结合GWRFR和作物物候信息的玉米产量早期预测

及时并准确地估计作物产量,对保障粮食安全、维护世界粮食供应稳定具有重要意义。此前,已有许多研究者使用机器学习方法对作物产量预估进行研究。然而,结合作物的空间分布、使用局部模型进行分析的研究较少;且诸多研究均以年份为时间尺度进行建模,未能精细到作物生长的各个阶段,无法实现作物产量的早期预测。针对以上问题,该研究结合多源遥感数据,利用随机森林（random forest,RF）以及地理加权随机森林（geographically weighted random forest regression,GWRFR）模型对美国县级玉米产量进行建模,探讨全局与局部模型在玉米产量预测方面的性能;并通过将GWRFR模型应用于玉米的各个物候期,获取了玉米产量的最佳提前预测时间。结果表明,GWRFR局部模型的精度（R²=0.87,RMSE=864.21 kg/hm²）高于传统的RF全局模型（R²=0.83,RMSE=994.75 kg/hm²）,并且能够较好地克服空间数据的非平稳性,即使在全局模型中加入经纬度作为变量,RF模型的预测效果（R²=0.85,RMSE=890.88 kg/hm²）仍然低于GWRFR模型。对于玉米产量的预测可以提前至收获前2～3个月,即在乳熟期前后就能得到比较准确的预测结果（R²=0.90,RMSE=748.39 kg/hm²）。该研究结果可为大尺度作物产量预估提供一种新的思路,对区域或全球其他作物的产量预测也具有一定的指导意义。     

不同果实负载下温室黄瓜干物质分配的模拟

黄瓜是中国温室栽培的最主要作物之一,果实负载决定着果实发育和产量,构建不同果实负载下温室黄瓜干物质分配模型对温室黄瓜栽培管理具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。根据温室黄瓜生长对光温需求,以辐热积（TEP）为尺度建立温室黄瓜干物质分配模型,并用与建模试验不同的试验数据进行模型检验。模型对温室黄瓜茎、叶和果实干质量的预测结果与实测值1∶1线回归估计标准误（RMSE）和决定系数（R2）分别为223.08、119.23、316.34 kg/hm2和0.76、0.73、0.75,模型的预测结果与实测值之间的吻合度较好。     

氮素对温室黄瓜开花后干物质分配和产量影响的模拟研究

了解氮素对干物质分配和产量的定量影响是实现温室黄瓜氮肥优化管理的前提.该研究通过黄瓜雌性无限生长型品种"戴多星"(Cucumis sativas.'Deltastar')不同定植期和开花后不同氮素处理试验,定量分析了氮素施用水平对该类型黄瓜开花后干物质分配和产量的影响,并建立了开花后分配指数和采收指数与盛果期叶片氮浓度的关系方程.在此基础上,建立了氮素对黄瓜开花后干物质分配和产量影响的预测模型,并用独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验.结果表明,模型对茎干物质量、叶干物质量和果实干物质量及黄瓜产量(鲜质量)预测值与实测值之间基于1:1直线之间的决定系数R2分别为0.945、0.943、0.990、0.955;相对预测误差RE分别为13.0%、12.3%、9.2%、16.8%.本模型可预测不同氮素水平下温室黄瓜地上部各器官干物质量和产量,可以为中国温室黄瓜生产的氮肥优化管理决策提供参考.     

