麦洼牦牛UCP基因多态性及其与生长性状的遗传效应分析

为了探讨麦洼牦牛UCP2和UCP3基因多态性及其与生长性状的相关性,为牦牛育种工作中遗传标记的辅助选择提供数据参考,试验以97头麦洼牦牛为研究对象,采用直接测序法获得UCP2基因第1,2,3,4外显子及部分内含子和UCP3基因第3,6外显子及部分内含子序列,比对获得多态位点,研究其遗传多态性与麦洼牦牛生长性状间的关联性。结果表明:UCP2基因第4外显子检测到1个多态位点(T1 499C),第4内含子检测到2个多态位点(A1 766G、C1 925T); UCP3基因第6外显子检测到1个多态位点(T13 190C)。4个突变位点在麦洼牦牛粉嘴和纯黑类群中均处于HardyWeinberg平衡状态(P0. 05); 4个多态位点均表现为低度多态[多态信息含量(PIC)0. 25]。UCP2基因T1 499C位点CT基因型个体体重均值显著高于TT型(P0. 05)。说明麦洼牦牛UCP2和UCP3基因存在多态性,其中UCP2基因T1 499C位点可作为麦洼牦牛生长发育性状遗传育种辅助选择的分子标记。     

麦洼牦牛GH、GHR、GHSR基因的SNPs检测及其与体尺性状的关联分析

旨在探讨生长激素(Growth hormone,GH)、生长激素受体(Growth hormone receptor,GHR)、生长激素促分泌素受体(Growth hormone secretagogue receptor,GHSR)基因在麦洼牦牛中的遗传多样性,揭示不同基因型与其生长性状的关联性,同时为候选基因在牦牛中的表达调控提供理论依据,寻找可用于遗传育种辅助选择的分子标记。本试验采用DNA池技术,结合PCR-RFLP和直接测序法研究麦洼牦牛GH、GHR、GHSR基因的遗传多态性,分析候选基因多态位点与体高、体斜长、胸围、管围和体重等生长性状的关联性。结果表明:1)麦洼牦牛GH、GHR、GHSR基因均存在多态性,其中GH基因存在A757G和T949C2个SNPs位点,GHR基因发现T2416C、T3490C和A7500G3个突变位点;GHSR基因存在T1387C和T3006C突变;2)适合性检验表明,GHR基因A7500G位点在粉嘴类群,及GHSR基因T3006C位点在纯黑类群中偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,其他位点均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡;3)差异显著性检验表明,GHR基因T2416C、T3490C和A7500G位点与麦洼牦牛管围极显著相关(P0.01),GHSR基因T1387C位点与其体重显著相关(P0.05)。麦洼牦牛GH、GHR、GHSR基因均存在遗传多态性,推断GHR基因T2416C、T3490C和A7500G位点、GHSR基因T1387C位点可能是影响麦洼牦牛管围、体重性状的主基因或与主基因相连锁的基因座,可作为辅助选择的遗传标记。     

4个牦牛品种的RAPD遗传多样性研究

研究采用RAPD分子标记技术对麦洼、九龙、大通和天祝白牦牛等4个牦牛品种共124头牦牛进行了遗传多样性分析.结果表明:①每个RAPD引物扩增的DNA片段数在18～33个,且所有品种均表现多态,标记多态频率平均为38.63%,检测片断大小在0.25～5 kb之间;②用Shannon多样性指数公式计算牦牛品种的遗传多样性指数(H0),结果显示九龙、麦洼、大通、天祝白牦牛的遗传多样性指数分别为0.311、0.262、0.252和0.216;③采用Rogers遗传距离公式分析4个牦牛品种间的遗传距离(DR)结果:天祝白牦牛与九龙牦牛遗传距离最大(0.0414),与大通牦牛的距离最小(0.0383);④根据DR值,将4个牦牛品种聚为两大类,九龙牦牛聚为一类,其它3个牦牛品种聚为一类.大通牦牛和天祝白牦牛在较近的水平上首先聚为一类,然后与麦洼牦牛聚为一大类.     

三江黄牛RAPD遗传多样性研究

为了研究三江黄牛品种的遗传多样性,保护其丰富的遗传资源,本研究采用RAPD技术对两地(三江乡、水磨镇)共61头三江黄牛基因组DNA进行分析,从26个引物中筛选出9个特异性较强的引物对全基因组进行扩增,分析种群的遗传多样性。结果表明:61个样本共扩增出51种条带,多态性条带为43,多态频率为84.31%,在三江群中,多态位点36个,多态频率为70.59%,在水磨群中,多态位点40个,多态频率为78.43%,Nei氏基因多样性指数(H)分别为0.273 1、0.295 8。显示两地群体遗传多样性均较丰富,且多样性指数较接近。三江黄牛种群Shannon's多样性指数(I)、基因多样度(H)和有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为0.464 8、0.313 5、1.544 8,群体总的遗传多样性指数(Ht)、群体内遗传多样性指数(Hs)、群体分化指数(Gst)和基因流(Nm)分别为0.313 0、0.284 4、0.091 3和4.977 2。结果提示三江黄牛的遗传多样性具有一定的丰富程度,对三江黄牛资源研究、品种保护有理论意义。     

麦洼牦牛基因组三碱基重复微卫星的挖掘及其遗传多态性分析

为了解麦洼牦牛现有群体的遗传多样性及种群遗传分化特征,试验通过生物信息学方法从已公布的牦牛基因组中筛选到9 466个三碱基重复微卫星位点,以191个麦洼牦牛基因组DNA样品为模板对各个位点进行PCR扩增和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳基因分型。经过哈迪-温伯格平衡检验,在15个三碱基微卫星位点中,有5个位点偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡（P<0.05）。15个微卫星位点均为高度多态性（PIC>0.5）,群体平均观测杂合度（Ho）、平均期望杂合度（He）和平均多态信息含量（PIC）分别达到0.5041、0.8152和0.7831。进一步通过Structure 3.0软件分析发现,麦洼牦牛群体结构单一,无分化特征,表明麦洼牦牛品种虽然具有较高的遗传多态性但是无分化迹象。     

牦牛品种的AFLP分析及其遗传多样性研究

采用AFLP分子标记技术对麦洼牦牛、九龙牦牛、大通牦牛和天祝白牦牛进行了遗传多样性分析,结果表明:7个AFLP引物组合共获得156个片段,其中98个为多态性标记,标记多态频率为34.8%~54.65%,平均每对引物可获得17.57条带。九龙牦牛、麦洼牦牛、大通牦牛、天祝白牦牛的Shannon遗传多样性指数分别为0.268、0.251、0.160、0.130,九龙牦牛最大,麦洼牦牛次之,天祝白牦牛最小。用Rogers遗传距离公式分析得到4个牦牛品种间的遗传距离DR,天祝白牦牛与九龙牦牛遗传距离最大(0.028 2),天祝白牦牛与大通牦牛的距离最小(0.025 3)。根据DR值,将4个牦牛品种聚为两大类,九龙牦牛聚为一类,其它3个牦牛品种聚为一类。     

牦牛MDHⅠ基因多态性及其与生长性状的关联分析

本研究旨在探讨牦牛细胞质苹果酸脱氢酶(cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase,MDHⅠ)基因的遗传多态性及其与生长性状的关联性,以期为牦牛优良性状选育提供参考依据。选取5个牦牛类群(共178头),采集耳组织样提取DNA并构建DNA池,对MDHⅠ基因所有外显子设计特异性引物进行扩增测序,用Mega 5.2筛查SNPs位点,直接测序法鉴定其基因型,利用PopGene 32进行χ~2独立性检测、基因纯合度(Ho)、基因杂合度(He)、有效等位基因频率(Ne)和多态信息含量(PIC)分析,利用SPSS 24.0分析MDHⅠ基因与牦牛生长性状间的关联性。结果表明,申扎牦牛、类乌齐牦牛、斯布牦牛、帕里牦牛和麦洼牦牛均在外显子8区域发现1个突变位点(G23093C),属同义突变,有3种基因型:GC、CC和GG,5个牦牛类群中,GC基因型为优势基因型(类乌齐牦牛中GG为优势基因型),G为优势等位基因(斯布牦牛除外),在斯布牦牛中,G和C基因频率相等。χ~2适应性检验表明,申扎牦牛、类乌齐牦牛、斯布牦牛、帕里牦牛和麦洼牦牛均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P0.05)。MDHⅠ基因在申扎牦牛、帕里牦牛和斯布牦牛中属于高度多态(PIC0.5),在麦洼牦牛和类乌齐牦牛中属于中度多态(0.25PIC0.5);纯合度最高的是申扎牦牛和类乌齐牦牛。关联性分析结果表明,MDHⅠ基因不同基因型对类乌齐牦牛、帕里牦牛和麦洼牦牛体重有显著性影响(P0.05);且种间分析发现,MDHⅠ基因不同基因型对牦牛体重有显著性影响(P0.05),说明该基因可作为人工选育的分子标记。     

基于GBS简化基因组测序数据重建麦洼牦牛保种群系谱

旨在利用简化基因组测序技术(genotyping-by-sequencing, GBS)构建四川省龙日种畜场的3个麦洼牦牛保种群(全黑群、粉嘴群和弗洛群)系谱，为麦洼牦牛保种选育工作打下基础。本研究从3个保种群选取406头麦洼牦牛(全黑群211头、粉嘴群140头、弗洛群55头),采血提取DNA后进行GBS测序，利用获得的SNP对保种群亲缘关系展开研究，并初步构建系谱。结果：GBS测序后获得高质量SNP位点126 122个。PCA分析(principal component analysis, PCA)表明粉嘴群和全黑群有明显的分化趋势，弗洛群与全黑群、粉嘴群部分个体聚类紧密。本研究共计算出164 836个亲缘关系对，依据个体间的亲缘系数，判定出134个全同胞关系，912个半同胞关系，136个疑似亲子关系或全同胞关系，520个疑似半同胞关系或叔侄关系，205个疑似半同胞关系或叔侄关系或祖孙关系。结合群体进化树和亲缘关系分析，将保种群划分为12个家系(G1～G12)。家系遗传多样性分析结果表明，12个家系的观测杂合度(observed heterozygosity,Ho)为0.288 9～...     

基于GBS简化基因组测序评估3个麦洼牦牛保种群的遗传结构研究

麦洼牦牛是青藏高原地区优良的乳肉兼用型牦牛品种,本研究旨在探究四川省龙日种畜场麦洼牦牛保种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构,评价3个不同保种群的保种效果并挖掘重要种质特性基因。对麦洼牦牛3个保种群粉嘴群（n=140）、全黑群（n=211）、弗洛群（n=55）进行GBS简化基因组测序,基于检测到的126122个单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）标记计算遗传统计量,结果表明,整个牦牛群的平均观测杂合度（Ho）和平均期望杂合度（He）为0.3038和0.3036,麦洼牦牛的遗传多样性较丰富。全黑群、粉嘴群、弗洛群的观测杂合度Ho分别为0.3029、0.3042、0.3044,近交系数Fis分别为0.0144、0.0152、0.0209,弗洛群和粉嘴群受人工选择的强度大于全黑群,较低的近交水平说明3个群的保种效果较好。Structure分析中全黑、弗洛群部分个体血缘较纯正,而其他个体血缘关系非常混杂;粉嘴群和全黑群的遗传分化系数（Fst）和遗传距离（DR）最大为0.03513、0.0358,结合系统进化树表明两者亲缘关系最远,有遗传分化趋势。利用Fst和π法对3个保种群进行选择信号分析,发现有104个受选择基因广泛参与生殖机能、免疫系统、胚胎发育、脂质代谢等条目以及生殖激素、内/外分泌、信号传递等通路,其中部分基因提示麦洼牦牛的繁殖、肉质、毛色性状以及应激反应得到了人工选择,如PPP3CC、KCNMA1、ROCK2、GNAQ、MEF2C、KIT等。现有的麦洼牦牛保种策略是可行的,研究结果为未来麦洼牦牛的保种选育和遗传改良提供了参考依据。     

牦牛和犏牛促卵泡素受体基因5′-侧翼区序列多态性研究

本研究旨在分析牦牛和犏牛促卵泡素受体(follicle-stimulating hormone receptor,FSHR)基因的多态性,为从遗传角度上解决其繁殖产仔率低的问题提供参考,为筛选繁殖性状分子标记奠定理论基础。研究采用PCRSSCP和直接测序技术,对麦洼牦牛、九龙牦牛、大通牦牛和犏牛共110头个体的FSHR基因5′-侧翼区进行遗传多态性分析,统计基因频率和基因型频率,进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡性检测,计算纯合度、杂合度、多态信息含量和有效等位基因数等遗传多态性指标。结果表明,麦洼牦牛、大通牦牛和九龙牦牛FSHR基因5′-侧翼区核苷酸序列具有多态性,犏牛无多态性;麦洼牦牛存在AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,九龙牦牛和大通牦牛均存在AA、AB 2种基因型,AB基因型在3个牦牛品种中占绝对优势,等位基因A为优势等位基因;麦洼牦牛、九龙牦牛和大通牦牛的多态信息含量分别为0.3693、0.3565、0.3705,均达到了中度多态(0.25PIC0.5),表明各牦牛品种遗传变异较大。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.