弯曲菌荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

根据弯曲菌16S rRNA基因的靶序列设计特异性引物和探针,对反应条件和试剂浓度进行优化,建立了快速检测鸡肉中弯曲菌的荧光定量PCR方法,并对其特异性、敏感性和重复性进行评价。该方法除了对弯曲菌有扩增曲线外,对其他常见食源性病原菌均未有扩增曲线,具有较好的特异性;弯曲菌的最低检测限为10 CFU/mL;重复性实验获得标准曲线相关系数为R2=0.999,批内可重复性变异系数在0.12%-2.1%之间,批间可重复性变异系数为1.7%。应用该方法对68份鸡肉样品检测弯曲菌阳性率为95.6%（65/68）,传统分离方法阳性率为89.5%（60/68）,两种方法的阳性符合率为89.7%。本研究建立的荧光定量PCR方法灵敏度高、特异性好、操作简单,大大缩短检测周期,可作为检测鸡肉样品中弯曲菌的手段,为鸡肉样品弯曲菌的流行病学调查研究提供新的工具。     

饲料中志贺氏菌的PCR快速检测方法的建立

为建立饲料中快速检测志贺氏菌的有效方法,本研究根据志贺氏菌(Shigella)侵袭性质粒抗原H基因(invasion plasmid antigen H,ipaH)设计了一对引物,PCR扩增片段长度为386bp。通过对引物的特异性检测发现,4株志贺氏菌的PCR结果均为阳性,12株非志贺氏菌的检测结果均未扩增出特异性片段。PCR对志贺氏菌纯培养物的检测灵敏度达120cfu/ml,检测快速、便捷。该方法操作简单、检验周期短、特异性和灵敏度高,能够快速地实现对饲料中志贺氏菌的检测和监控。     

应用PCR快速检测鸡滑液囊支原体的研究

根据鸡滑液囊支原体(MS)16S rRNA设计引物,对1株MS阳性株、5株临床分离鉴定的MS、2株鸡毒支原体、1株多杀性巴氏杆菌、1株沙门菌、1株大肠杆菌和1株金黄色葡萄球菌进行PCR扩增,结果显示所有MS均出现1 077 bp特异性扩增条带,其余非MS则均未扩增出特异性条带。敏感性测定结果表明,优化的PCR反应体系能检出MS的最低DNA量为1 pg。建立的PCR方法用于快速检测临床样品检测,对鸡肿胀跗关节腔内容物直接进行PCR检测,检出率为21.1%(32/152),显著高于病原分离方法的9.2%(14/152),具有良好的实际应用意义。     

用四重PCR检测方法检测产单核细胞李斯特菌

为了同时快速准确的检测产单核细胞李斯特菌以及是否为有毒力的产单核细胞李斯特菌,根据相关文献报道的四重PCR方法,针对该菌的种特异性基因inl A基因进行引物设计,扩增片段大小为800bp,结果应用该PCR法可特异性的扩增出目的基因片段,与GenBank上发表的序列同源性为97.3%。同时通过对毒力基因inlB,inlC和inlJ的检测用来判断菌株的相关毒力。而同一属的其他菌种无害李斯特菌(L.innocua),韦氏李斯特菌(L.welshimeri)均无特异条带,嗜水气单胞菌(J-1),产气荚膜梭菌(C57-13),大肠埃希菌(ATCC 25922),鼠伤寒沙门菌(C79-32),金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 25923)结果均为阴性。对临床上送检的23份样品进行四重PCR方法检测并同时与国家标准GB/T22429-2008食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的快速筛选检验中使用的检测方法进行比对,两种检测方法的结果完全符合,均检测出7份阳性样品。并且四重PCR法表明这7份阳性样品中的产单核细胞李斯特菌均携带有3种毒力因子(inlB,inlC和inlJ),因此该四重PCR法可用于快速鉴定是否是有毒力的产单核细胞李斯特菌,为有效预防控制产单核细胞李斯特菌污染提供技术支撑。     

羊梭菌病快速鉴别PCR方法的建立及初步应用

根据GenBank已公布的产气荚膜梭菌和腐败梭菌的α毒素基因序列,分别设计并合成针对2种α毒素基因的特异性引物,通过扩增条件的优化,建立快速鉴别产气荚膜梭菌和腐败梭菌的双重PCR方法。特异性试验显示,产气荚膜梭菌和腐败梭菌参考菌株均扩增出了相应的预期目的条带,而大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌则均未能扩增出相应条带。灵敏度试验结果显示,产气荚膜梭菌和腐败梭菌基因组DNA最低检测量分别为17.95pg/μL和1.261pg/μL。应用该方法对样品进行检测,其中5份为产气荚膜梭菌阳性。成功建立了特异性强、敏感性高的双重PCR方法,可以有效进行产气荚膜梭菌和腐败梭菌的快速鉴别,对羊梭菌病病原快速鉴定及流行病学调查具有重要意义。     

基于hipO基因的环介导等温核酸扩增技术检测食源性空肠弯曲菌

空肠弯曲杆菌是人细菌性胃肠炎的常见食源性致病菌之一,严重危害人类的健康,建立快速精准检测食源性空肠弯曲杆菌的方法,对于保障人们的健康和食品安全具有重要意义。本研究建立了一种可视化、低成本基于hipO基因的环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术快速检测空肠弯曲菌的方法。该LAMP方法检测空肠弯曲菌CJFX01基因组DNA为阳性,而对肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7、鼠伤寒沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、产气荚膜梭菌等食源性致病菌和胸膜肺炎放线杆菌Aha01、副猪嗜血杆菌Ahh01、多杀性巴氏杆菌Ahm03、猪链球菌Ahs02、猪丹毒丝菌Ahe01、支气管败血波氏杆菌Ahb01等猪源致病菌基因组DNA检测结果均为阴性,表明其具有良好的特异性。灵敏度的检测结果表明,LAMP检测空肠弯曲杆菌的检测限为5.4×10¹ CFU/mL,而基于F3/B3引物对常规PCR的检测限为5.4×10⁶ CFU/mL,即LAMP检测空肠弯曲杆菌的灵敏度比常规PCR高100 000倍。本研究建立的LAMP检测方法具有快速、可视化、低成本、特异性好和灵敏度...     

基于gyrB基因建立快速检测沙雷菌的PCR方法

选择gyr B基因作为靶基因设计特异性引物用于沙雷菌属的PCR检测,该特异性引物扩增产物的片段大小为279 bp。研究所选用的14株沙雷菌分别代表沙雷菌属的7个不同种。此外,2种沙门菌、2种克雷伯菌以及其他5种肠道菌用于进行引物特异性的验证。结果表明:扩增的条带与预期的扩增产物片段大小一致,而非沙雷菌属的其他9个种属均没有扩增条带;该方法检测沙雷菌的最低检测限为9.785 pg。通过对4株从蜜蜂中分离所得的黏质沙雷菌和3株从进口鱼粉中分离所得的居泉沙雷菌进行检测,结果均为阳性。研究表明,基于gyr B基因建立的PCR方法在沙雷菌属的检测中具有特异性强、快速和灵敏度高等特点。     

单抗酶联试剂盒与PCR方法快速检测沙门氏菌的比较

本文对单抗酶联试剂盒与PCR方法快速检测沙门氏菌进行了比较。将沙门氏菌与大肠杆菌以不同比例混合后 ,分别用ELISA和PCR法检测 ,在 1∶1 0 0的比例时 ,用这 2种方法均能检测出阳性样品 ;在 1∶1 0 0 0的比例时 ,用ELISA法检测为阴性 ,而用PCR法则能检测出。检测鲜牛奶、龙虾、虾仁、熟食制品等样品 ,2种方法的符合率达 97 6 %。对冻虾仁、人粪便样品的前增菌、选择性增菌、后增菌过程进行同步检测 ,在样品的前增菌液 ,直接ELISA法检测的OD值小于 0 5 ,而PCR法扩增能出现特异条带 ,经国标方法验证为阳性 ,证实PCR法的敏感性优于直接ELISA法 ,而在选择性增菌液和M 肉汤后增菌液中 ,2种方法均能检出阳性样品。     

空肠弯曲菌PEB1A蛋白的原核表达及间接ELISA方法的建立

为了建立检测血清中空肠弯曲菌（Campylobacter jejuni）抗体的间接ELISA方法,试验通过PCR扩增并克隆空肠弯曲菌PEB1A基因,构建原核表达载体pET32a-PEB1A,将该表达载体转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞,诱导表达获得约47 ku的可溶性目的蛋白,通过Western blotting证明所表达的重组蛋白具有良好的生物学活性。以纯化后的重组蛋白作为包被抗原,建立空肠弯曲菌抗体间接ELISA方法,对其特异性、敏感性、重复性进行检测。结果表明,本试验建立的空肠弯曲菌抗体间接ELISA检测方法临界值为0.3424,本方法仅与空肠弯曲菌阳性血清发生特异性反应,与其他抗血清无交叉反应,具有较强的特异性,批内、批间的重复性试验变异系数均<5%,具有较好的重复性和稳定性。该方法的建立可应用于血清中空肠弯曲菌抗体的快速检测,为进一步防制空肠弯曲菌腹泻提供依据。     

犬小孢子菌、石膏样小孢子菌、须毛癣菌多重PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

宠物浅表皮肤真菌病主要由犬小孢子菌、石膏样小孢子菌、须毛癣菌感染引起。本研究根据3种真菌基因内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)区域的序列差异设计4条引物,通过优化多重PCR反应条件,建立了一种可同时快速检测这3种真菌的多重PCR,同时对其特异性、灵敏性、重复性进行分析。结果显示,建立的多重PCR方法对犬小孢子菌、石膏样小孢子菌、须毛癣菌基因组DNA均可扩增出特异性预期片段,条带大小分别为286、596、188 bp;最低检测限(灵敏性)分别为12.6、8.8、13.6pg/μL;被检测的6份人工模拟样品扩增结果准确。应用该多重PCR方法检测27份人临床皮屑样品和43份宠物犬、猫毛发样品,结果显示阳性检出率分别为74.07%(20/27)和83.72%(36/43);采用常规真菌分离培养法从阳性样品中获得10株致病性真菌,分离率为17.86%(10/56);两种检测方法的种属鉴定结果表明多重PCR法优于常规方法。本研究建立的多重PCR检测方法简便、特异、灵敏,可同时对宠物浅表真菌病原作出快速诊断与鉴别。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -