广东省蕉岭长潭省级自然保护区表层土壤物性的研究

通过对广东省蕉岭长潭省级自然保护区针阔混交林、马尾松林、杉木林、毛竹林、阔叶混交林等5种不同森林类型土壤理化性质状况的比较,研究了不同森林类型对土壤肥力状况的影响。结果表明：（1）广东省蕉岭长潭省级自然保护区表层表土呈酸性,石砾含量、土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度分别为4.0%、1.11 g/cm3、58.01%、37.73%和20.28%;自然含水量、最大持水量、最小持水量分别为296.02,442.95,321.38 g/kg;土壤阳离子交换量为5.99-8.20 cmol（＋）/kg,电导率为57.87-97.44,全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾分别为1.88 g/kg、105.20 mg/kg、0.19 g/kg、2.22 mg/kg和130.53 mg/kg。（2）土壤孔隙度、土壤自然含水量、最小持水量、阳离子交换量、电导率、全磷、速效磷在不同林分类型间差异不显著,但土壤容重、石砾含量、最大持水量、土壤pH值、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾在不同林分类型间差异显著。马尾松林的石砾含量与针阔混交林、毛竹林、阔叶混交林有显著差异（p=0.003,p=0.009,p=0.01）,全氮与针阔混交林差异显著（p=0.025）,碱解氮与针阔混交林差异显著（p=0.028）,速效钾与阔叶混交林差异显著（p=0.012）;毛竹林pH值和杉木林、针阔混交林和阔叶混交林差异显著（p=0.026,p=0.030,p=0.035）。（3）从土壤理化性状来看,阔叶混交林、毛竹林的土壤质量和肥力要比马尾松林和杉木林好。     

蕉岭长潭省级自然保护区不同林分类型土壤水分物理性质研究

对广东省蕉岭长潭自然保护区的阔叶混交林、马尾松林、杉木林、毛竹林、针阔混交林等五种典型林分的土壤水分物理性质进行了研究,结果表明：（1）五种林分类型土壤自然含水量、毛管持水量、最小持水量的排序为毛竹林〉针阔混交林〉马尾松林〉杉木林〉阔叶混交林;非毛管孔隙度和非毛管持水量的排序为针阔混交林〉阔叶混交林〉杉木林〉马尾松林〉毛竹林。（2）五种林分的非毛管孔隙度;阔叶混交林、杉木林、针阔混交林的总孔隙度;阔叶混交林的毛管持水量、最大持水量、最小持水量、非毛管持水量;针阔混交林的自然含水量、毛管持水量、最大持水量、最小持水量、非毛管持水量都是随着土层深度的增加而减少。阔叶混交林、毛竹林、杉木林、针阔混交林的土壤容重是随土层深度的增加而增加。（3）同一土层不同林分间的容重、孔隙度、自然含水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量、非毛管持水量和最小持水量都没有显著差异,而同一林分的物理性质和持水特性在不同土层之间存在显著差异。     

杉木林不同更新方式对林地土壤性质的影响

对杉木林采伐迹地两种更新方式(人工营造杉木纯林、自然更新)的林地的土壤物理化学性质进行了定位观测,研究了杉木林不同更新方式对林地土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明:连栽杉木林地土壤粘性明显高于针阔叶混交林,自然更新形成的针阔叶混交林对林地土壤质地、通气性有了明显的改善;两种不同更新方式林地土壤自然含水量动态变化呈现出基本一致的季节变化规律,但在0～10cm、10～20cm土层中,不同季节,自然更新林地土壤含水量高于杉木人工林地,在垂直方向上,自然更新林地土壤含水量在不同层次空间上发生了明显的变化,而杉木人工林地的变化却不明显;与杉木林地相比,自然更新林地的pH值、有机质含量和营养元素含量增加的程度更为显著.说明针阔叶混交林能够更好地维持和恢复林地土壤肥力.     

