The Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Caulerpin,a Bisindole Alkaloid Isolated from Seaweeds of the Genus Caulerpa

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of caulerpin was investigated. This bisindole alkaloid was isolated from the lipoid extract of Caulerpa racemosa and its structure was identified by spectroscopic methods, including IR and NMR techniques. The pharmacological assays used were the writhing and the hot plate tests, the formalin-induced pain, the capsaicin-induced ear edema and the carrageenan-induced peritonitis. Caulerpin was given orally at a concentration of 100 μmol/kg. In the abdominal constriction test caulerpin showed reduction in the acetic acid-induced nociception at 0.0945 μmol (0.0103–1.0984) and for dypirone it was 0.0426 μmol (0.0092–0.1972). In the hot plate test in vivo the inhibition of nociception by caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) was also favorable. This result suggests that this compound exhibits a central activity, without changing the motor activity (seen in the rotarod test). Caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) reduced the formalin effects in both phases by 35.4% and 45.6%, respectively. The possible anti-inflammatory activity observed in the second phase in the formalin test of caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) was confirmed on the capsaicin-induced ear edema model, where an inhibition of 55.8% was presented. Indeed, it was also observed in the carrageenan-induced peritonitis that caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, reducing significantly the number of recruit cells by 48.3%. Pharmacological studies are continuing in order to characterize the mechanism(s) responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions and also to identify other active principles present in Caulerpa racemosa.     

Nutritional Value and Biofunctionalities of Two Edible Green Seaweeds (Ulva lactuca and Caulerpa racemosa) from Indonesia by Subcritical Water Hydrolysis

Caulerpa racemosa (sea grapes) and Ulva lactuca (sea lettuces) are edible green seaweeds and good sources of bioactive compounds for future foods, nutraceuticals and cosmeceutical industries. In the present study, we determined nutritional values and investigated the recovery of bioactive compounds from C. racemosa and U. lactuca using hot water extraction (HWE) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) at different extraction temperatures (110 to 230 °C). Besides significantly higher extraction yield, SWE processes also give higher protein, sugar, total phenolic (TPC), saponin (TSC), flavonoid contents (TFC) and antioxidant activities as compared to the conventional HWE process. When SWE process was applied, the highest TPC, TSC and TFC values were obtained from U. lactuca hydrolyzed at reaction temperature 230 °C with the value of 39.82 ± 0.32 GAE mg/g, 13.22 ± 0.33 DE mg/g and 6.5 ± 0.47 QE mg/g, respectively. In addition, it also showed the highest antioxidant activity with values of 5.45 ± 0.11 ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) mg/g and 8.03 ± 0.06 trolox equivalents (TE) mg/g for ABTS and total antioxidant, respectively. The highest phenolic acids in U. lactuca were gallic acid and vanillic acid. Cytotoxic assays demonstrated that C. racemosa and U. lactuca hydrolysates obtained by HWE and SWE did not show any toxic effect on RAW 264.7 cells at tested concentrations after 24 h and 48 h of treatment (p < 0.05), suggesting that both hydrolysates were safe and non-toxic for application in foods, cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals products. In addition, the results of this study demonstrated the potential of SWE for the production of high-quality seaweed hydrolysates. Collectively, this study shows the potential of under-exploited tropical green seaweed resources as potential antioxidants in nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products.     

Potential Biomedical Applications of Collagen Filaments derived from the Marine Demosponges Ircinia oros (Schmidt, 1864) and Sarcotragus foetidus (Schmidt, 1862)