西北戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培辣椒氮磷钾优化施肥组合研究

合理的养分供应对基质栽培蔬菜的优质高效生产尤为重要。通过研究氮、磷、钾不同施肥量及配施比例对戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培辣椒产量和品质的影响,明确获得基质栽培高产优质辣椒的适宜氮、磷、钾用量及养分配比。采用三因素五水平二次通用旋转组合设计,以产量和品质综合得分为目标函数,以氮、磷、钾施用量3个因素为因变量,构建数学模型进行试验研究。研究结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对基质栽培辣椒产量及品质均有显著影响,对辣椒产量的影响排序为钾肥>氮肥>磷肥;对辣椒品质综合得分的影响排序为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥;当氮、磷、钾肥用量分别达376.22、164.41、595.31 kg/hm²时,边际产量效应值降至0,当氮、磷、钾肥用量分别达245.13、115.65、367.13 kg/hm²时,边际品质综合得分效应值降至0。氮磷、氮钾、磷钾互作对产量具有较强的促进作用,对氮而言,钾的交互效应大于磷;对磷而言,钾的交互效应大于氮;对钾而言,氮的交互效应大于磷。利用模型进行计算机模拟,本试验条件下辣椒产量超过53000 kg/hm²时的氮肥施用量为233.36～307.76 kg/hm²,磷肥施用量为112.71～149.74 kg/hm²,钾肥施用量为360.01～475.88 kg/hm²。辣椒品质综合评分在84分以上的氮肥施用量为193.12～267.17 kg/hm²,磷肥施用量为90.74～153.19 kg/hm²,钾肥施用量为289.67～437.25 kg/hm²。综合来看,获得高产优质的戈壁日光温室秋冬茬基质栽培辣椒的氮肥施用量为233.36～267.17 kg/hm²,磷肥施用量为112.71～149.74 kg/hm²,钾肥施用量为360.01～437.25 kg/hm²,适宜的N、P2O5、K2O施用比例约为1∶0.48∶1.54。     

施钾对不同肥力土壤玉米钾素吸收、分配及产量的影响

采用田间试验, 研究了吉林省高(榆树市)、低肥力(公主岭市)肥力条件下不同钾肥用量对玉米产量、钾素吸收和分配的影响。结果表明, 榆树试验点和公主岭试验点的最高产量施钾量分别为83.3 kg·hm^-2和113.9 kg·hm^-2, 最佳经济施钾量分别为75.1 kg·hm^-2和103.1 kg·hm^-2。公主岭低肥力试验点比榆树高肥力试验点的最高产量和最佳经济产量分别提高了3.70%和3.68%。施用钾肥可有效提高玉米干物质最大积累速率和钾素最大吸收速率, 并能提前干物质最大积累速率和钾素最大吸收速率出现的天数。当施钾量超过60 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2时, 公主岭低肥力试验点的干物质最大积累速率和钾素最大吸收速率均高于榆树高肥力试验点。适宜的钾肥用量有利于提高钾养分由营养体向籽粒的转运量、转运效率及籽粒养分比例, 榆树高肥力试验点籽粒养分比例低于公主岭低肥力试验点, 幅度为0.5%~1.7%。除施钾量60 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2处理外, 公主岭低肥力试验点的钾肥农学利用率、偏生产力和利用效率等指标均高于榆树高肥力试验点, 分别提高7.3~8.8 kg·kg^-1、4.4~8.3 kg·kg^-1、1.6%~6.2%。综合考虑提高玉米产量、效益及钾肥利用效率, 高肥力土壤适宜施钾量为75 kg·hm^-2, 低肥力土壤上适宜施钾量为103 kg·hm^-2。     

适宜种植密度和施氮量对提高冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的影响

针对西北地区干旱以及不合理的施氮和种植密度导致的冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率偏低的问题，探究垄膜沟播模式下冬小麦高产和水氮高效利用的最优氮肥密度管理措施。试验设置150 kg/hm²（D1）、187.5 kg/hm²（D2）、225 kg/hm²（D3）3个密度梯度和180 kg/hm²（N1）、270 kg/hm²（N2）、360 kg/hm²（N3）3个施氮水平（以N计），通过2 a（2021—2022年和2022—2023年）田间试验，研究氮密互作对冬小麦生理生长、干物质累积、产量、水分利用效率（water use efficiency，WUE）和氮利用效率（nitrogen partial factor productivity，NPFP）的影响。结果表明：与当地常规氮密处理（D1N3）相比，合理增大种植密度和减少施氮量可使抽穗期LAI提高13.93%～67.19%，最大干物质累积量和累积速率增大147.25%和65.29%。2 a产量均在D2N2处理达到最大，平均值11911.93 kg·/hm²，但2 a WUE分别在D2N2和D2N3达到最高，NPFP分别在D2N2和D3N1处理最高。通过拟合分析，2021—2022年冬小麦产量、WUE和NPFP达到最大值时所对应的种植密度与施氮量分别为195.92和260.82 kg/hm²、200.51和249.80 kg/hm²、195.92和187.35 kg/hm²，2022—2023年分别为195.92和257.14 kg/hm²、194.39和286.53 kg/hm²、197.45和183.67 kg/hm²。基于回归模型对产量、WUE和NPFP进行综合评价，最终确定种植密度180.45～190.04 kg/hm²、施氮量201.66～256.67 kg/hm²的组合模式为垄膜沟播冬小麦高产和水氮高效利用的氮密管理措施。研究结果可为西北地区冬小麦的高产高效栽培提供理论依据。     