广东流溪河5种林分的枯落物与土壤持水性*

文章以流溪河林场5 种不同林分为研究对象,分析其枯落物和土壤持水特性。结果表明：（1） 5 种林分枯落物持水能力表现为：荔枝（Litchi chinensis）林> 针阔混交林> 杉木林> 阔叶混交林> 毛竹 林;（2）5 种林分0 ~ 60 cm 土壤容重随土层深度增加而增大,60 cm 土层平均容重大小依次为：毛竹林< 针阔混交林< 阔叶混交林< 杉木林< 荔枝林;（3）5 种林分土壤总孔隙度平均大小依次为毛竹林> 针阔 混交林> 阔叶混交林> 杉木林> 荔枝林;（4）5 种林分土壤贮水量大小为毛竹林> 针阔混交林> 荔枝林> 杉木林> 阔叶混交林。总体而言,荔枝林枯落物持水性最好,毛竹林土壤持水性最强。     

广西猫儿山森林群落土壤物理性质空间变异及其环境影响因素

探索土壤物理性质沿环境梯度的变异规律及其影响因素,对森林群落物种分布格局和森林水文研究具有重要意义。以猫儿山不同海拔典型森林群落为研究对象,采用野外调查、实验分析与冗余分析(RDA)相结合的方法,研究了猫儿山海拔梯度上常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿针阔叶混交林和山顶矮林等典型森林土壤物理性质的空间变异及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明:0~60 cm层土壤容重随海拔的增加而降低,土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、土壤含水量、最大持水量和毛管持水量随海拔的增加而增加,局部有所波动。除常绿阔叶人工林和常绿针阔叶混交林外,其他森林土壤容重均随土壤深度的增加而增大,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度随土壤深度的变化趋势则表现各异。土壤容重、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度在0~10 cm层变化最为剧烈。土壤含水量、土壤最大持水量和毛管持水量的垂直变化规律均随土壤深度的增加而减少。RDA结果显示,海拔和植被类型是影响猫儿山土壤物理性质的主要因素,共解释了土壤物理性质变异的46.1%。海拔通过水热状况影响植被类型及其分布,进而影响林下土壤物理性质。     

广东省蕉岭长潭省级自然保护区表层土壤特性的研究

通过对广东省蕉岭长潭省级自然保护区针阔混交林、马尾松林、杉木林、毛竹林、阔叶混交林等5种不同森林类型土壤理化性质状况的比较,研究了不同森林类型对土壤肥力状况的影响。结果表明:(1)广东省蕉岭长潭省级自然保护区表层表土呈酸性,石砾含量、土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度分别为4.0%、1.11 g/cm3、58.01%、37.73%和20.28%;自然含水量、最大持水量、最小持水量分别为296.02,442.95,321.38 g/kg;土壤阳离子交换量为5.99~8.20 cmol(+)/kg,电导率为57.87~97.44,全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾分别为1.88 g/kg、105.20 mg/kg、0.19 g/kg、2.22 mg/kg和130.53 mg/kg。(2)土壤孔隙度、土壤自然含水量、最小持水量、阳离子交换量、电导率、全磷、速效磷在不同林分类型间差异不显著,但土壤容重、石砾含量、最大持水量、土壤pH值、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾在不同林分类型间差异显著。马尾松林的石砾含量与针阔混交林、毛竹林、阔叶混交林有显著差异(p=0.003,p=0.009,p=0.01),全氮与针阔混交林差异显著(p=0.025),碱解氮与针阔混交林差异显著(p=0.028),速效钾与阔叶混交林差异显著(p=0.012);毛竹林pH值和杉木林、针阔混交林和阔叶混交林差异显著(p=0.026,p=0.030,p=0.035)。(3)从土壤理化性状来看,阔叶混交林、毛竹林的土壤质量和肥力要比马尾松林和杉木林好。     

