市场经济与高校办学自主权

市场经济要求转变高等教育行政主管部门的职能,赋予高校一定的市场主体资格,以解决高校教育资源供求之间的矛盾。同时,高校已经具备一定的驾驭市场经济的经验和能力,社会、政府以及法律的监管约束机制也已基本形成。当前可以从融资、专业和学科的创设、招生的方式与途径、收费或定价等方面考虑进一步扩大高校办学自主权。     

加快高校体制改革,扩大办学自主权

随着有中国特色社会主义市场经济的逐步完善和我国加入世界贸易组织，给高等教育带来了新的发展机遇的同时，也带来新的挑战。高等教育必须适应新形势，加快高校体制改革，坚持面向社会，依法办学，扩大办学的自主权。     

落实高校办学自主权问题的分析与思考——以教学自主权为例

高校办学自主权能否落实,政府放权与学校用权是两大要素。本文以高校教学自主权为例,具体分析了存在的问题,并从政府和高校两个方面提出了若干设想。     

高校办学自主权：内涵、演变与启示

高校办学自主权是西方＂大学自治＂之精髓在我国的移植,从法律层面讲就是赋予大学正常运行所需的权力与能力,它具有相对性、层次性、文化性等特征,其实质是要在高等教育系统中实现权力和责任的合理配置,核心问题在于如何处理政府与高校的关系。我国高校办学自主权大致经历了＂高度中央集权＂→＂中央向地方分权＂→＂放权为主体的权力调整＂→＂扩大高校办学自主权＂→＂确立高校法人地位与办学自主权＂五个不同阶段,政府管理重心与高校办学自主权的变化轨迹在各历史阶段呈现出了明显的＂反向消长关系＂,落实和完善高校办学自主权目前已成为政府与高校共同的利益诉求,需要双方协同努力。     

地方高校改革中应处理好的几个关系

在新的历史时期,一些地方高校在办学定位、教学与科研、规模质量效益与结构、师资队伍建设等方面仍存在着一些深层次的矛盾,认识、分析这些矛盾及它们之间的相互关系,对促进地方高校改革和发展具有较好的指导作用。     

高校内容管理体制改革中应处理好的几个关系

本通过对正在推进的高校内部管理体制改革的分析，以及对部分高校改革中遇到两难选择的矛盾和问题的思考，为减少改革阻力，保证改革预期目标的实现，提出了应处理的几个方面的关系。     

高校隶属关系改变后学校办学指导思想的调整与实施

随着高等院校管理体制的轨轨，部分高校由部属转为地方，形成“以地方为主，部省共建”新办学格局，办学指导思想必将随之调整。本根据这一新的教育形势，围绕我佼的办学指导思想进行了探索。     

地方性高校办学规律新探

高等教育从精英教育向大众化教育转变孕育着一场深刻的变革。探索了新形势下高等教育的发展规律，认为地方性高校要使办学水平走上新台阶，在学校的发展目标上，应将学校的学科优势和区域优势相结合；在学校的教育模式上，应实现从以知识为本到以人为本的转变，培养创业者；在学校功能上，应参与区域科技发展和社会经济建设，为社会提供科技成果和社会服务。参4     

高校年轻教师面临的任务和应处理好的几个关系

高校扩大招生后,大量优秀本科毕业生和研究生步入高校教学岗位,承担起新上学科和重点学科的专业教学任务,高校年轻教师面临的任务,即新开课程的教学任务、科学研究任务、学生管理任务和其他潜在任务,随后分析了年轻教师应该处理好的几个关系,即教学活动内部关系、教学与科研的关系、教学与兼职班主任工作的关系、教学与自身学习之间关系以及教学与其他系务工作之间的关系.     

