热应激对小鼠囊胚中HSP72表达及对孵出率影响的研究

将体外培养的小鼠囊胚分别施以40℃和38℃热休克处理1h、2h和3h,然后在37℃条件下分别恢复3h、2h和1h后,利用Westernblot技术检测小鼠囊胚HSP72的表达,同时观察囊胚的热敏性,以明确热应激对小鼠囊胚中HSP72表达及对孵出率影响。结果显示,38℃及40℃热应激组均有HSP72的表达,38℃组2h达到最高水平,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),然后表达量随热应激时间延长而降低;40℃组3h达到最高水平,与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。38℃及40℃热应激组囊胚孵出率均随着热应激时间的延长而降低。结果表明,轻度、短时间热应激既可使小鼠囊胚HSP72表达;热应激能够降低小鼠囊胚的孵出率。     

热应激对小鼠囊胚HSP72表达的影响

将体外培养的小鼠囊胚分别施以40℃和38℃热休克处理1 h,2 h和3 h,然后在37℃条件下分别恢复3 h,2 h和1 h后,利用Western blot技术检测小鼠囊胚HSP72的表达,以明确热应激对小鼠囊胚HSP72表达的影响.结果显示,38℃和4O℃热应激组均有HSP72的表达,38℃组2 h达到最高水平,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),然后表达量随热应激时间延长而降低;40℃组3 h达到最高水平,与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05).结果表明,轻度、短时间热应激既可使小鼠囊胚HSP72表达.     

预热诱导HSP70表达对高温引致胚胎损伤的保护作用

用37℃2 h条件下体外培养的小鼠囊胚作为对照,将体外培养至囊胚期的小鼠胚胎分别施以38℃2 h、39℃2 h、40℃2 h的预热应激处理,以观察热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达对高温所致胚胎损伤的影响。用W estern-b lot技术检测小鼠胚胎内HSP70的表达,然后分别将预热胚胎和对照组胚胎置于42℃高温下处理3 h,用台盼兰拒染法检测胚胎存活率,判断HSP70表达对胚胎抵抗高温损伤有无保护作用。结果显示:39℃热应激处理2 h后,HSP70表达量达到最高水平,与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01);38℃热应激处理2 h和40℃热应激处理2 h组HSP70表达与对照组相比均有显著(P<0.05)增加;预热诱导组胚胎存活率明显(P<0.05)高于对照组,其中以39℃2 h组最高。提示HSP70的高表达可以抵抗胚胎对外界不良因素的刺激。     

热应激对小鼠胚胎细胞HSP70表达和超微结构的影响

本研究旨在确定体外培养的小鼠胚胎细胞合成HSP70的时期,研究热应激对该阶段胚胎细胞超微结构的影响.将合子和体外发育至2-细胞、4-细胞、8～16-细胞及囊胚阶段的胚胎分别进行37、39和41℃的热应激处理,用免疫荧光细胞化学法检测胚胎细胞中HSP70的诱导表达;将体外培养至早期囊胚的小鼠胚胎分别施以39℃2h和41℃2h处理,分别在热应激后0和2h时收集胚胎,制作超薄切片,用电子显微镜观察胚胎细胞的超微结构变化.在各细胞期胚胎中,37℃组胚胎HSP70表达阴性(一);39℃组胚胎,从8～16-细胞开始呈现弱表达(+),囊胚呈阳性表达(++);41℃组的胚胎从4-细胞开始呈现弱阳性表达(+),8～16-细胞胚胎和囊胚呈阳性表达(++).39和41℃热应激处理的小鼠早期囊胚超微结构和对照组均发生明显的变化,但经37℃恢复培养2h后,39℃组胚胎的各细胞器超微结构恢复正常,而41℃组胚胎未能恢复.结果表明,小鼠胚胎从4-细胞期有HSP70的诱导合成,在囊胚期诱导合成最多;热应激使胚胎亚细胞结构出现退行性变化,轻度退行性变化是可逆的.     

热应激处理鼠囊胚Hsp70基因表达的RT-PCR检测

将体外培养的小鼠囊胚分别施以40℃1、2、3 h和38℃1、2、3 h热应激处理,然后在37℃条件下分别恢复3、2、1 h后,提取胚胎细胞总RNA,用RT-PCR方法检测小鼠囊胚Hsp70基因的表达,以明确小鼠囊胚经热应激处理后是否有诱导型Hsp70基因表达。结果表明:各试验组,包括对照组鼠的囊胚都有诱导型Hsp70基因的表达。说明小鼠囊胚对热应激处理敏感,轻微热应激就可使诱导型Hsp70基因表达。     

