 与NO 对非泌盐红树木榄根 系K+/Na+ 平衡的调控作用。NaCl(100 mmol/L,24 h)与等渗甘露醇处理的实验表明,木榄根尖对盐胁迫的响应具 有高度的离子特异性。盐胁迫增强了木榄根尖的Na+ 外流,但Na+ 外流被Na+ /H+ 逆向转运蛋白抑制剂Amiloride 和质膜H+ -ATPase 抑制剂Vanadate 抑制,表明Na+ 外流源于根尖表皮细胞质膜Na+ /H+ 逆向转运系统驱动的Na+ 外排。短期盐胁迫处理能诱导木榄根尖K+ 外流,但被氯化四乙胺(TEA,外向K+ 通道抑制剂)明显抑制,证明K+ 外流是由激活的去极化外向型离子通道KORCs 介导。胞外ATP(300 mol/L)、H2 O2 (10 mmol/L)、Ca2 + (10 mmol/ L)与SNP(NO 供体,100 mol/L)均能增加短期盐胁迫下的Na+ 外流,同时抑制K+ 外流。其中,促进Na+ 外流效果 较强的是H2 O2 和Ca2 + ,而Ca2 + 和NO 抑制K+ 外流的效果突出。这些实验结果表明,胞外ATP、H2 O2 、Ca2 + 与NO 这4 种盐胁迫信使是通过上调木榄根系细胞质膜Na+ /H+ 逆向转运体系(Na+ /H+ 逆向转运体和H+ 泵)活性,在促 进Na+ 和H+ 逆向跨膜转运的同时,抑制去极化激活的K+ 离子通道来减少盐诱导的K+ 外流。      

Sodium- and potassium-sensitive glass electrodes for biological use

Continuous, accurate recording in circulating fluids from a sodium and a potassium electrode is described. The Na electrode is capable of discriminating Delta[Na(+)] of less than 1 meq/lit. in 140 meq/lit., and the K electrode is capable of discriminating Delta[K(+)] of less than 1 meq/lit. in the range of 1 to 10 meq/lit. with good reproducibility. The electrodes may be used singly or in pairs with a common reference calomel electrode for simultaneous monitoring of A [Na(+) 1 and Delta[K(+)] in mixed solutions. Problems of streaming potential dependent on flow rate and electrode shape, as well as transient K(+) response by the Na electrode, are discussed.     

Sodium and potassium activities in normal and "sodium-rich" frog skeletal muscle

In frog sartorius muscles immersed for 2 hours at 26 degrees C in normal Ringer solution, the intrafiber potassium concentration, C(K)(in millimoles per liter), was 123 +/- 2 (mean value plus or minus standard error), and the potassium activity, a(K) (in millimoles per liter), was 90 +/- 1.0. The corresponding sodium concentration and activity were 20 +/- 1 and 6.5 +/- 0.4, respectively. After overnight immersion in K+-free Ringer solution the values were: CK, 97 +/- 2; aK, 81.5 +/- 1.6; CNa, 47 +/- 2; and aNa, 11.2 +/- 0.6. The changes in aK and aNa during storage were not consistent with an exchange between predominantly "free" fiber K+ and external Na+. These results suggest that the Na+ taken up during overnight immersion largely replaced adsorbed or sequestered K+ in the fibers.     

干旱胁迫下厚朴幼苗的生理指标及次生代谢产物对保水剂的响应

以1年生紫油厚朴(Magnolia officinalis)为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,设置了多功能型、钠盐型、钾盐型3类保水剂处理和空白对照,分别进行干旱和不干旱处理,研究紫油厚朴幼苗抗氧化酶活性、膜脂过氧化程度和次生代谢产物对干旱胁迫的响应.结果表明:干旱胁迫下,丙二醛(MDA)和超氧阴离子(O-·2)含量在4组处理中均显著增强(P0.05),过氧化氢(H2O2)含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)4种抗氧化酶的活性均增加,且均在空白对照和钠盐型保水剂组中分别达到显著差异水平(P0.05);可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖的积累量在干旱胁迫下均有不同程度的增加(P0.05);次生代谢产物——厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的积累量均有不同程度的上升,二者在钠盐型保水剂组中未增加,而在钾盐型保水剂组显著增加.综上所述,钾盐和多功能型保水剂处理在厚朴幼苗受到干旱胁迫时渗透调节物质积累增多,抗氧化酶活性提高,膜脂过氧化程度减轻,叶片的抗旱性增强;更重要的是适度干旱和适量钾肥有利于主要药效成分厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的积累.     