加工番茄地上部干物质分配与产量预测模拟模型

为了探究加工番茄在滴灌栽培条件下地上部干物质分配动态和产量形成过程,该文通过定量分析加工番茄的生长发育特征,设置不同品种的播期试验,构建了基于分配指数(partitioning index,PI)和收获指数(harvest index,HI)的加工番茄地上部干物质分配与产量预测的模拟模型。利用与建模数据相独立的试验资料对模型进行了初步检验,结果表明,模型对不同播期、品种的加工番茄各生育期（出苗至开花、开花至坐果、坐果至红熟、红熟至拉秧期）干物质量,全生育期总干物质量、地上部茎、叶、果干质量的预测结果与1:1直线间的R2分别为0.9754、0.9936、0.9840、0.9713;0.9856;0.9595、0.9798、0.9671;RMSE和RE分别为0.029 t/hm2、11.43%;0.074 t/hm2、5.09%;0.250 t/hm2、6.83%;0.102 t/hm2、5.71%;0.504 t/hm2,8.06%;0.332 t/hm2,14.62%;0.200 t/hm2,10.84%;0.549 t/hm2,18.30%。模型对加工番茄产量的预测结果与1:1直线间的R2为0.9658,RMSE和RE分别为5.806 t/hm2、8.07%。该模型对于不同播期、品种的加工番茄干物质分配与产量的预测值与模拟值之间符合度较高,表明模型具有较好的预测性和适用性。该研究可为滴灌加工番茄精准栽培提供理论参考。     

冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式氮、磷、钾养分循环与产量可持续性特征

研究分析农业生态系统NPK养分循环和产量的可持续性,对实现养分资源优化管理和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。基于长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植定位试验,分析了2004—2017年冬闲-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、黑麦草-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等轮作种植模式早、晚稻产量的可持续性与稳定性;采用投入产出法（Input-Output Analysis）分析不同轮作种植模式NPK养分循环与平衡状况。结果表明：1）黑麦草-双季稻模式早稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.09和0.81,说明稻田冬种黑麦草有利于促进早稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高;油菜-双季稻模式晚稻产量变异系数与可持续性指数分别为0.07和0.82,说明稻田冬种油菜有益于晚稻产量稳定性和可持续性的提高;2）长期冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植未影响水稻产量和糙米NPK养分含量（P>0.05）;3）在稻田轮作种植周年内目前的NPK投入水平下,黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻、马铃薯-双季稻等模式均存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为375.70 kg（K）·hm^-2、279.98 kg（K）·hm^-2、363.71 kg（K）·hm^-2、93.74 kg（K）·hm^-2;黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻等模式均在冬季作物种植季存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为240.07 kg（K）·hm^-2、89.57 kg（K）·hm^-2、140.08 kg（K）·hm^-2,但马铃薯-双季稻模式在马铃薯种植季K盈余为255.21 kg（K）·hm^-2;同时黑麦草-双季稻模式和紫云英-双季稻模式均存在冬季作物种植季存在N亏缺,N亏缺量分别为59.47 kg（N）·hm^-2和89.17 kg（N）·hm^-2;油菜-双季稻模式和马铃薯-双季稻模式在晚稻种植季均存在严重的K亏缺现象,K亏缺量分别为45.93 kg（K）·hm^-2、124.33 kg（K）·hm^-2。冬季作物-双季稻轮作种植模式的养分循环是冬季作物和外部投入的NPK肥料共同驱动的养分循环,建议科学管理冬季作物和3季的NPK养分投入。     

