试论鱼类资源多样性保护

概述了我国鱼类多样性的现状，指出鱼类多样性保护是客观实际的需要，是渔业持续发展的需要。也是解决生存问题的需要，并进一步提出了鱼类多样性保护利用的策略。     

鱼类多样性保护与渔业的可持续发展

鱼类多样性是生物多样性的组成部分,主要包括物种多样性、生态系统多样性和遗传多样性3 个层次,本文围绕这3 个层次,介绍了我国丰富多彩的鱼类多样性,分析比较了鱼类多样性与渔业可持续发展的相互作用及关系,探讨和提出了我国为实施渔业可持续发展而进行的鱼类多样性保护的一些措施和行动。     

苏州及邻近地区鲌亚科鱼类及其生物多样性保护

首次报道苏州及邻近地区Bai亚科鱼类的重新定名和种名的重新整理，确认该亚科有7个属13个种及亚种，占全国Bai亚科17个属66个种及亚种的41．18％和19．70％，首次报道尖头Bai C Oxycephalus Bleeke为本地区的新记录种。Bai亚科种类在中国淡水鱼类区划分布华东区鱼类区系中占有重要地位，具有一定的代表性，该地区鱼类属江可平原区鱼类区系复合体种类，属、种数量明显超过中印山麓鱼类及印度平原区系复合体种类。针对该地区Bai亚科鱼类种群数量减少和鱼体逐渐小型化的趋向，认为亟待对其资源采取繁殖保护以及经济种类增殖和种群调控措施。     

黄河班多段鱼类多样性初步研究及保护对策

黄河班多段位于青海省兴海县境内,是黄河上游主要鱼类分布区之一.2011年4-11月对黄河班多段鱼类资源进行了调查.设采样点4个,分别在鱼类生长繁殖的重要时期使用不同网具采捕4次,并结合走访调查及鱼类样本的实验室鉴定与分析,重点研究鱼类种类、鱼类多样性、丰富度及均匀度,并提出了保护对策.结果表明,本次调查共采集鱼类10种、138尾,均为土著鱼类,种类占黄河上游青海段鱼类近1/2,班多段鱼类多样性相对黄河上游青海段其它水域较高,鱼类组成与黄河上游青海段其它水域相似,种类相对比较丰富,涉及多种保护鱼类,但每种鱼的个体均匀度较差,抗外界扰动的能力差.     

我国家禽资源多样性与保护利用策略

前 言 物种资源是一种可更新的资源,家禽作为生物资源的一部分是可耗竭、能再生的。其再生的内容,是保持遗传变异类型的数量。我国幅员辽阔,地形地貌极其复杂,在经度、纬度和海拔三个维度内具有世界上少有的独特的生态地理环境。加之,中华民族在这个地域内数千年的变化,包含有极其丰富的家禽品种资源,使我国成为世界上家禽品种资源最丰富的国家之一。丰富多样的家禽资源给人们改造、利用自然资源提供了强大的物质基础,对人类的生存和发展具有重要的意义。然而,我国家禽品种资源多样性却面临危机,据调查,家禽品种4.5%处于残留遗种,11%的品种处于危急状态,已有4个鸡品种灭绝,2个鸡品种处于濒临灭绝状态[1]。目前虽不至于造成大部分家禽资源的丧失,但在当前只强调利用,不重视资源保护的情况下,家禽资源日益枯竭的潜在危机日趋严重,研究家禽品种资源多样性及其保护利用是十分必要的,至少有以下三点值得我们考虑：     

南四湖鱼类物种多样性衰减原因初步分析

通过近几年来对南四湖鱼类的调查，初步分析了南四湖鱼类物种多样性受到严重威胁的原因主要是水资源短缺、水质污染及掠夺性捕捞。要加强研究与保护南四湖鱼类生物多样性。     

我国水生生物多样性及其研究进展

生物多样性是地球上生命经历几十亿年发展进化的结果,是人类赖以生存的物质基础。广大科技工作者围绕生物多样性保护与可持续利用2大目标进行了一系列研究,取得一定进展。文章在综合论述国内水生生物多样性现状、利用与保护研究基础上,侧重对鱼类多样性研究技术手段、参与国际合作的渠道及保护措施进行了概述,同时分析了生物技术在重要水生生物多样性研究领域的应用前景。     

鱼类多样性丧失和保护的经济分析

本文主要从物种多样性、生态系统多样性、遗传多样性三方面阐述了近年来鱼类多样性丧失的现状,分析了鱼类多样性丧失的根源不在物种和生境本身,而是引导人们经济生活的经济体制.深入剖析了目前经济体系中导致鱼类多样性丧失的一些不足之处,同时也就存在的一些问题提出了相应有效的对策.     

