膜法SBR处理循环养殖系统水体的动力学研究

研究了利用膜法 SBR处理水产循环养殖系统水体的动力学，并以 TAN及 TN的去除作为考察指标，评价并确定了该处理系统降解 TAN和 TN的反应动力学方程。     

循环水养殖系统中膜法SBR水处理工艺运行模式的研究

研究循环水养殖系统中采用膜法SBR水处理工艺在不同运行模式下的处理效果。以TAN及TN的去除速率作为考察指标，确定了膜法SBR水处理工艺在循环水养殖系统中最佳的运行模式为瞬时进水，1．5h搅拌，2．5h曝气，0．5h沉淀、滗排水，然后循环进行处理。     

pH对海水生物滤器启动阶段构建硝化功能的影响

稳定高效运行的生物滤器是循环水系统养殖过程中至关重要的部分,然而生物滤器在运行过程中会受到诸多环境因子的影响。该文分两部分对进水pH对流化床生物滤器硝化性能的影响进行研究。(1)针对流化床生物滤器挂膜启动阶段进行研究,研究在自然挂膜情况下,不同进水pH(7. 0、7. 5、8. 0、8. 5)对流化床生物滤器启动的影响,结果显示,生物滤器在pH 7. 5时启动时间最短,50 d左右便能够稳定运行,而且在此pH条件下生物滤器对TAN、NO2--N的去除效率最高。(2)生物膜成熟后,针对稳定运行的生物滤器进行试验,研究不同pH(7. 0、7. 5、7. 7、8. 0、8. 5)对生物滤器硝化性能的影响,结果显示,生物滤器在pH 7. 7时,对TAN的去除速率最高,达到(0. 58±0. 02) mg/(L·h)。另外,生物滤器在pH 7. 5时对NO2--N的处理效果最好。试验还发现各处理组皆存在不同程度的NO2--N积累现象,该现象随着pH的升高不断加剧。适宜的进水pH能够缩短生物滤器的挂膜周期并提高其硝化性能。研究结果可以为海水生物滤器的挂膜启动和稳定运行提供理论指导。     

不同混养鱼类和投喂方式对鱼蚌综合养殖水体化学特征的影响

选用草鱼(Ctenoparyngodon idellus)、银鲫(Carassius gibelio)、鲢(Hypopthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthysnobilis)作为本研究的混养鱼类,通过围隔实验检验了不同混养鱼类组合(草鱼+鲫+鲢+鳙或鲢+鳙)和配合饲料投喂方式(投喂或不投喂)对三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)养殖水体化学特征的影响,实验为期155 d。结果表明,实验设计的混养鱼类组合可显著影响鱼蚌综合养殖水体的Ca2+、总碱度(Alk)、总硬度(HT)和总磷(TP)水平;投喂配合饲料可显著影响Ca2+、Alk、HT、氨氮(TAN)、TP和化学耗氧量(CODMn)。采用混养组合(草鱼+鲫+鲢+鳙)且投喂配合饲料的围隔内溶氧(DO)水平和透明度(SD)较低,Ca2+、HT、TN、TP、TAN和CODMn水平较高;采用混养组合(鲢+鳙)且不投喂的围隔内DO和SD水平较高,而Ca2+、HT、TN、TP、TAN和CODMn水平较低。随养殖时间延长,各组围隔内Ca2+水平下降,TN、TP、TAN和CODMn水平升高。实验期间,DO与SD水平呈正相关;DO和SD与TAN、TN、TP、Ca2+和CODMn水平呈负相关。因此,鱼蚌综合养殖中,控制CODMn和TAN浓度,维持Ca2+稳定及较高的DO水平是水质管理的基本目标。     