蕉岭长潭省级自然保护区表土有机碳的研究

基于UTM公里网格方法划分的66个网格的土壤剖面数据,分析了蕉岭长潭自然保护区5种典型植被类型（马尾松林、杉木林、针阔混交林、阔叶混交林和竹林）的表层土壤（0～20 cm）有机碳含量、密度、储量的分布特征与影响因子。结果表明：（1）表土有机碳含量SOC分布在12.61～66.19 g·kg^-1之间,平均值为30.87±1.30 g·kg^-1,大小顺序为竹林〉阔叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉杉木林〉马尾松林,多重比较显示竹林（37.63 g·kg^-1）显著高于马尾松林（18.52 g·kg^-1）,马尾松林仅为竹林的49.21%。（2）表土有机碳密度SOCD在3.27～15.69 kg·m^-2间,平均值为8.22±0.39 kg·m^-2,大小排序为阔叶混交林〉竹林〉针阔混交林〉杉木林〉马尾松林,阔叶混交林（10.15 kg·m^-2）和竹林（9.96 kg·m^-2）的SOCD值显著高于马尾松林（4.82 kg·m^-2）（p=0.005,p=0.036）,马尾松林仅是阔叶混交林的47.49%。（3）蕉岭长潭保护区表土层有机碳储量为402 100 t,占总面积54.54%的针阔混交林贡献最大,其次为阔叶混交林、杉木林、竹林和马尾松林。（4）表土有机碳含量与土壤全氮、速效钾含量显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.40和0.31;与石砾含量极显著负相关,相关系数达到-0.76。与林下植物分布有密切联系,有机碳含量〈20 g·kg^-1的指示种有6种,包括千年桐、黄毛楤木、米碎花、谷木冬青、长叶冻绿和乌韭,有机碳含量〉40 g·kg^-1的指示种有光叶海桐和土茯苓,有机碳含量在20～40 g·kg^-1间还未发现指示种。     

阔叶红松混交林不同大小林隙土壤含水量的时空异质性

在小兴安岭阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)混交林林隙及其周围郁闭林分内,通过网格法布点,于2010年7—9月使用TDR200测定中、小林隙I III层的土壤含水量。运用经典统计学和地统计学方法分析各土层土壤含水量的基本特征及同一林隙各样点土壤含水量的差异性,利用surfer 8.0软件进行克立格空间局部插值,并绘制各土层土壤含水量空间分布图,分析林隙土壤含水量的时空异质性。结果表明:中、小林隙I III土层土壤含水量均呈中等程度变异。随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量提高,土壤含水量的斑块连接度增大。土壤含水量最大值出现在林隙中心和近中心区域,并呈现出随土层深度增加面积扩大并向中心靠拢的变化趋势;土壤含水量最小值出现在扩展林隙及其郁闭林分内。中、小林隙中心与边缘土壤含水量的差异均为II层较I和III层大。7—9月土壤含水量均值呈单峰型变化,最大值出现在8月,且中林隙土壤含水量较小林隙的大;9月I和II层土壤含水量较8月大幅度减小,但III层与8月相比差异较小。     

基于机器学习算法的华中天然林土壤有机碳特征与关键影响因子

【目的】比较4种机器学习算法在模拟华中地区3种典型天然林土壤有机碳含量上的表现,筛选最优模型算法,明确影响该地区天然混交林土壤有机碳富集与空间分布的关键气候环境因子,为森林土壤有机碳分布格局研究提供技术参考。【方法】以华中地区3种典型天然林（常绿针叶混交林、落叶阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶混交林）为研究对象,引入4种机器学习算法（支持向量机、人工神经网络中的多层感知器、随机森林和分位数回归森林）,模拟0～60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量,比较模型解释量及表现稳定性,筛选最优模型算法。【结果】4种机器学习算法均能成功模拟天然林0～60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量,多层感知器、随机森林、分位数回归森林模拟结果明显优于支持向量机,其中随机森林模型表现最稳定,决定系数最高达0.620。母质、土壤密度、孔隙度、地理位置、海拔、植被和水分亏损情况等共同影响华中地区天然林0～60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量,但显著影响表层（0～20 cm）、中层（20～40 cm）与深层（40～60 cm）土壤有机碳含量的因子并不一致且影响机制不同。在0～20 cm土层,显著影响因子最复杂,除土壤密度以外,土壤孔隙度、地形、植被和气候...     