Collagen filaments derived from the two marine demosponges Ircinia oros and Sarcotragus foetidus were for the first time isolated, biochemically characterised and tested for their potential use in regenerative medicine. SDS-PAGE of isolated filaments revealed a main collagen subunit band of 130 kDa in both of the samples under study. DSC analysis on 2D membranes produced with collagenous sponge filaments showed higher thermal stability than commercial mammalian-derived collagen membranes. Dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis attested that the membranes obtained from filaments of S. foetidus were more resistant and stable at the rising temperature, compared to the ones derived from filaments of I. oros. Moreover, the former has higher stability in saline and in collagenase solutions and evident antioxidant activity. Conversely, their water binding capacity results were lower than that of membranes obtained from I. oros. Adhesion and proliferation tests using L929 fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes resulted in a remarkable biocompatibility of both developed membrane models, and gene expression analysis showed an evident up-regulation of ECM-related genes. Finally, membranes from I. oros significantly increased type I collagen gene expression and its release in the culture medium. The findings here reported strongly suggest the biotechnological potential of these collagenous structures of poriferan origin as scaffolds for wound healing.     

Investigations on the Wound Healing Potential of Tilapia Piscidin (TP)2-5 and TP2-6

Wound healing is a highly orchestrated process involving many cell types, such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This study aimed to evaluate the potential application of synthetic peptides derived from tilapia piscidin (TP)2, TP2-5 and TP2-6 in skin wound healing. The treatment of HaCaT keratinocytes with TP2-5 and TP2-6 did not cause cytotoxicity, but did enhance cell proliferation and migration, which could be attributed to the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. In CCD-966SK fibroblasts, although TP2-5 (31.25 μg/mL) and TP2-6 (125 μg/mL) showed cytotoxic effects, we observed the significant promotion of cell proliferation and migration at low concentrations. In addition, collagen I, collagen III, and keratinocyte growth factor were upregulated by the peptides. We further found that TP2-5 and TP2-6 showed pro-angiogenic properties, including the enhancement of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and the promotion of neovascularization. In a murine model, wounds treated topically with TP2-5 and TP2-6 were reduced by day 2 post-injury and healed significantly faster than untreated wounds. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that both TP2-5 and TP2-6 have multifaceted effects when used as topical agents for accelerating wound healing.     

树仔菜植株多糖的提取与测定

采用超声萃取法、浸泡提取法和加热回流提取法进行树仔菜多糖的提取研究,并用苯酚-硫酸法进行多糖含量测定。结果表明,超声萃取法提取效率最高,树仔菜植株中多糖含量为0.36%。该分析方法简便、快速、准确、灵敏度好。     

Effect of fertilisation, development stage, mechanical impact and heating during processing on subsurface hardening in pre-peeled potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.)

Summary Studies of the effect of fertilisation stress, harvest time, machine sorting, storage time, peeling and blanching of potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) were carried out. Mechanical impact by sorting before storage did not have a significant effect on hardness of pre-peeled potatoes. Potato hardness decreased significantly with the storage time for raw potatoes following an exponential function. Treatment of potatoes in a damage drum for 5 minutes (36 drops from 35 cm) increased the subsurface hardening, production of brick-like cells and deposition of suberin. Potato hardness throughout the whole potatoes increased with blanching time by blanching at 85 and 95 °C. It was concluded that development of potato hardiness occur because of two mechanisms. That is: 1) wound healing by periderm formation with deposition of suberin and: 2) activation of methyl esterase activity by blanching and subsequent crosslinking of demethoxylated pectin by calcium ions, respectively.     

Salmon (Salmo salar) Side Streams as a Bioresource to Obtain Potential Antioxidant Peptides after Applying Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)

The pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique was used to obtain protein extracts with antioxidant capacity from salmon muscle remains, heads, viscera, skin, and tailfins. A protein recovery percentage ≈28% was obtained for all samples except for viscera, which was ≈92%. These values represented an increase of 1.5–4.8-fold compared to stirring extraction (control). Different SDS-PAGE profiles in control and PLE extracts revealed that extraction conditions affected the protein molecular weight distribution of the obtained extracts. Both TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and ORAC (oxygen radical antioxidant capacity) assays showed an outstanding antioxidant activity for viscera PLE extract. Through liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple time-of-flight (nanoESI qQTOF) mass spectrometry, 137 and 67 peptides were identified in control and PLE extracts from salmon viscera, respectively None of these peptides was found among the antioxidant peptides inputted in the BIOPEP-UMP database. However, bioinformatics analysis showed several antioxidant small peptides encrypted in amino acid sequences of viscera extracts, especially GPP (glycine-proline-proline) and GAA (glycine-alanine-alanine) for PLE extracts. Further research on the relationship between antioxidant activity and specific peptides from salmon viscera PLE extracts is required. In addition, the salmon side streams studied presented non-toxic levels of As, Hg, Cd, and Pb, as well as the absence of mycotoxins or related metabolites. Overall, these results confirm the feasible use of farmed salmon processing side streams as alternative sources of protein and bioactive compounds for human consumption.     

Broken Rice as a Potential Functional Ingredient with Inhibitory Activity of Renin and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme(ACE)

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - The aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of broken rice, an underutilized industrial by-product, as a potential functional and health promoting ingredient....     

Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales,Rhodophyta) from Dakhla (Southern Moroccan Atlantic Coast) as Source of Agar: Content,Chemical Characteristics,and Gelling Properties

Agar is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from certain marine red algae, and its gel properties depend on the seaweed source and extraction conditions. In the present study, the seaweed Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Dakhla (Moroccan Atlantic Coast) was investigated for its agar content, structure, and gel properties. The agar yields of G. gracilis were 20.5% and 15.6% from alkaline pretreatment and native extraction, respectively. Agar with alkaline pretreatment showed a better gelling property supported by higher gel strength (377 g·cm⁻²), gelling (35.4 °C), and melting (82.1 °C) temperatures with a notable increase in 3,6-anhydro-galactose (11.85%) and decrease in sulphate (0.32%) contents. The sulfate falling subsequent to alkaline pretreatment was verified through FT-IR spectroscopy. The ¹³C NMR spectroscopy showed that alkaline-pretreated agar has a typical unsubstituted agar pattern. However, native agar had a partially methylated agarose structure. Overall, this study suggested the possibility of the exploitation of G. gracilis to produce a fine-quality agar. Yet, further investigation may need to determine the seasonal variability of this biopolymer according to the life cycle of G. gracilis.     

不同来源品种在长江下游麦区的溶剂保持力特性及相关分析

为给弱筋小麦育种提供指导,收集了195份来自不同麦区的小麦品种,分别于2008和2009年秋播种植于江苏扬州,并对收获种子进行了4种SRC(包括水、乳酸、碳酸钠和蔗糖SRC)、硬度及蛋白质含量的检测。结果表明,4种SRC、硬度和蛋白质含量在品种间及年度间差异均达极显著水平。两年度均以水SRC含量最低,分别为87.27%和77.54%;乳酸SRC次低,分别为95.99%和84.17%;蔗糖SRC和碳酸钠SRC年度间互有高低,其平均值均大于100%。4种SRC值间存在极显著正相关,其中2009年乳酸SRC和碳酸钠SRC之间的相关系数达0.607,2010年乳酸SRC和水SRC之间的相关系数达0.675。硬度与水、乳酸、碳酸钠等3种SRC及"面筋性能指数"存在极显著正相关,其中与乳酸SRC的两年相关系数分别高达0.721和0.779。蛋白质含量与乳酸、蔗糖、碳酸钠等3种SRC相关极显著但相关系数较小。从参试品种中筛选出了SRC两年均表现较低的品种皖麦50、扬辐麦3046、宁麦8号、豫麦49、扬麦19等,在育种中可更好地加以利用。在育种中主要可利用水SRC和乳酸SRC以及硬度检测来提高弱筋小麦育种效率。     

Chemical Composition of Garden Cress (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lepidium sativum</Emphasis>) Seeds and Its Fractions and use of Bran as a Functional Ingredient