热应激对小鼠早期囊胚发育能力和线粒体结构的影响

对小鼠早期囊胚分别进行39℃和41℃2h的体外热应激处理,观察热应激后小鼠早期囊胚后续发育能力和线粒体结构的变化。结果41℃2h热应激显著降低了小鼠早期囊胚发育到扩张囊胚和孵化囊胚的百分率;39℃热应激组与正常培养组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。热应激组扩张囊胚平均总细胞数均显著少于37℃正常培养组,孵化囊胚平均总细胞数与37℃正常培养组差异不显著(P0.05)。39℃热应激组小鼠早期囊胚线粒体发生轻微肿胀,经37℃再培养2h后线粒体肿胀减轻;41℃热应激组胚胎线粒体高度肿胀,经37℃再培养2h后线粒体肿胀未减轻。上述结果说明,热应激后小鼠早期囊胚线粒体的损伤程度和修复能力决定了小鼠早期囊胚的后续发育能力。     

热应激 脂多糖 谷氨酰胺 诱导牛睾丸支持细胞HSP72时效表达

为了探讨温和热应激、脂多糖(LPS)和谷氨酰胺(Gln)诱导牛睾丸支持细胞(b SCs)HSP72的时效表达规律,本试验将传至第3代b SCs分成热应激、LPS和Gln处理组,用CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞活性,用RT-PCR和Western-Blot方法分别检测处理后0、2、4、6、8、12、14h和16 h时细胞内HSP72 mRNA和蛋白表达。结果显示,3种方式均能诱导HSP72表达,且HSP72蛋白分别在热应激、Gln和LPS预处理后2、4h和12 h时表达量最高。结果表明,热应激或Gln均比LPS诱导牛睾丸支持细胞HSP72表达的时间早,提示可考虑用Gln减少由LPS诱导的细胞损伤。     

急性热应激鹅心和肝和肺及肾脏组织中HSP70 mRNA及蛋白的表达

选取1日龄健康雁鹅60只,随机分为6组,单笼饲养于环控仓内。6周龄时,A组置于(22±1)℃作为对照,B、C、D、E、F组分别施于2、4、6、8 h和10 h(40±1)℃的急性热应激处理,处理后立即剖杀,取心、肝、肺和肾脏组织,实时荧光定量PCR测定HSP70 mRNA表达量,免疫组织化学方法测定HSP70表达量。结果表明:急性热应激处理可显著提高各组织中HSP70 mRNA及HSP70蛋白的表达水平,但不同组织出现显著变化的时间以及随热应激时间延长的变化规律存在差异。心脏组织HSP70 mRNA和蛋白表达量均在热应激2 h后出现显著升高(P0.05),热应激4 h后达到最高值,8 h后降至对照组水平,遵循二次曲线回归模式;肝脏热应激4~10 h间HSP70及其mRNA均显著高于对照组(P0.05),但未表现出显著的线性与二次回归趋势;肺脏HSP70 mRNA表达水平在热应激2~10 h间显著高于对照组(P0.05),HSP70则从热应激4 h起才显著升高,但二者随热应激时间延长均呈显著的线性升高规律;与肺相似,肾脏HSP70及其mRNA表达量随热应激时间的变化趋势也遵循线性回归模式,两者均在热应激4~10 h显著升高(P0.05)。     

热应激对小鼠附植前早期胚胎HSP70的诱导表达

选择超数排卵后怀孕昆明小鼠75只,以注射人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)后的胚胎发育阶段为标准,分别在合子、2细胞、4细胞、8~16细胞和囊胚期对孕鼠进行了37℃、39℃、41℃和43℃热应激4 h。热应激后取胚,用免疫荧光细胞化学法检验胚胎热休克蛋白70(HSP70)的诱导表达。结果表明,HSP70在4细胞以上胚胎内呈阳性表达,相对高温时其表达量增加,囊胚时最显著。可见,附植前早期胚胎HSP70的热诱导表达与细胞期和温度密切相关。     

体外热应激小鼠早期囊胚发育能力的研究

为了研究体外热应激对小鼠早期囊胚发育能力的影响,试验在39℃和41℃条件下对小鼠早期囊胚培养2 h,然后恢复37℃培养,以观察其发育到扩张囊胚和孵化囊胚的比例和细胞总数。结果表明:37℃正常培养组和39℃、41℃热休克处理组早期囊胚发育到扩张囊胚率分别为(81.7±6.5)%、(80.8±6.4)%、(63.3±3.6)%,各组扩张囊胚细胞总数分别为(57.11±1.70)个、(49.89±1.30)个、(42.22±2.00)个;孵化囊胚率分别为(77.2±5.0)%、(79.7±5.6)%、(49.4±9.3)%,孵化囊胚细胞总数分别为(73.09±0.60)个、(71.27±0.50)个、(71.89±1.80)个。41℃热条件下热休克2 h显著降低了小鼠早期囊胚的扩张囊胚率和孵化囊胚率(P0.05),39℃热休克处理组与正常培养组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。39℃、41℃热休克处理组扩张囊胚细胞总数与正常培养组相比显著减少(P0.05),孵化囊胚细胞总数与正常培养组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。41℃热休克2 h抑制了小鼠早期囊胚发育,而39℃热休克2 h对其发育力没有影响。     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.