灌溉量与减氮配施有机肥模式对温室黄瓜及土壤的影响

为探究设施农业中不同灌溉量与施肥模式对土壤理化特性、作物产量、品质、水分利用效率（water use efficiency,WUE）及氮肥偏生产力（nitrogen partial productivity,NPP）的影响。该研究通过对温室黄瓜设置充分（W1）与亏缺（W2）灌溉下不同比例减氮（N1：275 kg/hm²、N2：220 kg/hm²、N3：165 kg/hm²）配施腐熟羊粪有机肥（O1：12 t/hm²、O2：8 t/hm²）处理试验,分析充分与亏缺灌溉下不同减氮配施有机肥处理对土壤理化特性、黄瓜品质、产量、WUE及NPP的影响。结果表明,在相同灌溉条件下,减施氮肥和配施有机肥均能有效改善土壤结构,O1N3处理较其他处理土壤容重平均降低5.8%,孔隙度平均增加7.7%,三相组成优化,大粒径水稳性团聚体含量平均提高25.4%,0～30 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量平均降低21.8%。同时,配施有机肥能提高温室黄瓜WUE和NPP,在相同灌溉和氮肥条件下,O1较O2水平黄瓜WUE和NPP分别平均提高14.5%和15.7%。综合对比分析不同指标得出W1O2N2处理表现最佳,黄瓜可溶性葡萄糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C（VC）含量及产量较W1O1N1处理无显著差异（P>0.05）,同时能有效改善土壤环境,减少肥料用量,保证生产经济效益。研究结果对于设施农业科学水肥管理及绿色高效生产具有重要的参考意义。     

减氮对机插杂交籼稻产量及光合特性的影响

探索不同减氮量对机插杂交籼稻产量及光合特性的影响,为水稻合理减氮提供理论依据。以宜香优2115和F优498为试验材料,在品种最高产施氮量(180 kg/hm²,N180)基础上,设置减氮1/6(150 kg/hm²,N150)、减氮1/3(120 kg/hm²,N120)和不施氮(0 kg/hm²,N0)共3种减氮处理,研究减氮对机插杂交籼稻茎蘖生长动态、叶面积指数、光合势、粒叶比、干物质积累与转运、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明:(1)与N180处理相比,两水稻品种在N150、N120和N0条件下的产量平均分别降低3.09%、9.04%和34.37%,其中N150与N180产量差异未达显著水平。与N180相比,N150条件下2个水稻品种的有效穗数和穗粒数平均分别降低7.57%和0.81%,结实率和千粒重分别提高1.98%和0.87%;N120条件下水稻结实率和千粒重有所提高,但有效穗数和穗粒数持续显著降低。(2)与N180相比,3种减氮条件下水稻各时期的茎蘖数、叶面积指数、干物质积累量以及各生育阶段的光合势、群体生长率均呈不断降低趋势;N150条件下水稻抽穗期叶面积指数较N180未有显著差异,但高效叶面积率平均提高4.58%,粒叶比增加,同时抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累率平均提高4.11%,干物质转运率和转化率平均分别提高13.82%和6.89%,这是其保持较高产量的重要生理原因。因此,适量减氮条件下杂交籼稻品种可通过自身调节以优化群体光合结构,促进抽穗后干物质积累与转运,维持较高产量水平;过量减氮造成群体生长量显著降低,难以高产。     

Nitrogen relations in winter wheat cultivars differing in grain protein percentage and stature

Accumulation of reduced nitrogen and its partitioning between vegetative tissue and grain are two important aspects of the nitrogen economy of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the range of nitrogen harvest index (NHI) among four hard red winter wheat cultivars differing in grain protein percent (GPP) and the influence of NHI on grain protein percent, and 2) to contrast the partitioning of nitrogen and dry matter to the component parts of the plant throughout growth and development. Plants were grown in a nutrient solution and nitrogen salts were withheld from the solution when the wheat reached anthesis. High nitrogen percentage of plant parts tended to correlate positively with grain protein percentage at first node and anthesis stages, but correlated negatively at latter stages. Dry weight was important in the accumulation of nitrogen; however, neither dry weight nor total plant nitrogen was correlated with GPP. Nitrogen harvest index was correlated strongly and positively with GPP and was independent of plant stature. The selection of parents with high NHI could be an important criterion in breeding programs to increase GPP of wheat.     

