农杆菌介导陆地棉棕彩选1号茎尖遗传转化

为建立高效的棕色棉茎尖遗传转化体系,以陆地棉棕彩选1号为材料,采用农杆菌介导茎尖的遗传转化方法,以培养7 d的棕彩选1号幼苗茎尖为受体,设计正交试验对共培养时间、共培养温度、菌液OD600、侵染时间等条件进行优化;此外,还研究了受体茎尖的大小及真空渗透等因素对转化效率的影响,初步建立了棕色棉茎尖农杆菌介导的遗传转化技术体系。结果表明,带有0.5 cm下胚轴的茎尖适合转化,适宜的农杆菌介导遗传转化条件为农杆菌菌液浓度OD600=1.0,侵染时间20 min,共培养时间3 d,共培养温度24℃。此外,真空渗透处理有助于抗性苗的发生。再生植株经在含100 mg·L~(-1)卡那霉素的培养基上筛选,获得102株抗性植株,再进行PCR鉴定和Southern杂交检测,共获得24株转基因植株,转化率为0.4%,且为单拷贝基因插入。本试验建立的优化条件为棕色棉的遗传转化奠定了理论基础。     

根癌农杆菌介导转褪黑素基因草莓的获得

为建立根癌农杆菌介导的草莓褪黑素基因高效遗传转化体系,以草莓品种“早红”叶片和叶柄为外植体,优化了影响根癌农杆菌遗传转化的因素,包括农杆菌菌液浓度、侵染时间、共培养时间和预培养时间等,建立了适宜草莓“早红”的农杆菌遗传转化体系。结果表明,“早红”草莓适宜的转化条件是：外植体的最适预培养时间为2～3 d,农杆菌侵染的最佳菌液浓度为OD600 0.3～0.5,最适侵染时间为15 min,最适共培养时间为3 d。在此基础上,通过根癌农杆菌介导法将褪黑素合成关键酶N -乙酰转移酶（AANAT）和羟吲哚-氧甲基转移酶（HIOMT）基因AANAT和HIOMT转入草莓基因组,并对获得的抗性植株进行PCR和PCR-Southern blot检测分析,结果表明外源基因已经整合进草莓基因组中。RT-PCR分析证明外源基因已经在转录水平表达。     

农杆菌介导高羊茅遗传转化体系的建立

为建立农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导高羊茅(Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.)遗传转化体系,以草坪型高羊茅品种凌志的胚性愈伤组织为受体材料,通过gus基因瞬时表达检测,研究了多种因素对农杆菌介导转化的影响。结果表明,农杆菌介导高羊茅胚性愈伤组织转化的适宜条件为:愈伤组织在含BAP和NAA各0.5mg/L的培养基上预培养3d;菌液浓度OD600值0.7,感染时间15min;农杆菌预培养基和悬浮培养基以及共培养基中添加100μmol/L的乙酰丁香酮;共培养温度23℃,共培养时间3d,共培养基pH值5.2。不同浓度潮霉素筛选效果试验表明,采用低浓度(50mg/L)潮霉素连续筛选,再生获得的转基因植株数最多,因此是最为可取的筛选方式。     

根癌农杆菌介导的蓝猪耳遗传转化

报道了根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumifaciens）介导的蓝猪耳（Torenia foumieri）遗传转化的方法。筛选蓝猪耳转化芽的最适卡那霉素（Kan）浓度为400mg／L；以稀释10倍的菌液浸染叶盘10～20min，固体共培养基（含20μmol／L乙酰丁香酮）上23℃共培养7～8d可获得转化芽诱导率27．2％；16h光照，8h黑暗是较理想的共培养光周期；茎段作为外植体，其转化芽诱导率要高于叶盘的转化芽诱导率，而且其转化芽比叶盘的转化芽健壮；1／2MS＋100mg／L Kan＋0．5mg／L IAA是比较理想的生根培养基。实验结果表明，根癌农杆菌介导的蓝猪耳转化获得了抗性再生植株，转化率为24．1％。     

高粱茎尖再生体系及其遗传转化影响因子的研究

本文对高粱茎尖再生体系及其转化影响因子进行了研究。不同基因型的茎尖再生频率有很大差异,说明基因型是影响茎尖再生的一个重要因素。在9种不同的激素组合中,以0.25MG/L KT、0.5MG/LBAP和0.25MG/L IAA对茎尖的再生效果最好。在MS培养基的基础上,采用B5培养基维生素并添加200MG/L L-ASN,10MG/L抗坏血酸和100MG/L PVP可提高茎尖再生频率。对农杆菌介导高粱茎尖转化的因子进行了优化,获得较高转化频率的条件为:茎尖预培养时间3D,在OD600值为0.5农杆菌菌液中感染10MIN,共培养3D。     