论高校合并应处理好的几个关系

本从高等教育管理理论的角度，论述了合并大学应处理好个方面的关系；学校与主管部门之间的关系，学校与学院之间的关系，领导与群众之间的关系，一所大学合并成功与否，固然受诸多因素的制药，但关键在于处理那这儿对关系。     

从高校教育与管理视角看大学毕业生就业障碍

我国高等教育不同程度地存在着管理体制改革滞后、教育观念陈旧、学科建设缓慢、教育模式单一等方面的问题,这些问题的存在严重影响了人才培养的质量,削弱了大学生的创造力和就业竞争力。加快高校管理体制和运行机制改革步伐,调整学科结构、重视通才教育,加强创业教育,建立以学校为主体的毕业生就业市场,深化就业指导工作是高校消除当前大学毕业生就业障碍的应对之策。     

大学生公寓安全管理存在的问题及对策探析

针对当前大学生公寓安全譬理工作中存在的问题,分析了这些问题产生的原因,并从健全公寓安全管理制度、提高公寓安全管理队伍专业化水平、创新公寓安全管理教育方法和加强公寓安全要素建设4个方面提出解决大学生公寓安全管理中存在问题的相应对策。     

行业会计制度的弊端与新会计制度的实施

现行行业会计制度不适应企业经营环境的变化;"两则"和行业会计制度缺陷造成了企业会计信息质量偏低;不同行业的会计信息无可比性;行业会计制度的可操作性差;不适应企业国际化的需要。应尽快实施新的企业会计制度。     

当前粮食流通市场的困惑与出路

粮食市场的成熟、发育是粮食流通体制改革成功的重要标志。目前粮食市场还存在一些亟待解决的问题,对此,本文进行一些初步探讨。     

Computer networks: making the decision to join one

I began this article with the thesis that the director of a university computer center is in a double bind. He is under increasing pressure because of competition with networks and minicomputers at the same time that his funding base is weakening. The breadth of demand for computer services, and the cost of developing new services, are increasing dramatically. The director is pressed by budget officers and internal economics to run more efficiently, but if in so doing he fails to meet new needs or downgrades effectiveness for some existing users he runs the risks of losing demand to the competition and hence worsening his immediate financial problems. The impact of networks on this state of affairs might be, briefly, as follows: 1) The centrally planned computer utility would take these pressures off the individual campus computer center and lodge them in a state, regional, or perhaps even a national network organization. While this might be desirable in some cases (depending on the scale of operations), I believe that economies of scale would tend to be more than offset by diseconomies in planning, management, and control; by a reduction of responsiveness to users' needs; and by a slowing of the rate of innovation in computing. 2) The distributive network substitutes a "market economy" for a centrally planned one. Subject to a certain amount of planning and regulation, which might be undertaken by colleges and universities themselves, individual researchers can tap larger markets for services, and participating institutions can obtain at least part of their computing needs on a variable cost basis at prices determined by competition. 3) Membership in a distributive network with sufficient breadth and depth of resources can emancipate the director of the computer center by widening options and allowing him to serve more effectively the steadily broadening range of legitimate academic and research computing needs without his having to stretch his internal resources too thinly. In other words, he can solve the problem of simultaneously improving the breadth of service and increasing operating efficiency. 4) Involvement in distributive networking will raise a new kind of question for the senior officers of colleges and universities. This is the decision concerning the development of computer services for export to users at other institutions. The effect on the university's own academic program (in the sense of its becoming a "center of excellence" in a particular computerrelated discipline), the risks involved in trying to attract outside users on the network, and the consequent responsibility for providing continuity of service at the peril of suffering in national academic reputation will be key considerations. The worth of, and probably the demand for, such services will be a function of the excellence of the development work, and this in turn will depend on its involvement with the university's academic resources. The "computer services export" question is fundamentally academic, as are decisions on the expansion or contraction of teaching and research programs, and it must be dealt with in the same terms. The next few years will be crucial ones for colleges and universities generally, and for their computing resources in particular. The advent of computer networking raises a host of academic, economic, technological, and organizational problems. In spite of these problems, I believe that distributive networking will have a significant and positive effect on campus computing services.     

