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1.
This study is part of an effort to improve the quality of dried shiitake mushrooms [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler], in accordance with consumer preference, and deals with a preference survey using questionnaires combined
with sensory evaluation. The smell was evaluated using powdered dried shiitake mushrooms. Age, original preference (OP), sex,
sensory intensity (SI), hedonic preference (HP), and sample amount were set as parameters. About 70% of panelists liked dried
shiitake mushrooms. There were significant correlations among age, OP, and SI. There was also a significant correlation between
OP and HP, but no significant correlation between SI and HP. However, when the panelists were classified by OP, there was
an optimal value between SI and HP for likers and neutralists. The calculated optimal concentration of dried shiitake mushrooms
for likers and neutralists ranged widely. On the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between SI and HP
for dislikers, and their HP decreased according to the increase in the amount of the substance. The results showed that different
concentrations of odorous components in dried shiitake mushrooms were needed to satisfy different consumer preferences. 相似文献
2.
Masakazu Hiraide 《Journal of Wood Science》2006,52(3):265-269
This study formed part of an effort to improve the quality of dried shiitake mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler], in accordance with consumer preferences, and deals with the search for substances that increase the odorous
component content. From analysis of sulfur and sulfur-containing substances in the culture substrate, rice bran was found
to be the main source of sulfur, and 75% of this was present as cysteine and methionine. The sulfur-containing substances
were added to a sawdust medium containing only rice bran and sawdust as a substrate; shiitake mushrooms were cultivated in
the medium, the fruiting bodies were dried, and the 1,2,4-trithiolane content in the fruiting bodies was measured as an indicator
of the odorous compounds. Of the sulfur-containing substances, those that increased odorous compounds the most were cysteine
and methionine. The efficiency of cysteine in this regard was higher than that of methionine. It was also noted that the amount
of glutamic acid increased the odorous compounds in combination with cysteine and methionine. Furthermore, the addition of
both amino acids and glutamic acid had no negative effect on the yield. These results showed that it is possible to produce
dried shiitake mushrooms with a smell suitable for particular consumer preferences. 相似文献
3.
This study on dried shiitake mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler] focuses on the behavior of the aromatic lenthionine compound and its precursor, lentinic acid, during the
drying process. Only a small amount of lenthionine was present after the drying process, regardless of the drying temperature
or time; however, the amount increased during the rehydration process using pH 8.0 buffer. The lenthionine content after incubation
in the buffer was correlated with the lentinic acid content in the dried shiitake mushroom. The lentinic acid content increased
signifi cantly during the drying process at 40°C up to 4 h. The results show that the characteristic smell of dried shiitake
mushroom was weak after drying, and that rehydration in a mild alkaline solution was necessary to increase the smell. The
lentinic acid content of dried shiitake could serve as an indicator of the smell produced by rehydration and would be useful
in screening to select odor-rich strains. Moderate heating likely caused the increase in lentinic acid content, which might
be related to a reaction to heat. 相似文献
4.
This study is part of an effort to improve the quality of dried shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) in accordance with consumer preference. Results are presented of a trend survey that examined the preferences of consumers
using questionnaires combined with sensory evaluation. From the original preference (OP) survey, the distributions of OP divided
by age class (AC) were statistically equal to the results obtained in 2000. The medians of OP for teenagers and twenties were
“neutral” and “slightly like,” respectively. A firm preference change occurred between teenagers and those in their twenties.
It is empirically realized that sensory intensity (SI) scores that were too high or too low led to a low hedonic preference
(HP) score. The same tendency was seen for “neutralists” and “likers.” In addition, almost all distributions concerned with
HP had no significant difference between 2000 and 2005; for example, that of SI divided by AC. These results showed that the
preference for dried shiitake mushroom has been unaffected by the passage of the past 5 years. Dried shiitake mushrooms have
been used from ancient times and for many dishes; therefore, the overall preference appears to have remained unchanged. 相似文献
5.