莲花山白盆珠自然保护区 3 种森林土壤养分含量比较

以莲花山白盘珠自然保护区针阔混交林、季风常绿阔叶林和山地常绿阔叶林表层土壤（0~20 cm）为对象,测定了土壤pH 值及主要养分含量,并应用相关分析法,探究了不同养分间的相关性。结 果表明：（1）山地常绿阔叶林土壤pH 值显著低于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;（2）森林土壤有机质、 全氮（N）、全磷（P）、速效N、有效P 含量在不同森林类型间差异显著：山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机质、 全 N、全P 显著高于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;针阔混交林土壤速效 N 含量最高,但有效 P 含量最 低;（ 3）3 种森林土壤全N 与全P 含量均存在极显著相关性,但其它养分间的相关性随森林类型而异, 表明森林类型对土壤养分的影响既有普遍性,又有特异性。     

衰退对云冷杉林表层土壤水分异质性的影响

利用传统统计学与地统计学相结合的方法对小兴安岭谷地不同衰退程度云冷杉林表层土壤(0～20cm)水分空间异质性和格局进行研究。结果表明,衰退明显增加了林地表层平均水分的含量,不同衰退程度的云冷杉林地之间表层土壤水分含量均有极显著差异(p0.01)。半方差函数分析结果表明,随着衰退程度的增加,使得平均块金值、基台值增大,空间结构比随着衰退程度的增加而减小。云冷杉林表层土壤水分含量具有高度的空间异质性,其空间异质性以空间自相关部分为主,从占总空间异质性的99%减小到71%;各向异性分析也表明,不同衰退程度的云冷杉林地表层土壤水分在各方向上为各向同性,表明土壤水分变化是独立、随机、同质性的;其空间格局有明显的差异,随着衰退程度的增加,分数维变大,斑块形状复杂程度增大,表层土壤水分空间分布格局明显破碎化。     

云冷杉过伐林主要树种结构特征分析

选择长白山针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的云冷杉过伐混交林,探讨直径结构、空间格局、蓄积生长、林下更新以及植物多样性等林分结构问题,为恢复红松为主的针阔混交林,提出结构调整思路。研究表明:由于过去以不合理的非经营性采伐,红松成主要择伐对象,红松不同年份各径阶株数变化幅度较大,直径18 cm开始出现缺损株数现象,缺乏中、大径组株数,导致母树数量、结实量和种源减少,造成在主要树种中红松更新最差的问题,不利于林分正向演替。不同针阔比混交林空间格局与其主要树种空间格局并非完全一致,在同一林分不同树种间存在差异。针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的混交林空间格局分别为随机分布、聚集分布和均匀分布。其中,红松分布格局主要呈聚集分布。因此,恢复以红松为主的针阔混交林,以红松和珍贵阔叶树种作为目标树种,采取目标树培育方法,伐除影响其更新和生长的林木,而将云冷杉和一般阔叶树作为伴生树种,逐渐减少云冷杉的优势,最终逐渐恢复成红松阔叶混交林;对针阔比8∶2和7∶3混交林红松分布格局,采取人工补植、间伐等措施,结合天然更新,向随机分布进行调整;采取人工补植、清理母树周围枯枝落叶层等措施人工辅助红松天然更新。     

Inter-crown versus under-crown area: contribution of local configuration of trees to variation in topsoil morphology, pH and moisture in Abies alba Mill. forests

This investigation of three Abies alba stands differing in stem density (338–715 per ha) and vertical structure (one-storeyed or multi-layered) explored the relations between distance from neighbouring tree stems and local canopy openness and selected topsoil properties. The null hypothesis was that in relatively densely stocked forests of close–random stem distribution topsoil morphology, pH and moisture do not differ in inter-crown and under-crown patches. In three plots 1.1 ha in area, soil samples were taken in a square grid 5.0 × 5.0 m and analysed using semivariogram estimation and spatial autocorrelation. The local configuration of trees around the sampled locations was characterised using hemispheral photography and a local stand density index based on tree locations and diameters. The largest portion of the total variation in the soil variables analysed (68–100%) was attributable to small-scale variation in scales <5 m. In all stands, irrespective of density and vertical structure, local stand density/canopy openness correlated positively/negatively with ectohumus layer thickness but negatively/positively with upper soil pH and moisture. Variation in the local configuration of trees explained up to 17% of the total variation in organic horizon thickness, up to 22–29% in topsoil pH (depending on the horizon) and up to 19–27% in topsoil moisture. The results indicate that even in stands of random tree patterning, stem neighbourhood and small-scale variation in canopy density may contribute significantly to topsoil heterogeneity and potentially affect the functioning and structure of forest floor vegetation.     