EDCs对鱼类种群与生物多样性的影响

环境内分泌干扰物( Environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals,EDCs)具有存在的广泛性和生物的难降解性,能够对自然界生物包括人类产生普遍的内分泌干扰效应.EDCs暴露可以引起鱼类内源性激素代谢过程的异常及其他功能异常,改变基因表达,诱导基因突变,引起生殖缺陷、发育异常、生长畸形、免疫功能下降及后代性别比例失衡,影响其存活率及后代繁殖数量,从而导致鱼类种群数量减少.通过降低对环境抑制因素的适应性和破坏生物网结构的稳定性,EDCs能够广泛地削弱生物的进化潜能,影响局部生态系统的功能,从而导致生物多样性丢失.针对EDCs的相关研究对人类社会的可持续发展有重要意义.     

黄河班多段鱼类多样性初步研究及保护对策

黄河班多段是黄河上游主要鱼类分布区之一,位于青海省兴海县境内,2011年4月-2011年11月对黄河班多段鱼类资源进行了调查。本文重点介绍黄河班多段鱼类多样性、丰富度及均匀度,并提出了保护对策。结果表明,班多段鱼类多样性相对较高,物种相对比较丰富,但是每种鱼的个体均匀度较差。     

Baltic Sea genetic biodiversity: Current knowledge relating to conservation management

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锦江鱼类资源现状与物种多样性分析

2013年8月—2016年8月对沅江水系支流锦江的鱼类资源现状进行了调查。通过向渔民购买、现场捕捞等方式,共调查野生鱼类43种,隶属于5目11科39属,其中鲤科鱼类25种,占总种类数的58.1%。调查到新记录种5种,分别为大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)、吻(Rhinogobio typus)、洞庭华鲮(Sinilabeo tungting)、云南盘(Discogobio yunnanensis)和大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)。干、支流均以底层鱼类为主,种类数分别占各自总数的55.8%和71.4%。对比历史资料,G-F多样性指数呈下降趋势。对干流渔获物种类的周年统计发现,出现频率在50%以上的鱼类有8种,其中泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)和鲇(Silurus asotus)的出现频率均达到97.3%。     

Patterns of fish community composition and biodiversity in riverine fish sanctuaries in Bangladesh: Implications for hilsa shad conservation

Understanding biodiversity and community composition is a prerequisite to sustainable exploitation and conservation of fisheries. We assessed the spatial and seasonal patterns of fish community composition and biodiversity in seasonal no-take riverine sanctuaries in Bangladesh, which aim to conserve the anadromous hilsa shad (Tenualosa spp. and Hilsa keele). Fish samples were collected during monsoon, as well as pre- and postmonsoon, from five sites within two sanctuaries and one site in an open fishing area. Although total abundance was similar along the rivers, species richness was significantly higher at the open fishing site due to its connectivity to nearby habitats. The diversity apparently decreased in a downstream direction. Fish communities at two upstream sites were separated from other sites in multivariate space largely due to higher abundance of hilsa at downstream sites and presence of floodplain-oriented species at the two upstream sites. Short body length and high trophic level at all sites indicated that fish communities were overexploited. Our results also indicated that riverine hilsa sanctuaries in Bangladesh are rich in fish species diversity and support several threatened species designated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Our study also suggested that since hilsa abundance shapes community patterns, it can therefore impact riverine ecosystem functioning in the sanctuary areas. The findings of this study can serve as an important baseline for future biodiversity assessment, conservation and impact assessment of conservation in rivers, and therefore help to establish multispecies ecosystem-based management of riverine fisheries around the world.     