环境因子对循环水养殖系统中生物膜净化效率影响综述

循环水养殖系统的关键技术是养殖废水的处理和再利用。作为循环水养殖系统水处理的核心单元,生物膜对于养殖水体中污染物的去除起着至关重要的作用。水温、盐度、pH和溶氧等环境因子都会影响生物膜的功能,环境因子的突然变化会引起生物膜脱落、影响循环水养殖系统生物膜的形成过程及运行效果。控制好水温、盐度、pH和溶氧,生物膜净化效率就能达到较为理想的状态,养殖废水的处理效果就会更好。因此,有必要研究各个环境因子变量条件下的养殖废水去除动力学特征,以期为循环水养殖系统优化设计与运行管理提供理论依据。     

养殖水电化学同步脱氮响应面优化与验证

本研究先通过单因子实验分析了电流密度、极板面积比、极板间距和初始pH对总氨氮(TAN)和硝态氮(NO3–-N)去除率的影响。采用Design-Expert软件中Box-Behnken的中心组合原则设计四因素三水平响应面实验,考察不同影响因子对脱氮效率的影响,并建立响应面模型优化反应条件,最后对优化的反应条件进行验证。结果显示,电流密度、极板面积比、极板间距和初始pH的变化对TAN去除影响不大,在所选反应条件下,TAN去除率均高于80%,但反应条件的改变显著影响硝酸盐(NO3?)的去除,NO3?去除率在29.8%~80.9%范围内变化。响应面模型的回归系数R2为0.9340,校正系数R2为0.8681,说明该模型具有较好的准确性。NO3?去除最优反应条件：电流密度为25.6 mA/cm2,阴阳极板面积比为1.6∶1,极板间距为2.5 cm,初始pH为6.6,对该反应条件下的脱氮效果展开实验验证发现,TAN去除率为87.3%,NO3?去除率为81.5%。研究表明,电化学处理可实现对TAN和NO3–-N的同步去除,同时,响应面模型的运用有助于优化电化学法在养殖水处理中的脱氮效率。     

太湖流域直湖港水系不同水质状况的河道水体对麦穗鱼卵孵化的影响

以麦穗鱼（Pseudorasbora parva）为研究对象,分析了4种河道水体的水质参数与麦穗鱼苗孵化率、浮游动物密度的关系。直湖港水体的总氮（TN）含量最高,总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH₃-N）含量较高,pH、溶解氧（DO）较低,具有最高的鱼苗孵化率,而轮虫数量为0,剑水蚤数量居中。人工湿地水体的pH、化学需氧量(COD_Mn)、DO含量、电导率（EC）较高,TN、TP含量、氧化还原电位（ORP）较低,具有最低的鱼苗孵化率,轮虫数量和剑水蚤数量最高。RDA分析前4轴共解释水生类群结构总变异的91.44%,相对重要的6个环境因子是TN、pH、EC、TP、COD_Mn、DO,分别解释了结构变异的22%、18%、15%、11%、11%、8%。与鱼苗孵化率正相关性较高的指标为TN（r=0.62）、TP（r=0.40）,而负相关性较高为EC（r=-0.47）、DO（r=-0.42）、pH（r=-0.47）。与轮虫密度正相关性较高指标为pH（r=0.49）、EC（r=0.36）,负相关性较高为TN（r=-0.54）、TP（r=-0.32...     

养殖尾水处理系统填料生物膜氮循环微生物功能特征

为探讨填料生物膜在养殖尾水处理中对水体氮循环的影响机制,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序和宏基因组测序技术,对填料生物膜、水体细菌的群落结构及其与氮循环相关的功能基因丰度差异特征进行了研究。结果显示,填料生物膜微生物主要参与氮代谢活动。在属水平上,Pseudomonas、Spirochaeta、Opitutus和Syntrophus是填料生物膜氮素转化过程的重要功能微生物类群。与水体相比,填料生物膜的碳代谢活动能力较强（P<0.05）;填料生物膜上固氮功能基因nifH、硝化功能基因hao、反硝化和异化硝酸盐功能基因napA、nirS、norB、norC、nrfA、nirB和氮代谢调控基因ntrC及其相应的关键酶均显著高于周围水体（P<0.05）,且对含氮污染物有显著去除效果。研究表明,养殖尾水处理系统内复合填料生物膜具有比周围水环境更强的氮周转能力,主要通过关键功能物种介导的固氮和反硝化作用实现养殖尾水氮素的转化和迁移。研究结果作为野外实验证据,可为复合填料生物膜系统在水产养殖尾水治理中的应用提供理论依据。     

采用SBR法处理革胡子鲶鱼高密度养殖废水的试验研究

为高效净化革胡子鲶鱼(Silurusasotus)高密度养殖排放的废水,研究了间歇式活性污泥(SBR)技术在不同运行模式下对养殖废水处理效果的影响并确定最优工况.以TAN、TN和COD的去除率为研究指标,设置了不同的厌氧搅拌时间和曝气时间两个变量,通过调节变量时间长短来确定试验装置处理试验水体的最优工况.结果表明,厌氧搅拌时间和曝气时间的增加均可提高TAN等的去除率,但以0～2h的阶段反应速率最快,具备显著性差异水平(P＜0.05),而后随变量时间增加,去除率相应增大,但效果不明显(P＞0.05);最优工况为:快速进水-厌氧搅拌2h-曝气6h-沉淀、排水2h,运行周期10 h,此工况下的出水TAN、TN和COD浓度和去除率分别为(12.2±0.9) mg/L、(34.6±1.1) mg/L、(71±2.1)mg/L和(71.6±4.7)％、(40.3±3.6)％、(67.7±5.1)％.     

纳米二氧化钛涂料对循环水养鱼系统水净化的影响

将纳米二氧化钛涂料涂覆于鱼池表面,构建循环水养鱼试验组和对照组系统,研究在水循环处理模式下纳米二氧化钛涂料对养鱼污水的净化效果,探讨原水氨氮质量浓度C0、溶氧(DO)及pH对降解氨氮效率的影响。结果显示:pH 7. 0～7. 8、总氨氮(TAN) 14. 2～15. 3 mg/L、硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N) 20. 8～21. 9 mg/L、菌落总数 106个/m L的循环水养鱼试验组系统处理48 h,氨氮降解反应动力学符合一级动力学方程,反应速率常数为0. 069 7 h-1,半衰期为9. 92 h,氨氮降解及抑菌效果好;原水氨氮质量浓度C0、DO、pH对试验组降解氨氮影响大小依次为C0 DO pH。在原水氨氮质量浓度C015 mg/L、DO 6 mg/L、pH 7. 5的条件下,循环水养鱼试验组系统运行8h时,氨氮去除率可达41. 9%。研究表明,涂覆于鱼池表面的纳米二氧化钛涂料对循环水养鱼系统水体具良好的净化效果,应用前景广阔。     

Nitrogen dynamics in the settlement ponds of a small-scale recirculating shrimp farm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penaeus monodon</Emphasis>) in rural Thailand

Rural shrimp farmers in Thailand are being encouraged to adopt practices that will reduce the quantity and improve the quality of their effluent. A simple and cheap option for small-scale shrimp farmers is to use settlement ponds to store and remediate discharge water before being re-used. We undertook a detailed study of the settlement ponds in a small-scale commercial black tiger shrimp farm typical of rural Thailand. We found that over a 9-week period, following the harvest of one of the two farm production ponds, total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the water column were reduced by 30%, with the greatest removal (56%) occurring during the fifth week. There was a 10% increase in dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations during the trial. Sediments were a source of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), and the re-mineralisation rate was the highest in the first two settlement ponds. Coconut fronds added to two of the four settlement ponds to increase the surface area available for microbial activity were found to provide a site for microbial re-mineralisation of TAN, the photosynthetic uptake of TAN and oxidised nitrogen (NO _x ) and nitrification. The water column was a net assimilator of TAN through autotrophic uptake. This study has shown that settlement ponds are capable of reducing water column N concentrations; however, sediment must be managed to reduce re-mineralisation during successive cropping cycles. In addition, coconut fronds were shown to improve N removal, although they should be periodically removed to maintain efficiency.     

The effect of low pH on physiology,stress status and growth performance of turbot (Psetta maxima L.) cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems

We evaluated the effect of low pH and low and high total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations on the physiology, stress status and the growth performance of turbot in RAS. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, turbot (466 g) were grown at control (pH 7.5; TAN ~0.5 mg/L) or low pH and high TAN (pH 5.7; TAN ~50 mg/L) for 55 days. In Experiment 2, turbot (376 g) were grown at control (pH 7.5; TAN ~0.5 mg/L), low pH and low TAN (pH 5.7; TAN ~5 mg/L) or low pH and high TAN (pH 5.7; TAN ~50 mg/L) for 59 days. In Experiment 1, final body weight, feed intake and growth were significantly lower and FCR significantly higher in turbot exposed to low pH and high TAN. In Experiment 2, only growth was significantly lower in turbot exposed to treatment low pH and high TAN as compared to fish in the control treatment and low pH and low TAN. Osmoregulation and stress indicators measured were within normal levels. In conclusion, turbot grew equally well in a water pH of 7.5 or 5.7 provided a low TAN. In contrast, low pH combined with a high TAN impaired turbot performance.     

Waste excretion of marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker) fed with different diets

Marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker), with its high demand and price, has a great potential as a profitable commercial aquaculture candidate in Malaysia and Southeast Asia region. Efforts are being made to produce this species in a better controlled culture environment like recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) due to poor growth performance and disease problems shown by conventional cage and outdoor pond culture systems. Quantification of waste excreted by fish is critical to RAS design. This study was conducted to characterize the waste excretion rates of marble goby fed with different diets (live food and minced fish). Ammonia-N (TAN), urea-N, nitrite-N (NO₂-N), nitrate-N (NO₃-N), total-N (TN), organic-N (ON), feces-N, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) and total suspended solid (TSS) produced from marble goby were determined over a 72-h excretion period. Under given experimental conditions, the results showed that feed type had significant influence on the waste excretion rates, with marble goby fed live tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exhibiting significantly (P < 0.05) the lowest amount of waste excretion comparable to that of fish fed live common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and minced scads (Decapterus russellii). This indicates that feeding marble goby with tilapia poses less adverse effects on water quality and is thus a suitable diet for this species. The waste excreted by the fish is composed of nitrogenous excretion (TAN, Urea-N, ON, Feces-N), and productions of dissolved biodegradable organic substances (BOD₅) and TSS (TSS_feces + TSS_water). About 58-71% of the nitrogen consumed in food was excreted and its rate depended mainly on the feed type. TAN was the chief end-product of protein metabolism; about 74-84% of the daily total nitrogenous excretion was TAN. Urea-N accounted for 13-21% of the daily total nitrogenous excretion indicating that urea-N is an important nitrogenous excretory end-product in marble goby. The waste excretion data presented in this study can be served as a pre-requisite for designing a RAS for this species. The overall BOD₅ and TSS production found in this study also point to the need for including bio-filtration unit and suspended solids removal mechanism in the RAS design.     

封闭循环水系统生物滤池气水比对水质净化效能的影响

通过在全封闭循环水系统中养殖半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunthe), 研究了不同气水比对曝气生物滤池净化效能, 以及对DO、pH值的影响。结果表明: 本试验系统在温度为(19±1)℃, 系统循环次数为15次, 养殖池DO保持在12 mg/L以上的运行条件下, 随着气水比由0.75 : 1~1.50 : 1的增加, 生物滤池氨氮的去除率由35.0%增加至52.0%, NO₂-N的去除率由8.2%增加至44.6%, 气水比对硝化反应影响显著, 但对化学需氧量COD的去除率影响并不显著, 其平均去除率为10.14%; pH值有增加的趋势, 生物滤池进水口到出水口的pH值由7.97增加至 8.08; 气水比最佳运行参数为1.25:1。同时还发现1级生物滤池进水口DO接近饱和, 1级到末级滤池间DO仅降低了10%左右, 系统pH值在7.9~8.1。本研究所获参数, 可供生物膜法处理养殖循环水的条件优化作参考。