马铃薯花粉离体萌发及花粉管生长影响因子分析

[目的]研究马铃薯花粉离体萌发及花粉管生长的影响因素。[方法]采用花粉离体萌发技术,研究不同浓度蔗糖和PEG4000组合,无机盐Ca^2＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Na^＋、Zn^2＋以及植物生长调节剂6-BA、NAA等对马铃薯花粉萌发和花粉馁生长的影响。[结果]结果表明,马铃薯花粉萌发及花粉管生长最适宜的液体培养基为蔗糖10％＋PEG4000 10％＋Ca（NO3）2 0．02％＋H3BO3 0．02％＋K^＋0．500mmol／L,其萌发率最高可达89．6％,在此基础上添加低浓度的Mg^2＋、Na^＋能促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长。1mg／L6-BA对花粉萌发和花粉管生长有一定的促进作用,特别是对花粉管生长有显著的促进作用;NAA对马铃薯花粉萌发和花粉管生长无积极影响,相反高浓度还产生严重的抑制作用。[结论]该研究结果为进一步地研究马铃薯生理特性提供基础资料。     

盐胁迫对蓖麻Na~+、K~+吸收分布特点和叶绿素荧光的影响(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study is to reveal the salt resistance of castor. [Method] Under salt stress, the growth, osmotic potential, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Na~+ and K~+ uptakes and transports in the seedlings of two Ricinus communis varieties (cultivar castor ‘Zibi 6’ and wild castor which grew naturally in coastal saline-alkali land), were comparatively studied. [Result] Wild castor preformed better in halophilism than that of cultivar castor Zibi 6 under the NaCl treatment. One of the salt tolerant mechanisms of castor is to improve K~+ uptake and transport to overground portion, thus to maintain K~+/Na~+ homeostasis in leaves; on the other hand, the high stability of Photoreaction System Ⅱ (PS Ⅱ) plays a key role in maintaining the leaf photosynthetic rate under salt stress. [Conclusion] The results of this study provided theoretical basis for the extension and application of castor in saline beach.     

NaCl胁迫对不同甘薯品种体内离子分配的影响

以济薯21、济徐23、济薯04150、徐薯26、徐薯27和徐薯28共6个甘薯品种为试材,用1/5 Hoag-land营养液附加不同浓度NaCl(0、0.2%、0.3%和0.5%)处理甘薯苗,观察其生长情况;100 d后取样分别测定根、茎、叶中的Na+含量和K+含量。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度升高,不同甘薯品种的生长均受到抑制,其中徐薯26受抑制程度最大;根、茎、叶中的Na+含量及Na+/K+比值都有所增加,根中Na+含量最高,而叶中Na+含量最低。可见盐胁迫条件下甘薯将较多的Na+储存在根中从而减少对地上部叶片的伤害,这可能是其忍耐高盐环境的重要机制之一。     

盐碱胁迫下羊草的生理特性与适应机制

[目的]探讨羊草在盐碱胁迫下的生理生化特性和K+、Na+含量的变化。[方法]在室内模拟不同pH盐碱土上种植羊草,并测定其生理生化指标和离子含量。[结果]随着土壤pH的逐渐升高和胁迫时间的延长,羊草体内的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛的含量及氧化氢酶活性均随之增加,而后又逐渐降低。随着土壤pH的升高,羊草叶片的Na+含量逐渐增加,而K+含量逐渐减少,K+/Na+比值减小,但始终高于1。[结论]各项生理指标和K+、Na+含量的变化对维持羊草细胞的离子平衡起到了积极的调节作用。     

盐胁迫下树木的K+和Na+含量变化特点及其耐盐性

通过几种主要造林树种在盐胁迫下体内Na+和K+含量变化的分析,对树木耐盐性及其机理进行了讨论.结果表明:不同树种的Na+和K+含量及在盐胁迫下的变化动态存在明显差异,说明其耐盐机制不同,树木的Na+和K+的质量比值,随NaCl的质量浓度的增加而上升、其上升幅度在耐盐性强的白榆中较小;在盐胁迫下,适当地增加Ca2+,可维持树木体内较低的Na+和K+的质量比,从而提高树木耐盐性.     

蒜氨酸酶动力学性质研究

[目的]研究蒜氨酸酶的动力学性质。[方法]分别测定温度、pH值、底物浓度及金属离子对蒜氨酸酶活性的影响,并计算最大反应速度及米氏常数。[结果]蒜氨酸酶为热不稳定性酶,其最适反应温度为29℃,最适pH值为6.1;以其天然抽提物为底物测得最大反应速度及米氏常数分别0.492IU/mg、0.483mmol/L;K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+和Cd2+对蒜氨酸酶活性有一定的激活作用,Cu2+对酶活性有抑制作用。[结论]该研究可为开发应用蒜类药用产品提供依据。     

盐胁迫对蓖麻Na+、K+吸收分布和叶绿素荧光的影响

[目的]探讨蓖麻的耐盐机制。[方法]比较了栽培蓖麻淄蓖6号和天然生长于滨海盐碱地的野生蓖麻体内K+、Na+的分布特点、叶绿素荧光参数、植株生长状况和叶片渗透调节能力对NaC l处理的响应。[结果]野生蓖麻较栽培蓖麻具更明显的喜盐特性;蓖麻的耐盐机制在于促进K+的吸收和向地上部的运输,进而维持叶片的K+/Na+平衡;通过维持光系统Ⅱ的稳定性进而维持盐胁迫下叶片的光合速率。[结论]该研究为蓖麻在盐碱滩涂地的推广应用提供了理论依据。     