Nutrient uptake,partitioning, and removal in two modern high-yielding Colombian rice genotypes

Abstract

The objective of this research was to determine the difference on growth between a rice cultivar with Clearfield^® technology (Only Rice 228) and a hybrid (Benja 1); to characterize nutrient uptake, distribution, accumulation and removal between these two commercial genotypes. Tests under shade house and field conditions were performed to estimate macro and micronutrient uptake patterns. Plants were sampled at nine growth stages (emergence, initiation of tillering, active tillering, initiation of panicle primordia, booting, flowering, milky, soft dough and mature grain) and divided into different organs for nutrient determination. The results showed that “Benja 1” plants (92 d) had a shorter cycle than “Only Rice 228” (OR 228) plants (118 d). “OR 228” exhibited a greater biomass production (16.575?kg ha^?1 vs. 12.621?kg ha^?1) in field. The nutrient acquisition was faster in the hybrid Benja 1 between tillering initiation and the milky grain stage in which the N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, B, and Cu uptake was more evenly and highly distributed throughout these stages in both conditions. “Benja 1” showed a higher nutrient harvest index (HI). HI values above 50% (P (62%), N (61%), Cu (67%), S (55%), and Mg (52%)) were found in Benja 1 under field conditions. The results also highlight Si removal in both rice genotypes, in which Benja 1 stands out. These results provide information on the nutrient uptake and partitioning of modern rice genotypes, and give the knowledge to optimize fertilizer programs and timing recommendations for rice biomass and grain production in Colombia.     

干湿交替对半干旱地区一些铅盐污染土壤中铅再分配的影响

Mobility and bioavailability of lead (Pb) could be affected considerably by soil physicochemical properties;however,less is known about the effect of Pb levels and aging time.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Pb levels and wetting-drying (WD) cycles on distribution and bioavailability of Pb in three semi-arid zone soils treated with different levels of Pb(NO 3) 2.Wetting-drying cycles simulated the actual field irrigation in the semi-arid soils.A soil with a long history of Pb contamination was also taken as a reference soil.The soils were spiked with various levels of Pb and incubated under WD cycles for 160 d.Sequential extractions and batch sorption experiments were performed to assess the fractionation of Pb in the spiked soils.Redistribution index (U ts) and reduced partitioning parameter (I R) were applied to semi-quantify the distribution of Pb in the spiked soils.A small amount of Pb sorbed was desorbed by the soils,indicating a strong and irreversible binding of Pb in the studied soils.Contribution of carbonate-bound (Car) and residual (Res) Pb fractions to the total Pb of the soils was more than 97%.The Car,soluble plus exchangeable (SE),and organic matter-bound (OMB) fractions of Pb were transferred to the Res fraction under the WD cycles.The I R and U ts values were influenced by Pb loading levels and WD;therefore,the Pb lability and/or redistribution pattern could semi-quantitatively be assessed via these parameters.At the end of the experiment,the I R and U ts values for the Pb salt-spiked soils did not show the quasi-equilibrium state.The lability of Pb in the soils decreased with increasing incubation time and showed a strong dependence on Pb levels and soil chemical composition.WD cycles significantly affected the overall lability of Pb in soils through influencing the redistribution of Pb among solid-phase components.     

Influence of nitrogen nutrition on yield and growth of an everbearing strawberry cultivar (cv. Evie II)

Strawberry plants are relatively unresponsive to nitrogen (N) fertilization. Supraoptimal N application also results in excessive vegetative growth, which competes to reproductive growth. Two strawberry field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years using fertigation to investigate the effect of different nitrogen (N) application rates on yield and growth of an everbearing strawberry (cv. Evie II). N was injected weekly into the drip irrigation system at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 6 kg N/ha/week the first year and 0, 1, 2, and 3 kg N/ha/week the next year. Fruit yield and fruit number were not affected the first year, but were increased the second year due to N application. However, there was no effect of N nutrition on average berry weight for both years. It was concluded that N fertilization may increase yield and fruit number, but average berry weight remains unaffected.     