四川宽坝林区土壤水分动态研究

采用定位观测方法,利用2005年全年观测数据,从土壤水分对宽坝林地内的典型森林集水区(常绿阔叶林、杂灌林以及荒草坡)的森林水文月动态变化规律进行了研究,结果表明:(1)常绿阔叶林土壤含水月平均最大值为41.51%,最小值为33.77%;杂灌林土壤含水月平均最大值为39.17%,最小值为36.85%;荒草坡土壤含水月平均最大值为40.64%,最小值为37.47%。(2)土壤水分的垂直变化幅度不大,且各层土壤水分月动态变化趋势基本一致。(3)与杂灌林和荒草坡相比,天然常绿阔叶林具有较强水土保持能力和显著水源涵养作用。     

松阔异龄混交的林分生长与土壤水分物理性质比较研究

2002年在马尾松残次林下套种红锥、米老排、火力楠、南酸枣、枫香、山杜英、荷木等7个乡土阔叶树种,5年后对其林分生长和土壤水分物理性质进行了研究。结果表明：改造5年后林分已近郁闭,形成复层针阔混交林,以套种南酸枣和枫香的生长表现最佳;混交林的土壤渗透系数、含水量均随着土层深度的增加而下降,水分入渗和涵养水源效能显著增强,土壤渗透系数和含水量比马尾松纯林分别增加31．8％～45．1％和40．2％～55．1％;土壤水分物理性质得到了明显改善,其土壤容重降低6．1％～8．9％,总孔隙度提高5．3％-7．8％,饱和持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量分别提高16．6％～20．8％、9．5％-11．5％和12．7％～15．2％;总体而言,以套种枫香、红锥和南酸枣的生态效果最好。     

Biomass, diversity and composition of epiphytic macrolichens in primary and secondary forests in the subtropical Ailao Mountains, SW China

Epiphytic macrolichen litterfall was collected over 3 years from primary evergreen broad-leaved forests (PF), Populus bonatii secondary forests (PBSF), middle-aged oak secondary forests (MOSF) and old-aged oak secondary forests (OOSF) of the Ailao Mountains in SW China. To assess changes in the epiphyte communities of the subtropical forests, we compared the differences in biomass, species diversity and community structure of epiphytic lichens from the four forest types. A total of 51 species were recorded in this study. Species richness was highest in the PF, while α-diversity was highest in the MOSF. Lichen biomass differed markedly across the four forest types and was highest in the MOSF. The contribution of each dominant species to total biomass, except Nephromopsis ornata, was significantly different among forest types. Moreover, the percent contribution of foliose chlorolichens to litterfall tended to be higher in later-succession forest types, whereas the contributions of cyanolichens and fruticose chlorolichens were lower in these forest types. Compared to the PF, the lichen community structure in secondary forests differed significantly, implying that at least a few hundred years were needed for the restoration of these lichen communities. In particular, nineteen lichens were suggested as indicators, and eleven of them were present in the MOSF. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the observed differences were mainly attributed to canopy openness and the size of the largest tree, which represented an environmental gradient from exposed to sheltered habitats. The diversity of host tree species was also important in determining the composition and distribution of macrolichens. Our findings support the idea that the maintenance of the forest landscape mosaic of heterogeneous forest types may be an important management practice to maintain or promote the epiphytic lichen community of the subtropical Ailao Mountains.     

Distribution and ecology of Armillaria species in Greece

Five Armillaria species were identified in a nationwide survey in Greece. Armillaria mellea was present in coniferous and broad-leaved forests in most of the areas examined, except the high altitudes (above 1100 m) of the mountains of north Greece. It was found to cause significant damage in fir forests as well as in fruit orchards and vineyards. Armillaria gallica was common in coniferous and broad-leaved forests in the high altitudes of central and northern Greece, predominating in the beech forests. The fungus was a weak parasite or a saprophyte of forest trees and was occasionally found on cultivated plants. Armillaria ostoyae was not found in southern and central parts of the country, but it has a wide distribution in the mountain forests of northern Greece and causes significant damage on fir, black pine, Scots pine and spruce. Armillaria cepistipes was recorded at high altitudes (1400–1800 m) on two mountains of northern Greece, mostly as a saprophyte in coniferous and broad-leaved forests. Armillaria tabescens was rare in the forests of Greece; it was found to cause disease in almond tree orchards.     

Spatial distributions of tropical tree species in northern Vietnam under environmentally variable site conditions

Ecological interactions of species and thus their spatial pat- terns may differ between homogeneous and heterogeneous forests. To account for this, techniques of point pattern analysis were implemented on mapped locations of tree individuals from two 1-ha tropicalforest plots in Vietnam. We analyzed the effect of environmental heterogeneity on tree distributions; spatial distribution patterns of dominant species; inter-specific associations; and conspecific associations between life stages. Our analyses showed that： environmental conditions were homo- geneous at plot 1 but heterogeneous at plot 2; in both plots, all six domi- nant species were aggregated at various scales up to 30 m, and tree spe- cies were aggregated at larger scales in the homogeneous site than in the heterogeneous site; attraction between pairs of species was remarkably higher at the homogeneous site while negative associations were more frequent in the heterogeneous site; some species, H. kurzii, T. ilicifolia （homogeneous plot） and D. sylvatica, S. wightianum （heterogeneous plot） showed a lack of early life-stage individuals near conspecific adults. Moreover, additional clustering of young individuals was independent from conspecific adults, except D. sylvatica in both sites. These findings are consistent with the Janzen-ConneU hypothesis. Overall, habitat het- erogeneity influences spatial patterns and inter-specific associations of the tree species and evidences of self-thinning are shown in most species.     

思茅松人工林土壤有机碳和氮储量变化

以思茅松人工林中龄林、近熟林和过熟林及附近区域思茅松天然林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,探讨造林对思茅松人工林土壤有机碳和氮储量大小与空间分布的影响。结果表明:各林地类型土壤有机碳、氮含量与C:N随着土层厚度增加而减少,过熟林土壤有机碳和氮含量随土层加深则显著高于其它林地类型,近熟林土壤表层有机碳和氮含量显著低于中龄林和过熟林。思茅松人工林乔木层碳储量随林龄增大而增加,过熟林乔木层碳储量最高。造林对思茅松人工林土壤氮储量的影响不显著,而土壤有机碳储量随林龄增大先减少后增加至过熟林恢复至常绿阔叶林和思茅松天然林水平,土壤有机碳与氮储量随土层加深而减少。与常绿阔叶林和思茅松天然林相比,思茅松人工林的中龄林与过熟林土壤有机碳和氮储量的年变化量高于近熟林,近熟林年变化量呈净减少;在思茅松天然林中,人工更新与在常绿阔叶林中造林相比,思茅松人工林可以累积更多的土壤有机碳和氮储量。此外,土壤含水量越大,土壤有机碳储量则越高。     

Effects of afforestation on soil organic matter characteristics under subtropical forests with low elevation

We selected sites of natural broad-leaved forests and adjacent coniferous plantations (Cunninghamia konishii and Calocedrus formosana of 30 and 80 years old, respectively) in central Taiwan to evaluate the effects of plantations on soil organic matter (SOM) characteristics and composition. SOM was characterized by chemical analyses, solid-state ¹³C cross-polarization magic-angle nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS ¹³C NMR), and optical measurements. Semiquantitative analysis of CPMAS ¹³C NMR spectra showed the litter of broad-leaved forests to be less resistant to decomposition than that of coniferous forests. The humification degree of SOM was higher under broad-leaved than coniferous forests because of the relatively high percentage of aromatic C and carboxyl C in the humic acids (HAs) of A horizons under broad-leaved forests. Additionally, the E ₄/E ₆ ratio of HAs was lower in the A horizon under broad-leaved than coniferous forests, which reflected more condensation of SOM. High alkyl C content under coniferous forests could be attributed to needle litter quality, which has a high content of waxes or lipids. Afforestation with conifers induced accumulation of the litterfall layer, gradually increased SOM concentrations, and changed the composition structures of SOM in the topsoils.