     

Reuse strategy of wastewater in prawn nursery by microbial remediation

A strategy of reusing the prawn nursery wastewater was developed by the previous remediation with Bacillus subtilis and nutrients addition. The suggested method was preliminarily verified in rearing prawn larval. Bacteria assimilation is proved as a main and powerful mechanism for removing dissolved organic matter (DOM) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the experiments. The process of microbial remediation could be featured as two sequential stages: DOM degradation and TAN reduction. In the first stage (from day 0 to day 2), DOM was degraded directly as the bacterial carbon and nitrogen sources. The 48-h COD removal efficiencies (R_COD) in the treatment were 57.7±5.5%, showing significantly different from 12.2±4.1% in control. In the second phase (from day 2 to day 5), the deficiencies of C and P source relative to N source might limit bacteria proliferation and TAN removal. The glucose and/or phosphate addition significantly influenced the TAN removal performance, while the addition of vitamin mixture and/or microelement solution was not. When the initial TAN level was nearly 5 mg N/l, the optimal TAN removal efficiencies from day 2 to day 5 were above 85% in the treatments with both glucose and phosphate additions, where the white microbial floccules were observed to suspend. The C/N or N/P weight ratio of 5.4:1or 5–7:1 was suggested for remediating the nursery effluents. The situation that the maximum bacterial levels did not exceed 10⁸ CFU/ml was estimated to correlate with the formation of microbial floccules. After 5 days of microbial remediation by these adequate methods, the wastewater had been became the “microbially matured” water suitable to reuse. In the practical operations, the nutrient supplements were directed by Glucose/TAN weight ratio of 13:1 and KH₂PO₄/TAN weight ratio of 0.6–0.9:1. The results of the application trial pointed out that the remediated water reclaimed to the larvae culture tanks did not produce observable deleterious effects on the water quality and on the mortality of the prawn larvae. The method of reusing the remediated wastewater by microbial agents and nutrients additions will be advantageous to reduce both production cost and environmental pollution in the inland hatchery and nursery for prawn.     

适于稻作的水处理系统构建及运行效果

为了处理和资源化利用池塘养殖废水,结合生物滤池和水上稻作技术,设计并构建了一种适合于水稻种植的水处理系统。系统运行试验结果表明:在水力负荷为0.29~0.58 m/d,气水比为2~4时都可以获得比较好的水处理效果。将池塘养殖有机结合形成的循环水养殖系统中,在水力负荷为0.58 m/d,气水比为2的条件下,系统对养殖废水中TAN、TN、TP和CODMn的去除率分别为33.75%~34.31%、59.21%~64.53%、68.43%~73.75%和71.66%~74.37%。与此同时,水处理系统获得7 127.01 kg/hm~2的水稻产量。由此实现养殖废水资源化利用,是一种可持续的水产养殖方式,可为我国渔农混作区池塘养殖废水的处理和循环利用提供一种新方法。     

不同施肥方法对鱼蚌综合养殖水体水化学的影响

通过155 d的围隔实验检验了不同施肥方法对鱼蚌综合养殖水体水化学的影响.鱼蚌放养种类为三角帆蚌、草鱼、鲫、鲢和鳙,鱼蚌比例为1.5∶1.施肥处理为施鸭粪(DM)、施化肥(CF)及结合施鸭粪和化肥(DC).实验期间定期采样分析水化学指标.各施肥处理间透明度(SD)、溶氧(DO)、硫酸根离子、氯离子、碳酸根离子、重碳酸根离子、钙离子(Ca2+)、镁离子(Mg2+)、总碱度、总硬度、氨态氮(TAN)、硝酸态氮(NO3-N)、亚硝酸态氮(NO2-N)、活性磷(PO4-p)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)均无显著差异,但围隔CF内PO4-P/TP显著高于围隔DM,5月20日-7月18日围隔CF内pH显著低于围隔DM.随养殖时间延长,各处理围隔内SD、DO、Ca2+和Ca2 +/Mg2+呈下降趋势,但TAN、NO2-N、TN、TP和CODMn呈上升趋势.结果表明,在投喂配合饲料的基础上少量施鸭粪、化肥或结合施鸭粪和化肥不会导致鱼蚌综合养殖水体主要离子、总碱度、总硬度、TAN、NO3-N、NO2-N、PO4-P、TN、TP和CODMn含量产生显著差异.相比之下,施化肥的水体CODMn较低,PO4-P/TP较高;施鸭粪的水体CODMn较高,PO4-P/TP较低;结合施鸭粪和化肥的水体CODMn和PO4-P/TP介于施化肥和施鸭粪的水体之间.鉴于结合施鸭粪和化肥的水体珍珠产量高于单独施鸭粪或施化肥的水体,可认为该施肥措施有利于三角帆蚌生长及其珍珠囊内的珍珠质分泌.     

Nitrogen waste from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with particular focus on urea

Particulate and dissolved nitrogen (N) waste components are removed in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) using different cleaning technologies, and to dimension and optimize their removal efficiency requires that the expected daily load of the different waste forms can be estimated. Using a laboratory, mass-balance approach, the current study examined the effects of commercially applied feeding levels on the loading of different N waste forms, including daily fluctuations in dissolved total nitrogen (TN), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), urea-N, and non-characterized, dissolved N deriving from juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In addition, the study examined whether there was a removal of urea-N across a moving bed biofilter operated as end-of-pipe under commercial conditions. The laboratory, mass-balance study showed that there were no effects of feeding levels (1.3, 1.5 or 1.7% of the biomass per day ) on the excretion of dissolved N components, which constituted the majority of total N waste (>81.6% on average). The excretion of urea-N and non-characterized, dissolved N components constituted 12–13% and 9–11%, respectively of dissolved TN. The excretion of urea-N was largely constant and independent of the daily feeding practice, whereas that of non-characterized N appeared to reflect the daily feeding activity, following the trends in TN and TAN. The time limited feeding regime applied in the laboratory study resulted in a pulse in the excretion of TAN that a biofilter may be unable to fully level out, potentially resulting in unnoticed, critical water quality conditions in intensive RAS during certain times of the day. Particulate N waste constituted a minor fraction of total N waste (<18.4% on average), and the actual loading depended on the digestibility of dietary protein/nitrogen. Results from the commercially operated, nitrifying biofilter showed that urea-N was removed at a rate of 0.014 g N m² day⁻¹. Compared to the removal of TAN (0.208 g N m² day⁻¹), the moving bed biofilter was 1.07 times more active in removing dissolved N than immediately expected when only considering TAN.     

澧县王家厂水库生态因子的灰关联分析

采用灰色系统关联度分析方法,以空间理论数学为基础,依规范性、偶对称性、整体性和接近性原则,计算并分析了在人工控制条件下澧县王家厂水库13个生态因子(透明度、水深、水温、溶解氧、酸碱度、电导率、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总磷、总氮、氮磷比、浮游动物和浮游植物)的关联度,南河关联序结果为:氮磷比>总氮>硝酸氮>氨氮>浮游植物>浮游动物>溶解氧>酸碱度>总磷>水温>电导率>透明度>水深;北河:氮磷比>总氮>总磷>硝酸氮>浮游动物>水温>水深>酸碱度>溶氧>透明度>浮游植物>电导率>氨氮。分析表明,氮磷比、总氮和总磷是水库水体的优势影响因子。在研究过程中发现,除个别样点超出Ⅲ类水标准外,其余均在Ⅲ类范围内;说明王家厂水库在放养鱼类的情况下,通过合理的人工能量投入,可以达到既增加水体生物的多样性,又提高水体生产力,实现水生态保护的目的。