Local agro-ecological knowledge and its relationship to farmers’ pest management decision making in rural Honduras

Integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely promoted in the developing world, but in many regions its adoption rates have been variable. Experience has shown that to ensure IPM adoption, the complexities of local agro-production systems and context-specific folk knowledge need to be appreciated. Our research explored the linkages between farmer knowledge, pest management decision making, and ecological attributes of subsistence maize agriculture. We report a case study from four rural communities in the highlands of southeast Honduras. Communities were typified by their agro-environments, IPM training history, and levels of infestation by a key maize pest, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith). Although variable, infestation levels generally did not justify pest management intervention. Consequently, crop losses from this pest were considered of low importance and most farmers proceeded in a rational fashion by refraining from action in their fields. Farmers attributed the low degree of pest infestation predominantly to abiotic causal factors (rainfall, temperature). The role of natural enemies in controlling this pest (i.e., biological control) was deemed of low importance by farmers; nevertheless, a broad array of such organisms was mentioned by farmers as operating in their maize crop. Farmers’ knowledge of natural enemies only partially matched scientific knowledge and was associated with the ecological features of their respective field settings. Local knowledge about natural enemies was mainly restricted to abundant and easily observable predatory species. Farmers who were knowledgeable about biological control were also familiar with a larger variety of pest management alternatives than uninformed farmers. Management options covered a wide range of curative techniques, including conservation biological control. Farmers who relied on insecticides to manage pest outbreaks knew less about biological control and pesticide alternatives. In contrast, farmers who received IPM training mentioned more types of natural enemies and were familiar with a broader range of alternative pest management tactics. Our research suggests that IPM training modifies local knowledge to better fit its environmental context. This paper provides insights in the environmental context of local agro-ecological knowledge and its linkage with pest management decision making. It also constitutes a basis for modifying IPM extension programs to deliver locality-specific technologies while strengthening the local knowledge base. Kris A. G. Wyckhuys is a Belgian bio-science engineer and entomologist currently employed as postdoctoral researcher at the University of Minnesota. For his PhD research at Purdue University he quantified social and ecological contributions to farmers’ adoption of insect pest management technologies in Honduran subsistence maize. He has a keen interest in the ecological facets of IPM and biological control, as well as in technological innovation in smallholder production systems, ethno-entomology and traditional pest management. Robert J. O’Neil is a Professor of Entomology specializing in biological control, predator–prey dynamics, and implementing biological control in IPM systems. His current work focuses on the ecology and management of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an invasive pest of soybeans in North America.     

面向林业资源管理和决策的GridGIS体系结构研究与应用

我国林业信息化建设现状和林业空间应用需求决定了我国林业GridGIS是资源异构、分布式协作、自适应管理的解决方案。合理的体系结构设计有助于GridGIS的实现。参照GridGIS的已有研究成果,从网络结构、层次模型、系统实现技术原则3个角度,设计了林业GridGIS的体系结构。对等式网络结构有助于解决跨网络、跨地域下分布式协作与系统自适应管理问题;4分层模型有助于降低系统设计复杂性,减少系统的耦合性;包括基于标准构建、复用中间件、SOA在内的技术原则,有助于系统的稳定、可扩展、可更新。应用实践表明,该体系结构能够满足林业空间网格的技术需求。     

网络广告管理系统的设计与实现

使用ASP和ACCESS2000,采用B／S模式开发了一个网络广告管理系统,能简化网站的广告管理,降低成本,安全可靠。介绍了该系统的关键技术,包括广告轮播、计费管理等。     

模型搭载的葡萄栽培管理决策专家系统开发

本文介绍了模型搭载的葡萄栽培管理决策专家系统的研究方法、开发平台、功能结构设计、专家知识获取、知识规则条理化、模型搭载以及智能推理举例等。     

大学物理多媒体教学课件制作研究

大学物理课程是高等学校理工科各专业学生一门重要的必修基础课,包括课堂教学和实验教学两个环节.多媒体教学信息量大,覆盖面广,能使媒体资料得到充分共享.本文首先介绍了用PowerPoint、VB、Authorware、Flash综合设计课件的方法,然后介绍了用VB等设计的大学物理多媒体教学课件的总体方法和具体实现.大学物理多媒体教学课件包括:课.前提问、进入课堂、布置作业、课后自测、教学大纲、教学进度、实验内容、实验视频、素材演示功能模块.