Assessing resource use in gerbera genotypes for precision nutrient use in protected condition

Abstract

The present study was conducted in the existing germplasm block of gerbera under protected condition at ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru, India during 2017–2019 to obtain comprehensive information on biomass partitioning, nutrient uptake pattern and flower yields in different genotypes for precision use of critical inputs. The number of leaves (187.6–353.2 m^?2?yr^?1) and flower stalks (166.9–274.5 m^?2?yr^?1) varied significantly among genotypes. Specific leaf area (SLA) was similar among Balance, Stanza, Arka Aswha and Terra Kalina cultivars (0.150–0.156?cm² mg^?1). Strong positive influence of SLA on number of flower stalks was evident from the significant correlation (r = –0.774). Significant positive correlations among number of flower stalks and leaves, leaf area and SLA substantiate the flower yield pattern in gerbera. Optimum leaf number per plant was estimated at 18.6, while optimum range was quantified at 14.1 to 22.4. In gerbera genotypes, the partitioning of total aboveground dry biomass to leaves and flower stalks was 46–61% and 39–54%, respectively. The average nutrient removal was quantified at 32.8?g N, 7.3?g P, 78.7?g K, 24.7?g Ca and 4.1?g Mg m^?2?yr^?1 and the uptake of macronutrients was in the order of K?>?N > Ca > P?>?Mg. The order of micronutrient removal (g m^?2?yr^?1) was Fe (0.2), Zn (0.08), Mn (0.06) and Cu (0.03). The soil fertility status at uniform management was above optimum. It is clear that leaf number, biomass partitioning and nutrient removal pattern had direct impact on flower stalk yields of gerbera.     

Effect of nitrogen supply on carbon and nitrogen partitioning after flowering in maize

Low nitrogen (N) supply may change assimilate partitioning between plant organs. We measured the effect of N supply on partitioning of recently assimilated ¹³C and recently absorbed ¹⁵N between generative and vegetative plant organs of two maize genotypes (Zea mays L.) 14 d after silking, i.e., during the lag phase of kernel growth. Furthermore, net partitioning of dry matter and N were assessed during grain filling. Plants were grown in a greenhouse in large containers. Our hypothesis was that N deficiency reduces grain set due to low partitioning of carbon (C) and N to the grains during the lag phase and reduces grain yield also because of excessive remobilization of N from the leaves during grain filling. During the lag phase, low N supply increased partitioning of recently assimilated photosynthates towards stem and roots at the expense of partitioning towards reproductive organs. However, despite of diminished sink strength of the reproductive organs for photosynthates, sugar concentrations in the grains of N‐deficient plants were increased, indicating that kernel set and potential kernel weight were not limited by low C supply at the end of the lag phase. In contrast to C, partitioning of recently absorbed N towards the reproductive organs was increased at low N supply at the expense of partitioning towards the roots. This indicates different mechanisms for the regulation of C and N distribution within the plant. During grain filling, biomass partitioning between plant organs was more affected by genotype than by rate of N supply. Nitrogen accumulation in the grains substantially exceeded total N uptake in the plant after flowering. Excess N accumulation in the grains was covered mainly by depletion of stem N at high N supply and by depletion of leaf N at low N supply. However, high concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates in the stem at maturity indicated that grain yield of N‐deficient plants was not limited by low source strength of N‐depleted leaves.     

Effect of Salinity and Nitrogen Status on Nitrogen Uptake by Tall Fescue Turf

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen (N) absorption is inhibited by root zone salinity, which could result in increased NO₃ leaching. Conversely, N absorption is enhanced by moderate N deficiency. Because turfgrasses are grown under N-limiting conditions, it is important to understand the interactive effects of salinity and N deficiency on N uptake. This study examined the effect of N status (replete versus deficient) and salinity on N (¹⁵NO₃ and ¹⁵ NH₄) uptake and partitioning by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Two cultivars (‘Monarch’ and ‘Finelawn I’) were grown in nutrient solution culture. Treatments included N level (100% or 25% of maximum N demand) and salinity (0, 40, 80, and 120 meq L^?1) in a factorial arrangement. Absorption of NO₃ and NH₄ was greater in low-N than in high-N cultures, but was reduced by salinity under both N treatments. Salinity reduced partitioning of absorbed N to leaves and increased retention in roots. These results suggest that turfgrass managers should consider irrigation water quality when developing their fertilizer program.     