Odor is one of the most important characteristics affecting consumer preference for dried shiitake mushrooms [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler]. In our previous studies, we found that the odor content of commercial dried products was too weak for most
people, and that the odorous compound content could be increased by adding amino acids to sawdust media. Currently, however,
bed-log cultivation is used to produce fruiting bodies for dried products. The purpose of this study was to fi nd a method
to increase the content of odorous compounds in dried products cultivated on bed logs. Pressure injection of amino acids from
the side of the bed log was the most effi cient method, but it had some problems. Hence, a simpler and less troublesome method
was developed, i.e., injecting amino acid solution from small bottles set in deep holes bored in the sides of the bed logs.
In fruiting bodies cultivated on bed logs injected with amino acid solution by the improved method, the mean contents of lentinic
acid, a precursor of the odorous compound lenthionine, approximately doubled compared to that in the untreated logs, although
the infi ltration area of the solution injected by the improved method was smaller than that by the former method. 相似文献
6.
为探讨加杨叶中黄酮类化合物与其他相关成分的关系,测定了不同时期加杨叶中总黄酮类化合物、花青素、总酚、组织含水量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质的含量,结合主成分分析法对各物质间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,总黄酮含量与花青素相对浓度、组织含水量与可溶性糖含量、花青素浓度与可溶性蛋白含量之间具有显著的正相关;总黄酮含量与组织含水量、花青素相对浓度与组织含水量具有显著的负相关。选取与总黄酮含量变化显著相关的花青素相对浓度和组织含水量两个主要因子进行了回归分析,建立了黄酮类化合物与组织含水量和花青素相对浓度的数学关系表达式。 相似文献
7.
8.
Florence Hiu Yan Lui Yoko Kurokochi Hiroe Narita Yukie Saito Masatoshi Sato 《Journal of Wood Science》2018,64(3):246-255
Binderless boards are composite boards that rely on self-bonding mechanisms for inter-fibre bonding. Quercus acutissima and Quercus serrata logs degraded by Lentinula edodes (shiitake fungi) were used in this study to investigate whether physical and chemical changes induced by shiitake fungi can enhance board mechanical properties. Binderless boards were manufactured with 0.8 g/cm3 target density, 220 °C pressing temperature, 5 MPa pressure, and pressing duration of 10 min. Boards made from logs degraded for ≥?26 months were stronger than control boards and met modulus of rupture (MOR) and internal bonding (IB) requirements for fibreboards. Chemical composition and particle size distribution of the wood powder used to make the boards were determined to elucidate the drivers of board mechanical properties. The proportion of small particles (<?150 µm) showed a strong positive correlation with MOR for both species and hot water extractives showed a strong positive correlation with IB for Q. acutissima boards. Introduction of shiitake fungi pre-treatment to the production process may enhance the mechanical strength of binderless boards. 相似文献
9.
This study deals with grazing in kunugi (Quercus acutissima) forests in the Aso district of Kyushu Island in southwest Japan. These forests are managed for production of bed-logs for
shiitake mushrooms and cow-calf farming. One of their characteristics is short-term rotation such as 10–15 years for bed-logs
and a year for calf production. A forest grazing experiment was begun in Minamioguni to look at forest growth, vegetation
change and grazing intensity. Stem densities dropped in a few years. After sprout cutting, they also dropped gradually, then
stabilized. Although grazing caused tree damage and suppressed tree growth, grazing intensity of up to 150 cow-days/ha·year
did not harm forest regeneration. Herbage volume decreased as grazing was repeated and trees grew. Another investigation of
kunugi grazing forests in Minamioguni and Asaji showed the correlation betweenRy (yield index in Stand density diagram) and grazing capacity could be expressed with a regression equation. The results were
also used to design a yield table for kunugi grazing forests. The yield table has items ofRy and grazing capacity in addition to usual yield table items, and can indicate timber yield and grazing capacity at the same
time. The table estimates that proper grazing capacity is 60–80 cow-days/ha·year in wild grass sites. In the light of these
results, an optimal management plan was proposed as a diagram integrating stem density, forest yield, and forest management. 相似文献
10.
Waste mushroom medium (WM) was saccharized with cellulase to obtain glucose after shiitake fruiting bodies were harvested 3 and 5 times (WM-3 and WM-5, respectively). Glucose can be used as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol or other bioproducts. WM-3 and WM-5 were analyzed for the amounts of shiitake fruiting bodies harvested and chemical components. The fresh weight ratio of shiitake fruiting bodies from the 4th and 5th harvests relative to the total fresh weight of shiitake fruiting bodies until the 5th harvest was 4.1 %. The additional 2 harvests decreased WM dry weight to 78.0 % and slightly decreased acid-insoluble lignin and xylan contents from 11.9 and 12.0 % to 10.0 and 9.6 %, respectively. The additional 2 harvests did not decrease glucan content. WM-5 included 31.6 % of glucan relative to dry weight, and 54.5 % of the glucan was saccharized to glucose with Meicelase (5 FPU/g substrate) at 40 °C for 48 h without pretreatment. The saccharification ratio of WM-3 was 45.0 % under the same saccharification condition. The amounts of saccharized glucose in WM-3 and WM-5 were 155.1 ± 9.8 mg/g substrate and 191.3 ± 9.2 mg/g substrate, respectively. 相似文献
11.
Shijun Wu Jianmin Xu Guangyou Li Vuokko Risto Zhihu Du Zhaohua Lu Baoqi Li Wei Wang 《New Forests》2011,42(1):35-50
Growth traits, wood properties and bark percentage were assessed for 19 hybrid eucalypt clones at three sites in southern
China sampled at age 51 months. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences in growth traits and wood
properties between clones and sites, and that the clone × site interactions were also significant except for basic density.
Coefficients of variation ranged from 8.4 to 27.9% for growth traits, 2.7–11.1% for wood properties and 14.0–23.3% for bark
percentage. Repeatability ranged from 0.73 to 0.96 for growth traits, 0.32–0.93 for wood properties and 0.77–0.88 for bark
percentage. Strong genotypic correlations between the same traits in clones at pairs of sites indicated that the traits were
rather stable across sites. The genotypic correlations between growth traits and basic density ranged from −0.67 to 0.43,
and generally favorable negative genotypic correlations between growth traits and bark percentage were also found. The correlations
between growth traits and Pilodyn pin penetration were positive, ranging from 0.28 to 0.65 and therefore unfavorable as lower
wood density will be associated with higher values of Pilodyn pin penetration and improved growth rate. The correlations between
traits assessed using non-destructive field methods and wood property assessment results indicated that Pilodyn and Fakopp
microsecond timer tools can be confidently used to indirectly select for fiber width and basic density. 相似文献
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13.
研究了13个与栗山天牛危害程度有关的林分因子,并对这些林分因子与栗山天牛危害林地有虫株率进行逐步回归分析,从中筛选出林地坡位、栎树胸径和主林层郁闭度3个关键因子。结果表明:栗山天牛危害林地有虫株率(y)与坡位(x1)和胸径(x6)呈显著正相关关系,与主林层郁闭度(x4)呈显著负相关关系,依此建立多元回归模型:y=0.071 2+0.691 8x1-0.507 4x4+0.561 3x6,经检验,平均差异程度为0.174 2。因此,可用该模型对栗山天牛危害程度进行风险评估。 相似文献
14.
Pian Rui-qi Zhao Yang Li Wei Chen Xiao-yang 《中国林学(英文版)》2007,9(4):272-278
Lespedeza bicolor Turcz is a native shrub in the temperate region of China. Thirteen provenances of L. bicolor were inves-tigated in our study. Morphological diversity among and within provenances were analyzed based on 19 phenotypic traits, including seven vegetative growth characteristics, nine floral traits and three pod characteristics. The coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 6.4% to 65.4% and the phenotypic differentiation coefficient from 43.3% to 97.3%. Analyses of variance showed that there were extremely significant variations among and within provenances in pod length. Differences in plant height, inter-nodal length, number of branches, leaf width, leaf length and leaf area were not remarkable among provenance, but distinct within provenances. Other traits showed evidence of contrasts. Variation among provenances was the main part of phenotypic variation. Correlation analysis indicated that there were highly significant positive correlations between plant height and other vegetative growth characteristics. Floral traits were not associated with vegetative growth characteristics. The 13 provenances of L. bicolor investigated can be classi-fied into three groups according to a UPGMA cluster analysis. 相似文献
15.
在黑龙江省苇河林业局冲河苗圃试验地通过对不同修枝强度下的茶条槭S1-0鲜叶干叶产量及分枝数的调查与分析,结果表明:修枝强度对茶条槭苗高、地径生长无显著差异,对叶产量及分枝数有显著影响。剪梢强度以全株长1/3~1/2对提高其鲜叶、干叶产量效果最佳,分枝数也最多。 相似文献
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17.
Juan Shi Guozeng Yan Ling Guan Zhenyu Li Jihua Feng 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2006,1(1):109-112
Twelve stand factors affecting the harm extent of Gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) were studied. Through stepwise regression analyses, three key factors were selected, such as crown density, soil infertility
extent, and forestland area. The results showed that there exists a positive correlation between soil infertility extent and
the harm extent of Gypsy moths and a significant negative correlation between the other two key factors and the harm extent
of this insect. Using the three key factors, a multivariate linear regression model was established by which the authors made
a risk analysis of the harm extent of Gypsy moths. 相似文献
18.
以合成樟脑为原料,先与盐酸羟氨反应制得樟脑肟,产率 81 %, 肟在 25 % 硫酸中回流而发生贝克曼裂解,以 82 % 的产率得到香料龙脑烯腈,然后以龙脑烯腈为中间体,在HCl催化下进行醇解,得到5种龙脑烯酸酯类香料,产率 82 %~91 %.所得化合物均经1 H NMR、IR和元素分析确证,其中龙脑烯腈、龙脑烯酸乙酯分别具有浓郁的木香味和果香味,具有很好的应用前景.新合成工艺原料价廉易得,实验条件温和,操作简单,总产率高. 相似文献
19.
Tatsuro Ohira Bum-Jin Park Yoshitomo Kurosumi Yoshifumi Miyazaki 《Journal of Wood Science》2009,55(2):144-148
The emissions of volatile organic compounds from air-dried, conventionally dried, and high-temperaturedried sugi wood were
compared by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Terpenes were clearly the main compound group in the air-dried wood samples,
whereas acetic acid was only detected in the high-temperature-dried wood samples, indicating that considerable changes occurred
in the volatile compound emission profile during hightemperature processing. The most abundant compounds in the air-dried
wood and conventionally dried wood were δ-cadinene, α-muurolene, and β-cadinene (sesquiterpenes) for all specimens, and a-pinene
and D-limonene (monoterpenes) for conventionally dried wood and air-dried wood. In contrast, acetic acid was detected only
in the hightemperature-dried wood. Sensory evaluation of volatile organic compounds was performed by 18 male university students.
Volatile compounds of air-dried wood and conventionally dried wood were assessed as being significantly more soothing than
those from high-temperature-dried wood.
This study was presented in part at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Hiroshima, August 2007 相似文献
20.
在麻竹地理种源试验基础上,研究其气候生态基础,生长性状、适应性状的地理变异模式及胸径、竹高、出笋量、单株叶面积、光合效率等13个数量性状的相关性。结果表明,麻竹地理变异的生态学基础是表现为较明显的南北地理变异。麻竹种源的生长具有南—北为主地理变异模式,表现为局部地区的地理变异特点。造林成活率受原产地纬度和经度的双重影响,冻害指标其变异模式为纬向渐变地理变异模式,病情指数在漳州点与纬度呈极显著性负相关,与经度呈显著性正相关的渐变地理变异模式,在永安点则与经度呈极显著性负相关,与纬度呈极显著性正相关。主要性状胸径、出笋量、笋地径、单株叶面积、丛平均株数等之间相关性显著或极显著,在种源选育中可作为综合指标考虑。 相似文献