Garden cress (Lepidium sativum) belonging to the family Cruciferae grown in India, Europe and US is an underutilized crop. The edible whole seed is known to have health promoting properties. Hence, it was assumed that these seeds can be a functional food. A preliminary work on chemical composition of seeds was carried out and the possibility of using it as nutraceutical food ingredient in dietary fiber formulation was explored. Three fractions namely whole meal (WM), endosperm and bran were analyzed for chemical composition. The yield of the endosperm and the bran fraction were 72 and 28%, respectively. The WM, endosperm and bran had 22.5, 27.7 and 12.6% protein, 27.5, 33.1 and 6% fat, 30, 13.6 and 75% dietary fibre (DF), and 1193.00, 945.15 and 1934.57 mg% potassium respectively. The major protein on SDS-PAGE was of 29.5 kDa. The most abundant amino acid was glutamic acid (19.3%) and the essential amino acid, leucine was the highest (8.21 ± 0.01%) and methionine the lowest (0.97 ± 0.02%). The major fatty acid was linolenic acid (30.2%) and low amount of erucic acid (3.9%) was also present. Bran having high water holding capacity and high DF, its use as source of DF was explored. The product contained 12% protein, 4% fat and 74.3% DF and exhibited desirable functional properties such as dispersibility, gelling ability, stability, formed homogenous mild alkaline suspension and was comparable to proprietary DF.     

Relationship Among Antimutagenic, Antioxidant and Enzymatic Activities of Methanolic Extract from Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

Common beans are rich in phenolic compounds, which can provide health benefits to the consumer. The objective of this work was to study the relationship among antimutagenicity, antioxidant and enzymatic activities of methanolic extract and trolox by principal components multivariate analysis. Antimutagenicity of phenolic compounds present in methanolic extract from the seed coat of common beans (P. vulgaris, Flor de Mayo Bajío cultivar) and trolox against AFB₁ mutagenicity were evaluated in the Salmonella typhimurium microsuspension assay. Antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract and trolox were evaluated using β-carotene and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro model assays. Cythrome P450 activity was measured by fluorometric assay. For phenolic extract, trolox and phenolic extract + trolox, the inhibition on AFB₁ mutagenicity in tester strain TA100 was 47, 59 and 69%, respectively. While in TA98 was 39, 48 and 68%. The inhibition of phenolic compounds, trolox and phenolic compounds + trolox on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity was 48, 59 and 88%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that phenolic extract and trolox have high antimutagenic and antioxidant activity and also inhibited enzymatic activity. The results suggest that the primary mechanism of action of phenolic compounds in beans against AFB₁ mutagenicity may be extra-cellular in the microsuspension assay.     

茶树叶绿素酶提取、分离纯化与性质的初步研究

在优化茶树叶绿素酶提取及活性分析条件的基础上,对茶树叶绿素酶的分离纯化及其性质进行了研究,结果表明:加入与鲜叶等量PVP,用pH7.5的磷酸二氢钠-磷酸氢二钠缓冲液提取的叶绿素酶活性最高,叶绿素酶的活性分析最佳条件为在45℃条件下反应15min;经过分离纯化后,叶绿素酶的纯度提高了55.96倍,酶的得率为9.45%,SDS-PAGE结果显示有一条蛋白质的条带,酶的亚基分子量为37.2kD;对纯化后的叶绿素酶的性质研究表明,该酶最适pH为7.5,45℃时候反应活性最高,在4℃保存条件下,随着存放时间的延长,酶活性逐渐下降,保存一个月后叶绿素酶活性剩余45%,用2mmol/L和7mmol/L的金属离子(Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Fe3+)、EDTA处理,都对叶绿素酶活性有不同程度的促进作用。     

Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Mechanism of a Lipid Extract from Hard-Shelled Mussel (Mytilus Coruscus) on Chronic Arthritis in Rats

The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of a lipid extract from hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus) on adjuvant-induced (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. AIA and CIA rats that received hard-shelled mussel lipid extract (HMLE group) at a dose of 100 mg/kg demonstrated significantly lower paw swelling and arthritic index, but higher body weight gain than those which received olive oil (control group). Similar results were found in arthritic rats that received New Zealand green-lipped mussel lipid extract (GMLE) at the same dosage. The levels of leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) in the serum, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, interferon-γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the ankle joint synovial fluids of HMLE group rats were significantly lower than those of control group. However, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in HMLE group rats were significantly higher than those in the control group. Decreased mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and MMP13, but increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) were observed in the knee joint synovium tissues of HMLE group rats when compared with the control group. No hepatotoxicity was observed in both HMLE and GMLE group rats. The present results indicated that HMLE had a similarly strong anti-inflammatory activity as GMLE. Such a strong efficacy could result from the suppression of inflammatory mediators (LTB₄, PGE₂, TXB₂), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ, TNF-α) and MMPs (MMP1, MMP13), and the promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) and TIMPs (TIMP1) productions.     

抗白背飞虱水稻品种挥发生性次生物质的提取、组分鉴定与生测

 采用水蒸汽蒸馏－乙醚同时萃取装置对抗白背飞虱品种Rathu Heenati(RHT)，IR64，Nabeshi和感虫对照品种TN1稻株进行挥发性次生物质提取，浓缩所得精油，经“气谱－质谱”（GC-MS）联机机检测出64个有机的化学组分，其中366主要分子结构为：9种醇，9种醛，7种酮，4种酯，3种烷烃，2种酸，烯和杂环人经合物各1种。2-已烯醛，β-紫罗兰酮，叶醇（反式），叶绿醇，3,5,5-三甲-3-环已烯-1-酮和水杨酸甲酯的含量较高。将蒸馏提取物回喷在TN1稻株上，白背飞虱对抗虫和感虫稻株蒸馏提取物的趋性没有显著差异。嗅觉仪测定飞虱的趋性结果表明，单体化合物苯甲醇和己烯醛比对照丙酮更易吸引白背飞虱。在回喷TN1蒸馏提取物、丙酮溶液和未处理的TN1稻株上，白背飞虱分泌的蜜露量明显较Nabeshi和IR64蒸馏提取物处理过的TN1稻株上分泌的高。白背飞虱从掺有蒸馏提取物和挥发物单体的营养液中吸食的量均比从单纯营养液中的少；抗虫品种RHT蒸馏提取物对白背飞虱拒食作用最强，β－紫罗兰酮和己烯醛次之。     

抗白背飞虱水稻品种挥发性次生物质的提取、组分鉴定与生测

采用水蒸汽蒸馏－乙醚同时萃取装置对抗白背飞虱品种ＲａｔｈｕＨｅｅｎａｔｉ（ＲＨＴ），ＩＲ６４，Ｎａｂｅｓｈｉ和感虫对照品种ＴＮ１稻株进行挥发性次生物质提取．浓缩所得精油，经“气谱－质谱”（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）联机检测出６４个有机的化学组分，其中３６种主要分子结构为：９种醇．９种醛．７种酮４种酯，３种烷烃．２种酸，烯烃和杂环化合物各１种。２－已烯醛、β－紫罗兰酮、叶醇（反式）、叶绿醇、３，５．５－三甲基－３－环已烯－１－酮和水杨酸甲酯的含量较高。将蒸馏提取物回喷在ＴＮ１稻株上，白背飞虱对抗虫和感虫稻株蒸馏提取物的趋性没有显著差异。嗅觉仪测定飞虱的趋性结果表明。单体化合物苯甲醇和已烯醛比对照丙酮更易吸引白背飞虱。在回喷ＴＮ１蒸馏提取物、丙酮溶液和未处理的ＴＮ１稻株上，白背飞虱分泌的蜜露量明显地较在Ｎａｂｅｓｈｉ和ＩＲ６４蒸馏提取物处理过的ＴＮ１稻株上分泌的高。白背飞虱从掺有蒸馏提取物和挥发物单体的营养液中吸食的量均比从单纯营养液中的少；抗虫品种ＲＨＴ蒸馏提取物对白背飞虱拒食作用最强，β－紫罗兰酮和已烯醛次之。     