Potassium and Nitrogen Distribution Pattern and Growth of Flue-Cured Tobacco Seedlings Influenced by Nitrogen Form and Calcium Carbonate in Hydroponic Culture

ABSTRACT

Grape tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicon L. var. cerasiform) have recently gained in popularity among consumers because they can be eaten without being cut, they are deep red in color, and their flavor is intense and pleasant. Current nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations were developed for determinate tomato varieties that have a 3-month long growing season, whereas that of the indeterminate grape cultivars may be up to six months. ‘Tami G’ grape tomatoes were grown on a Lakeland fine sand at the North Florida Research and Education Center—Suwannee Valley, near Live Oak, FL in Springs 2005 and 2006 using standard plasticulture practices under 0%, 33%, 66%, 100%, 133%, and 166% of the current recommended N rate for round tomato (224 kg/ha). Due to a longer growing season in 2006, plants received an additional three weekly injections of 22 kg/ha of N each in the 100% rate, that were also proportionally applied to the other treatments. Tomatoes were transplanted March 24, 2005 and April 4, 2006 and harvested, weighed and graded five (2005) and seven (2006) times. Season marketable yield (SMY) responses to N rates were quadratic (both years P < 0.01) and highest SMY (40,340 and 36,873 kg/ha) occurred with 314 and 280 kg/ha of N in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Fruit soluble solids concentrations ranged from 6.25 to 7.5, and 7.0 to 8.3° Brix in 2005 and 2006, respectively, and were not significantly affected by N rate. These results suggest that N fertilization for grape tomato grown in Spring with plasticulture could be done by incorporating 56 kg/ha of N in the bed, followed by daily rates ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 kg/ha/day. Because the length of the growing season for grape tomato may vary, emphasis should be placed on daily N rates and irrigation management, rather than on seasonal N rate.     

Influence of potassium on uptake and distribution op cesium in bush beans

Bush beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Improved Tendergreen, were grown for 18 days in 3700 ml. nutrient solutions in a factorial experiment involving 3 levels of K (10^‐2, 10^‐3, 10^‐4N) and 3 levels of Cs (10^‐4, 5 x 10^‐5, 10^‐5N). Mild K deficiency was observed for the low K level but no yield differences were due to Cs. Increasing K markedly decreased the Cs concentrations in all plant parts. The relative uptake of K vs Cs was not influenced by Cs but was by K. The concentration ratio (C.R.) for K in trifoliate leaves varied from 99 (high K) to 7315 (low K). The C.R, for Cs in trifoliate leaves varied from 8,67 (high K) to,0.96 (low K). Potassium was translocated to trifoliate leaves from 89 to 843 times that of Cs. The “Y”; values for Cs in plant parts was consistently near 1 meaning that Cs uptake was directly proportional to its concentration in the nutrient solution. The “Y”; values for K in plant parts were around 0.5 for 10^‐3/10^‐4N K but only about 0,2 for 10^‐2/10^‐3N K. Roots accumulated about 6 times more Cs than did leaves while K was quite uniformly distributed among plant parts. The uptake relationship for K and Cs then was vastly different indicating that K would not likely be a good carrier of radiocesium in food chains.     

Simulation of Biomass Partitioning and Production in Elephantgrass

Abstract

The expanded growth model has been used to simulate biomass accumulation with time by elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) grown in Florida. It has been used to describe partitioning of biomass between stem and leaf components of the plant as well as total biomass accumulation with time. The linear relationship between biomass (Y) and the growth quantifier (Q) has been confirmed. Large biomass accumulation by elephantgrass is explained by the wide spread (σ=13.6 wk) in the solar driving function and the low value of the aging coefficient (c=0.05 wk^?1). Partitioning of biomass between stem and leaf components is accounted for in the growth quantifier by partitioning Q into a component for stem (Q _S ) and a component for leaf (Q _L ). This allowed fine‐tuning of estimates of parameters c and the partition coefficient k. Analytical functions contained in the model are easily evaluated, as illustrated in the procedures.