Aquaculture's potential impacts on conservation of wild stocks and biodiversity

Abstract

Anderson theorizes that development of the aquaculture of a fish species (also captured in an open‐access fishery) favours the conservation of its wild stocks, if competitive market conditions prevail. However, his theory is subject to significant limitations. While this is less so within his model, it is particularly so in an extended one outlined here. These other models allow for the possibility that aquaculture development can impact negatively on wild stocks thereby shifting the supply curve of the capture fishery, or raise the demand for the fish species subject both to aquaculture and capture. Such development can threaten wild fish stocks and their biodiversity. While aquaculture development could in principle have no impact on the biodiversity of wild stocks or even raise aquatic biodiversity overall, its impact in the long‐term probably will be one of reducing aquatic diversity both in the wild and overall. The development of aquaculture does not automatically ensure long‐term sustainability of fish and other aquatic supplies.     

The Alliance for Freshwater Life: A global call to unite efforts for freshwater biodiversity science and conservation

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Temporal and spatial variations in the abundance and population structure of the spined loach (Cobitis taenia), a scarce fish species: implications for condition assessment and conservation

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Marine fish diversity on the Scotian Shelf,Canada

• 1. Marine life in offshore regions has not been fully censused, yet related conservation policy relies on our ability to identify areas of high biodiversity.
• 2. We assessed the census of marine finfish on the Scotian Shelf, Northwest Atlantic using data collected during annual research vessel surveys between 1970 and 2000. The species accumulation curve did not reach an asymptote reflecting that new species continued to be discovered throughout the survey period. Only 0.12% of the area of the Scotian Shelf has been sampled since 1970.
• 3. Since 1974, when over 50% of the species had been discovered, the community composition has been relatively constant. However, the dominance structure has changed dramatically as reflected in the geographic contraction of the formerly abundant, large‐bodied piscivores concomitant with the geographic expansion of their prey species.
• 4. The region is under‐sampled, and species' distribution and abundance are changing. A precise estimate of diversity is elusive. As an alternative, we searched for physical correlates of finfish diversity to identify its possible surrogates. Surrogates have potential both as a method for understanding process and as a tool for conservation management. We examined the effect of area and depth range on species richness. High species richness was associated with larger areas and greater depth range at large spatial scales.
• 5. Highly diverse areas include the Bay of Fundy, the Eastern Gully, the slopes, Western Bank and the northeastern shelf. Until now, the northeastern shelf has been under‐appreciated as a highly diverse area. Such information will be important for environmental impact assessments as well as selection of ‘sensitive’ or protected areas.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A network meta‐analysis of threats to South American fish biodiversity

While environmental alterations have made Homo sapiens the hyperkeystone species of the globe, biotic homogenization initiated a new era, the “Homogenocene.” Still, some terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in South America are considered pristine and wild, which can lead to a general faith that economic progress is consistent with conservation strategies, even without scientific support. We compiled anthropogenic threats to fish biodiversity in a hierarchical meta‐analysis, along with an evidence synthesis of threats related to biological invasions, based on peer‐reviewed research with the aim to represent the actual conservation status of the South American ichthyofauna. We highlighted human‐related threats and synergistic effects of biological invasions, climate change, environmental alterations (e.g., pollution, aquaculture and damming) and fisheries. Considering measures that reinforce novel alien fish (e.g., artificial hybrids or genetically modified) introductions, it became clear why an eventual increase in local or regional species richness is not always beneficial to aquaculture, biodiversity, human well‐being or nature. In fact, citizens in all societal roles, including scientists, should revise their concepts about threats to fish biodiversity. Environmental policies require more than taxonomic diagnostics to achieve conservation goals under an incompatible scenario of a multiplying number of fish species and biotic homogenization. We advocate for countries in South America using science‐based strategies useful to maintain their social and economic growth along with their “remaining nature.” We live a crucial moment when the government overlooks threats to biodiversity and uses agribusiness as the most acceptable manner of fuelling the economy.     

Fish biodiversity sampling in stream ecosystems: a process for evaluating the appropriate types and amount of gear

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