钠钾交互作用下水稻生长和营养元素吸收特征研究

[目的]研究钠钾交互作用下水稻生长和营养元素吸收特征,为钠离子转运机制的分子研究提供理论依据。[方法]以日本晴水稻为材料,通过盆栽水培研究了钠钾交互作用下水稻生长和营养元素吸收特征。[结果]高Na^＋显著抑制水稻的生长和根系的发育,但盐胁迫下短时间的K^＋饥饿并不影响水稻的生长、根系的发育和根冠比。K^＋和Na^＋互相抑制吸收,且Na^＋在一定程度上有替代K＋的作用。Ca^2＋在高钠处理的水稻体内含量有上升趋势,而Mg^2＋在地上部含量有下降趋势,在根系则差异不显著,K^＋的缺乏能促进Mg^2＋的吸收。盐胁迫能显著增加根系和地上部阳离子总数,但K^＋饥饿下地上部阳离子总数提高。高Na^＋显著降低氮的含量,K^＋只对地上部氮的累积影响较大,而磷则相反。各营养元素因不同处理而呈现不同的根冠分布。[结论]揭示了水稻在钠钾交互作用下体内吸收转运机制。     

Seawater teleosts: evidence for a sodium-potassium exchange in the branchial sodium-excreting pump

The net sodium extrusion rate by the gill of the seawater-adapted euryhaline flounder is identical to the potassium influx. The excretion of sodium is blocked in K(+)-free seawater solutions. The instantaneous sodium outflux readjustment pattern of flounders transferred from seawater to solutions of various sodium chloride or potassium chloride concentrations is consistent with the hypothesis of a linkage between Na(+) outflux and K(+) influx through a common exchange carrier. External Na(+) and K(+) compete for this comnmonz carrier. It is suggested that the exchange diffusion mechanism (linkage of sodium influx and outflux) and the high internal sodium turnover rate which characterizes all seawater teleosts are the results of this competitive process. The sodium-potassium dependent adenosine triphosphatase system occurring in the gill of the seawater teleosts may play a central role in this sodium-potassium exchange pump.     

Laser-initiated shuttling of a water molecule between H-bonding sites

The two-step laser excitation scheme of stimulated emission pumping (SEP) induces shifts of a single water molecule between two remote hydrogen bonding sites on trans-formanilide. This reaction can be initiated by selective excitation of either isomer (CO-bound or NH-bound) with different SEP excitation wavelengths. Energy (E) thresholds for isomerization in both directions have been measured [796 wave numbers NH) CO) 相似文献   

转NTHK1基因对杨树各器官中Na~+、K~+分布的影响

以盐渍生境下 1～2 年生 107 和 18-1 杨树为材料,对不同树龄和地径的杨树各营养器官中 Na+、K+分布变化进行了研究。结果表明,Na+、K+在杨树各营养器官中分布不同且差异显著。不同树龄和地径的 107 杨树的根、茎、叶部位的 Na+、K+含量变化都很明显,含NTHK1 的转基因 18-1 杨树根部的 Na+、K+含量基本保持恒定,茎、叶部位的 Na+含量变化均不明显,茎部的K+含量随着树龄的增加而升高,叶片部位的K+含量随着树龄的增加而降低。研究表明,在盐渍生境中种植的含 NTHK1 的转基因18-1 杨树比 107 杨树更加耐盐,可以更好地抵御盐胁迫,维持离子平衡,NTHK1 基因可能是通过增强转基因杨树聚集有害Na+至液泡的能力,以避免细胞质中过高的Na+对细胞造成伤害,从而提高了转基因植株的耐盐性。     

不同钾钠比的查氏培养基对大丽轮枝菌生物学性状及致病力的影响

研究了大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)在不同钾钠比(K~+/Na~+)的查氏培养基中生长的生物学特性及致病力的变化。结果表明,菌株在0K~+/Na~+≤5.248的固体培养基上生长呈近M型,在K~+/Na~+5.248的固体培养基上生长呈近W型。与常规查氏培养基(CK,K~+/Na~+为1.312)相比,菌株在0K~+/Na~+5.248区间的固体培养基上,生长速率明显上升;在K~+/Na~+5.248的固体培养基上,生长速率无显著性差异;在K~+/Na~+为5.248的固体培养基上,菌核型菌株的微菌核产量最大;但在无K~+条件下同样有微菌核的产生,说明K~+对微菌核的产生有一定影响,在适中情况下会增加菌株微菌核的产量,但非必要产生因素。K~+浓度会影响到菌株的致病力,当K~+/Na~+≤2.624时,随着K~+浓度的上升,菌株的致病力有所增强,当K~+浓度过高,K~+/Na~+达到26.24时,菌株的致病力反而减弱。在K~+浓度不变时,Na~+浓度与病原菌的致病力初步呈正相关,Na~+浓度升高,钾钠比下降,病原菌的致病力增强;反之亦然。