农杆菌浸种法介导中华结缕草遗传转化体系的建立

以中华结缕草萌动种子为转化受体,利用NPT-Ⅱ筛选基因对影响农杆菌介导的遗传转化外部因素进行探索,通过优化转化条件,建立了农杆菌浸种途径介导的中华结缕草遗传转化体系。结果表明：利用催芽6-7d的种子,加入OD600值为0.9的农杆菌浸染菌液（在浸染菌液中添加100μmol.L-1乙酰丁香酮）,附加5min+30s真空处理,振荡浸染48h,共培养3d后,用75mg.L-1卡那霉素筛选能够获得较好的转化效果。通过对卡那霉素抗性苗进行PCR检测和GUS组织化学染色,初步验证NPT-Ⅱ和GUS基因已经整合进植物基因组,阳性转化率为55.21%。     

抗生素对高粱茎尖再生的影响及再生体系的建立

研究羧苄青霉素、头孢霉素、潮霉素和卡那霉素4种抗生素对高粱茎尖再生的影响及再生体系的建立结果表明,MS培养基中添加甘氨酸、乙二胺四乙酸的铁络合物(Fe-EDTA)和抗坏血酸等有机物有利于高粱茎尖的分化与生长。农杆菌介导的高粱茎尖遗传转化过程中羧苄青霉素为最理想抗生素,最佳浓度为250mg／L。并初步确立了高粱茎尖农杆菌介导的遗传转化过程中抑菌和转化体的筛选策略。     

抗生素对高粱茎尖再生的影响及再生体系的建立

研究羧苄青霉素、头孢霉素、潮霉素和卡那霉素4种抗生素对高粱茎尖再生的影响及再生体系的建立结果表明,MS培养基中添加甘氨酸、乙二胺四乙酸的铁络合物(Fe EDTA)和抗坏血酸等有机物有利于高粱茎尖的分化与生长。农杆菌介导的高粱茎尖遗传转化过程中羧苄青霉素为最理想抗生素,最佳浓度为2 5 0mg/ L。并初步确立了高粱茎尖农杆菌介导的遗传转化过程中抑菌和转化体的筛选策略     

农杆菌介导春小麦遗传转化体系的优化研究

采用携带GUS基因双元表达载体p1301-Pubi-Ecppc的根癌农杆菌菌株C58c1、LBA4404和EHA105对4个春小麦品种的幼胚愈伤组织进行了遗传转化。结果表明,3M1.5为最佳诱导培养基;扬麦158和扬麦10是用于小麦遗传转化的良好基因型。对农杆菌转化条件进行进一步优化,得出用农杆菌C58c1侵染预培养15d的扬麦158幼胚愈伤组织,当侵染液浓度为OD6000.8、侵染40min、共培养3d时,可以提高农杆菌介导小麦遗传转化的筛选频率和PCR阳性率。对所得到的具有hyg抗性的愈伤和抗性植株进行GUS基因化学组织检测和PCR分子鉴定,初步证明Ecppc基因已整合到小麦再生植株基因组中。本研究初步建立了农杆菌介导小麦的遗传转化体系。     

影响根癌农杆菌介导的丰香草莓遗传转化因素分析

将构建的携带NPTⅡ和AP-D基因的植物表达载体pBI121导入根癌农杆菌EH105中后,用其对草莓主栽品种丰香叶盘进行遗传转化,探讨了卡那霉素(Kan)的浓度、菌液浓度、侵染时间、预培养时间、共培养时间和筛选方式等因素对转化率的影响。结果表明:丰香草莓适宜的转化条件是Kan筛选浓度为20 mg/L,预培养时间为2~3 d,菌液浓度OD6000.3~0.5,侵染时间10~20 min;共培养2~3 d后将外植体接到含有5 mg/L Kan和500 mg/L Carb的诱导培养基上进行培养,以后每次继代逐步提高Kan选择压力至终浓度20 mg/L(每次增加5 mg/L);或共培养2~3 d后将外植体接到含有500 mg/L Carb的诱导培养基上,培养2周后继代到含20 mg/L Kan和400 mg/L Carb的培养基上进行选择培养。根据PCR检测结果,抗性愈伤组织转化率高达18.5%。抗性愈伤组织经进一步诱导,最后获得了17株抗性植株。本文探讨了影响丰香草莓转化的多个因素,以期建立高效的遗传转化体系,为草莓属植物种质的遗传转化奠定基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.