一株猪丹毒杆菌的分离鉴定及其致病性实验

从湖南邵阳某猪场的急性发病育肥猪体内分离到一株革兰氏阳性小杆菌,通过对其形态特征、PCR检测、生化反应、动物回归等试验,确定其为猪丹毒杆菌。通过对小鼠和猪的攻毒试验表明:该菌对ICR小鼠的LD50为1.75CFU,1.1×107CFU能使8~10周龄的阴性猪致死,且攻毒死亡猪呈典型的猪丹毒临床症状。说明所分离到的猪丹毒杆菌对小鼠和猪致病性极高,为强毒株。     

一株猪丹毒杆菌分离株的致病性与耐药性分析

从某猪场病死猪心血、肝、脾等组织分离到1株革兰阳性杆菌,经细菌形态、16S rRNA基因扩增,确定分离菌为猪丹毒杆菌。对分离菌进一步开展了药物敏感性试验、耐药基因的检测、细菌致病性试验及免疫保护性试验。结果发现:分离株对β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、氟苯尼考高敏,但对氨基糖苷类、四环素、林可霉素、诺氟沙星等耐药;分离株可扩增出氨基糖苷类耐药基因aac C2和四环素耐药基因tetB,但菌株中没有扩增到四环素耐药基因tetA。细菌致病性试验表明该毒株对小鼠的LD50为1.77×10~5cfu/mL。小鼠免疫保护试验结果表明,疫苗G4T10免疫后28 d,以分离株攻毒,对照组全部死亡(5/5),免疫组小鼠攻毒后没有死亡,仅表现为体重减轻,表明现用猪丹毒疫苗能保护小鼠抵抗猪丹毒的致死性攻击。     

猪丹毒杆菌的分离鉴定及其SpaA基因的遗传变异分析

为确定导致福建某猪场猪只发病的病原,从病猪心、肺中分离并纯化细菌,根据其形态特征、培养特性、生化试验及PCR鉴定,确定为猪丹毒杆菌。SpaA基因测序结果表明该分离菌在第609位点处出现了由胸腺嘧啶突变为鸟嘌呤,对应的氨基酸是由甲硫氨酸突变为异亮氨酸。致病性试验结果表明,2．1×10^8CFU／mL的菌液10倍稀释后,感染28日龄健康昆明小鼠,该分离菌对28日龄健康小鼠的半数致死量为2．1×10^3.5CFu／mL,死亡小鼠的剖解病变表现为心肌有白色坏死点,肝脏实变、坏死,肺出血和脾脏梗死等,并分离出与感染菌株形态特征完全一致的菌落。药敏试验结果显示,该分离菌株对青霉素、红霉素、氨苄青霉素、强力霉素、先锋霉素、阿奇霉素等较为敏感。     

规模化养猪场疑似猪丹毒病例的诊治

猪丹毒是由猪丹毒杆菌感染引起的一种以高热和皮肤上出现特异性疹块为特征的人畜共患病。本文针对规模化猪场急性死亡的育肥猪采用了病理剖检、细菌分离培养、动物试验和药敏试验诊断法,结合流行病学、临床症状及分离菌对头孢类药物、青霉素、阿莫西林高度敏感的特性,判定该猪场育肥猪死亡是由猪丹毒杆菌感染所致。并采用中西医结合治疗措施,取得了明显得治疗效果,疫情得到了有效地控制。     

猪丹毒的病例报告

某猪场猪群发病,为确定发病的病原,从病猪心、肺中分离并纯化细菌,根据其形态特征、培养特性、生化试验及动物接种,确定为猪丹毒杆菌。通过药敏试验结果,筛选出敏感药物。     

东非黑白疣猴肺炎克雷伯氏菌的分离鉴定

我园新引进的东非黑白疣猴群体中突然死亡2只,从实质脏器组织(心、肝、脾、肺、肾)、胸腔积液、心血样本中均分离得到细菌,对分离到的菌株纯化后进行形态特征观察、生化试验、药敏试验以及小鼠致病性试验,并进行16SrDNA序列测定分析。结果表明该菌株为肺炎克雷伯氏菌,致病性试验显示其对小鼠具有较强致病性,死亡小鼠具有与该死亡黑白疣猴一致的肺部病理剖解症状,并从死亡小鼠体内分离到一致的菌株,表明引起此次黑白疣猴死亡的病原菌为肺炎克雷伯氏菌。     

急性死亡猪中猪丹毒杆菌的分离鉴定

本试验从江西省南昌市某规模化猪场送检的2份疑似猪丹毒杆菌引起的急性死亡猪组织中分离出2株可疑菌株,经细菌分离培养、染色镜检、生化试验等实验室诊断,进一步以猪丹毒杆菌16S rRNA的特异性引物进行PCR鉴定,确定2株分离菌为猪丹毒杆菌.然后进行动物致病性试验及药敏试验,并对该厂常用的消毒药进行最小抑菌浓度(MIC)的测定.结果表明,1×10⁸ CFU的剂量可致死小白鼠;分离菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药高度敏感,对多数抗菌药耐药;该厂常用消毒药的抑菌作用已明显下降.本试验结果对临床防制猪丹毒具有参考意义.     

人工感染猪丹毒杆菌肉鸽的病理变化

用猪丹毒杆菌人工感染2月龄肉鸽,对其进行临床症状,病理剖检及病理组织学观察。试验结果表明,人工感染猪丹毒杆菌肉鸽在接种细菌后12h出现症状,18～45h全部死亡。剖检可见肠道卡他性炎,脾呈典型的败血性变化,心、肝、肾、肺等不同程度的淤血和出血。病理组织学检查表明,在感染肉鸽的心、肝、肾、肺等组织出现炎症及坏死性脾炎等病变。     

一株猪丹毒杆菌的分离及鉴定

猪丹毒为我国三大猪传染病之一,给养猪业造成严重的经济损失。为了诊断某猪场猪只发病情况,试验从送检病料中分离到一株分离菌,对分离菌株进行镜检、生化鉴定和16S rDNA基因序列分析,结果判定分离菌株为猪丹毒杆菌,从而将此病例确诊为猪丹毒,为养殖场防治该病提供理论依据。     

实验性急性猪丹毒抗原定位和病理学研究

用猪丹毒强毒株人工接种试验猪,采取其心、肺、肾、肝等器官制成样品,光镜和电镜观察结果,靶器官为心、肾、脑、脾、淋巴结,猪丹毒杆菌定位在器官的微血管。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.