两优培九稻米淀粉黏滞性(RVA谱)的纬度地域和播期变化

在江苏4个稻作区的5个不同纬度点（纬度范围为31.3°N~34.7°N）,设置了5个播期处理,研究了优质高产的两系杂交中籼稻两优培九的稻米RVA谱变化特征。 两优培九稻米RVA谱易受环境影响,该品种最佳的稻米RVA谱主要出现在纬度点32.4°N及以南地区,北移种植则导致RVA谱品质下降,即峰值黏度下降,消减值、糊化温度增加。RVA谱随播期的推迟呈变劣的趋势。结实期较高的平均温度可显著增加峰值黏度、降低消减值,因此两优培九以早播栽培为佳。     

Eco-Friendly Extraction,Structure, and Gel Properties of ι-Carrageenan Extracted Using Ca(OH)2

An eco-friendly method for ι-carrageenan extraction from seaweed Eucheuma denticulatum through boiling and using a low concentration of Ca(OH)₂ is reported. Compared to the traditional method of ι-carrageenan extraction using NaOH, the reported method using Ca(OH)₂ had the advantages of using 93.3% less alkali and 86.8% less water, having a 25.0% shorter total extraction time, a 17.6% higher yield, and a 43.3% higher gel strength of the product. In addition, we evaluated the gel properties and structures of ι-carrageenan products extracted by Ca(OH)₂ (Ca-IC) and NaOH (Na-IC). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that the structures of Ca-IC and Na-IC did not change remarkably. The results of the thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry showed that Ca-IC had the same thermal stability as Na-IC. The results of the textural analysis showed that Ca-IC had a higher hardness and better chewiness compared to Na-IC. Rheological results indicated that Ca-IC and Na-IC exhibited shear-thinning and non-Newtonian fluid properties, whereas the viscosity of Ca-IC was less than that of Na-IC. In conclusion, this new method of ι-carrageenan extraction using Ca-IC is markedly better and yields higher quality carrageenan than the conventional method of using Na-IC.     

粉垄耕作对甘蔗光合生理特性及产量品质的影响

为了探明粉垄耕作下甘蔗光合生理特性与甘蔗高质高产的相关性,阐明粉垄条件下甘蔗光合生理特性的响应,以'桂糖42号'为供试品种,设常规耕作(CK)和粉垄耕作(粉垄)共2个处理,采用田间随机区组设计,每个处理设3次重复.结果表明:甘蔗伸长期,粉垄甘蔗的叶绿素含量、苹果酸脱氢酶(NADP-MDH)活性、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(...     

Identification,Characteristics and Function of Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in the Agar Biosynthesis and Carbon Flux in the Agarophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

Agar is widely applied across the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, owing to its various bioactive functions. To better understand the agar biosynthesis in commercial seaweed Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, the activities of four enzymes participating in the agar biosynthesis were detected, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) was confirmed as highly correlated with agar accumulation. Three genes of PGM (GlPGM1, GlPGM2 and GlPGM3) were identified from the G. lemaneiformis genome. The subcellular localization analysis validated that GlPGM1 was located in the chloroplast and GlPGM3 was not significantly distributed in the organelles. Both the GlPGM1 and GlPGM3 protein levels showed a remarkable consistency with the agar variations, and GlPGM3 may participate in the carbon flux between (iso)floridoside, floridean starch and agar synthesis. After treatment with the PGM inhibitor, the agar and floridean starch contents and the activities of floridean starch synthase were significantly decreased; products identified in the Calvin cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were depressed; however, lipids, phenolic acids and the intermediate metabolites, fructose-1,6-phosphate were upregulated. These findings reveal the essential role of PGM in regulating the carbon flux between agar and other carbohydrates in G. lemaneiformis, providing a guide for the artificial regulation of agar accumulation.