大骨鸡MSTN基因的表达检测

以大骨鸡为试材,采用RT-PCR法检测了MSTN基因在大骨鸡不同器官中的表达情况。结果表明,MSTN基因在大骨鸡骨骼肌中表达水平较高,在心肌、肾脏、脑、肠、舌中也有微量表达,但在肺、肝脏中未检测出MSTN mRNA,而且在14日龄时表达水平高于35和56日龄。     

大骨鸡中MSTN基因表达规律性的研究

本实验以大骨鸡为试材，采用RT—PCR法检测了MSTN基因在大骨鸡不同器官、不同时间的表达情况，结果表明MSTN基因在骨骼肌中表达水平较高，在心肌、肾脏、脑、肠、舌中也有微量表达，但在肺、肝脏中未检测出MSTNmRNA，而且在14日龄时表达水平明显低于35日龄和56日龄，而且在孵化后一周时胸肌中MSTN基因的表达水平达到最低。     

肌纤维发育相关基因在不同地方鸡种早期生长发育中的表达分析

为研究肌纤维发育相关基因在不同地方鸡种的表达调控作用,选用1日龄体重相近的汶上芦花鸡、济宁百日鸡和鲁西斗鸡,分别在1日龄、1～5周龄采集同一部位的胸肌、腿肌,应用实时荧光定量PCR测定Myf5、Myf6、MyoD1和MSTN等基因的表达量。结果显示:汶上芦花鸡胸肌中MSTN基因1周龄表达量显著高于其他周龄(P0.05),鲁西斗鸡腿肌中MSTN基因4周龄表达量显著高于其他周龄(P0.05),济宁百日鸡胸肌中MSTN基因4周龄和5周龄表达量显著高于其他周龄(P0.05),腿肌中4周龄显著高于其他周龄(P0.05);汶上芦花鸡腿肌Myf6基因2周龄的表达水平明显高于其他周龄(P0.05),济宁百日鸡胸肌中Myf6基因5周龄时表达量显著低于鲁西斗鸡和汶上芦花鸡(P0.05);4～5周龄时,济宁百日鸡腿肌MyoD1基因的表达水平最低,在3周龄时,汶上芦花鸡胸肌MyoD1基因表达水平显著高于其他周龄(P0.05);在0和1周龄时,鲁西斗鸡中胸、腿肌Myf5基因表达水平均高于汶上芦花鸡和济宁百日鸡。研究表明Myf5、Myf6、MyoD1和MSTN基因在3个地方鸡种胸肌、腿肌中均呈现出不同的表达调控模式。     

溆浦鹅肌肉生成抑制因子基因(MSTN)的克隆及其表达量与日粮能量、血清IGF-I和GH的关系研究

从淑浦鹅（Xupu geese）的腿肌中抽提总RNA,用两步法RT-PCR扩增出MSTN基因的cDNA编码序列,以pGEM-T Vector为载体,将该片段克隆到大肠杆菌（Escherichi acoli）中。通过筛选阳性克隆,双酶切鉴定后测序;以MSTN基因的克隆为基础,以β-actin为内标,构建优化的半定量RT—PCR方法,研究高、中、低（A：13．38MJ／kg、B：12．13MJ／kg、C：10．87MJ／kg）3种不同能量对淑浦鹅21和70日龄2个时期肌肉组织MSTN基因表达的差异;同时用放免法测定21、70日龄的血清GH和IGF-I浓度。结果表明：克隆的淑浦鹅MSTN基因cDNA的部分序列,其片段大小为1128bp,编码375个氨基酸组成的多肽,淑浦鹅与鸡、鸭、朗德鹅的核苷酸相似性分别为94％、94％、99％;推导氨基酸的相似性分别为98％、97％、98％。21日龄时,日粮能量水平对淑浦鹅MSTN表达量的影响不显著;70日龄时淑浦鹅MSTN的表达量为C〉B〉A。对于淑浦鹅21～70日龄阶段的生长,MSTN基因的表达量和血清IGF-I的变化趋势基本一致;与血清GH含量之间并不存在很大关联,日粮能量对21日龄后淑浦鹅MSTN基因的表达有影响。本研究为MSTN基因在水禽中的进一步研究和应用打下了基础。     

新疆巴什拜羊MSTN mRNA在不同月龄发育性变化研究

运用荧光定量PCR技术对不同月龄(0日龄或初生、1月龄、2月龄、3月龄、4月龄、5月龄)新疆巴什拜羊肌肉和脂肪MSTN基因的表达量进行定量,2-ΔΔCT方法分析不同生长阶段MSTN基因表达量的差异,以期获取MSTN基因在不同月龄巴什拜羊的表达规律,同时丰富与肌肉生长相关基因的研究。结果表明:初生、3月龄新疆巴什拜羊肌肉中MSTN基因的表达量极显著低于1、2、4、5月龄(P0.01),1月龄的表达量又极显著高于其他各月龄(P0.01),2月龄显著低于5月龄(P0.05);初生时新疆巴什拜羊脂肪中MSTN基因的表达量极显著低于4月龄和5月龄(P0.01),1月龄MSTN基因的表达量极显著高于2月龄和3月龄(P0.01)、极显著低于4月龄和5月龄(P0.01),5月龄MSTN基因的表达量极显著高于4月龄(P0.01)。表明巴什拜羊肌肉生长发育在初生时较快,在1月龄和2月龄生长发育较慢,3月龄生长发育最快,随后生长发育趋于平稳;脂肪的生长发育在初生后略快于1月龄,2月龄和3月龄的生长发育较快,4月龄较慢,5月龄生长发育慢于其他各月龄。     

饲养方式对略阳乌鸡肌肉和脂肪相关基因mRNA表达水平的影响

为研究饲养方式对略阳乌鸡肌肉发育和脂肪形成的影响,分别检测笼养和散养方式下60日龄、120日龄略阳乌鸡肌肉组织中相关基因的表达水平。结果发现:散养方式可提高肌肉嫩度,降低其硬度;笼养方式可提高肌肉产量和肌内脂肪(IMF)含量;60日龄散养鸡肌肉组织中慢肌标志基因碳酸酐酶Ⅲ(CAⅢ)的表达量显著低于笼养鸡,而快肌标志基因肌球蛋白碱性轻链2(MYL2)、肌球蛋白碱性轻链3(MYL3)和肌内脂肪形成候选基因脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)、瘦素受体基因(LEPR)的表达水平显著高于笼养鸡;120日龄时,散养鸡CAⅢ表达量显著升高,而钙/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶(Ca MK)、MYL2、MYL3、LPL、LEPR和和胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)的表达量明显降低;随着日龄增加,笼养鸡骨骼肌中肌肉生长抑制素基因(MSTN)和腹脂沉积相关的甲状腺激素应答基因(THRSP)表达量显著升高,而散养鸡明显降低。综上所述,散养方式可提高略阳乌鸡骨骼肌中慢肌纤维相关基因表达水平,笼养方式促进骨骼肌中脂肪相关基因的表达,有利于肌内脂肪形成。     

大骨鸡胚胎肌生成抑制素基因(MSTN)cDNA的克隆、测序及原核表达

提取大骨鸡胚胎腿肌RNA,对肌生成抑制素基因(MSTN)RT-PCR扩增、TA克隆和测序.结果表明,大骨鸡胚胎腿肌中存在2种不同大小的MSTN cDNA,一种MSTN cDNA由1 128 bp组成,我们将该序列称为chM-STN-1,与已报道的鸡MSTN cDNA(gi:38349516)序列同源性为100%;另外一种MSTN cDNA由985 bp组成,与chMSTN-1相比.缺失了374～517处的143个碱基,并且在51,234,324 bp处也发生碱基变化,这可能是一种新的MSTN cDNA,我们将该序列命名为chMSTN-2.另外,分别对上述2种MSTN cDNA进行双酶切、亚克隆,成功构建重组表达载体pGEX-KG-chMSTN-1与pGEX-KG-chMSTN-2,转染大肠杆菌并诱导表达.检测结果表明,chM-STN-1和chMSTN-2均能在大肠杆菌中表达,重组蛋白以包涵体形式存在,大小分别约为66 000和55 000.     

雏鸡肠组织β1基因的鉴定及时空表达特性

设计1对引物,建立RT—PCR方法对β1基因mRNA进行鉴定;以GAPDH基因为内参,建立检测鸡β1基因表达水平的sYBRGreenI实时荧光定量PCR方法,并用此方法测定1～20日龄雏鸡不同肠段组织81基因表达水平。结果显示,从鸡肠组织成功鉴定出β1基因mRNA;检测内参基因GAPDH和目的基因β1的实时荧光定量PCR方法扩增效率一致（扩增曲线斜率差〈0．1）,满足使用比较Ct值法对B1基因mRNA进行相对定量分析的前提;扩增曲线、熔解曲线及凝胶电泳结果提示该方法特异性好。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,1日龄雏鸡十二指肠和盲肠、10日龄雏鸡空肠和直肠、5日龄雏鸡回肠组织中β1基因相对表达量最高。结果表明,鸡肠组织中存在β1基因表达,并在不同日龄不同肠段表达水平存在差异。     

雏鸡肠组织β1基因的鉴定及时空表达特性

设计1对引物,建立RT-PCR方法对β1基因mRNA进行鉴定;以GAPDH基因为内参,建立检测鸡β1基因表达水平的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法,并用此方法测定1²0日龄雏鸡不同肠段组织β1基因表达水平。结果显示,从鸡肠组织成功鉴定出β1基因mRNA;检测内参基因GAPDH和目的基因β1的实时荧光定量PCR方法扩增效率一致(扩增曲线斜率差<0.1),满足使用比较Ct值法对β1基因mRNA进行相对定量分析的前提;扩增曲线、熔解曲线及凝胶电泳结果提示该方法特异性好。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,1日龄雏鸡十二指肠和盲肠、10日龄雏鸡空肠和直肠、5日龄雏鸡回肠组织中β1基因相对表达量最高。结果表明,鸡肠组织中存在β1基因表达,并在不同日龄不同肠段表达水平存在差异。     

鸡、鹌鹑及其杂交禽胚胎肌肉发育过程中MSTN和p21基因的表达规律

旨在研究MSTN和p21基因在鸡、鹌鹑和杂交禽胚胎肌肉发育过程中的表达规律,比较这2个基因在杂交禽与亲本鸡和鹌鹑中的差异表达,探讨MSTN和p21基因与肌肉发育的关系。通过人工受精获得鸡(♂)与鹌鹑(♀)杂交禽蛋,与鸡蛋、鹌鹑蛋按照鸡标准孵化条件同批入孵,采集第7～17天活胚胸肌组织,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测MSTN和p21基因在3个物种中每一天mRNA的相对表达量。MSTN和p21基因在胚胎肌肉发育的第7～17天均有表达,这2个基因mRNA的表达在鸡胚中第9天到达第1次峰值,在鹌鹑中第7天到达第1次峰值,后都随胚胎的发育表达水平上升,并维持相对稳定的高水平表达。杂交禽的表达规律与鸡一致,也在第9天达到峰值,而p21mRNA表达极显著高于鸡和鹌鹑(P<0.01)。MSTN mRNA表达规律与成肌细胞退出细胞周期的时间规律一致;在胚胎肌肉发育过程中,MSTN基因特异性上调p21的表达。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein