奶牛结核病和布鲁氏菌病的检测净化方案

奶牛结核病和布鲁氏菌病是严重威胁到牲畜和人类健康程度的疾病,奶牛养殖人员需要对此进行防范和检测。为此,本文从奶牛结核病和布鲁氏菌病的危害出发,分析了奶牛结核病和布鲁氏菌病检测净化方案与措施,旨在为我国的奶牛养殖工作提供参考意见。     

上海市崇明区奶牛布鲁氏菌病和结核病区域净化流动性监管

2016年,上海市农业委员会启动崇明奶牛"两病"(布鲁氏菌病和结核病)区域净化示范区建设。崇明区动物卫生监督部门对奶牛"两病"区域净化实行了流动性监管,通过丰富基础信息、延长监管链条、拓宽监管范围等措施,有效克服了传统静态监管的难点,实现了对奶牛的全追溯管理。2017—2018年,未出现奶牛调运违规现象,"两病"筛查阳性率继续维持零检出。此模式可为全国其他地区"两病"的区域净化提供参考。     

奶牛布鲁氏菌病与结核病的防制

奶牛布鲁氏菌病、结核病（以下简称奶牛“两病”）分别是由布鲁氏菌和结核分枝杆菌引起的人畜共患传染病,其严重危害奶牛业持续发展和人民身体健康,危害公共卫生安全。人类尤其是儿童,可因饮用带菌的牛奶而感染。近年来奶牛”两病”死灰复燃,直接导致了人间结核病和布氏杆菌病感染率的上升,已严重影响了人们的身体健康和畜牧业的健康发展,控制和净化奶牛“两病”刻不容缓。因此对奶牛结核病和布病进行检测,淘汰感染奶牛,净化奶牛群,具有很重要的现实意义。     

浙江省温州市奶牛结核病和布鲁氏菌病检测净化的方案与措施

奶牛结核病和布鲁氏菌病是人畜共患病,具有易传染、发病率高、死亡率低、净化难度大的特点,已严重危害奶业的持续发展和人体健康。为了更好地组织实施奶牛"两病"的检测净化工作,本文以浙江温州当地实际情况为基础,从指导思想和工作原则入手,提出目标任务和实施步骤,通过技术要求和保障措施,逐步实现奶牛"两病"净化目标,对各地组织开展奶牛"两病"检测净化工作具有较强的指导意义。     

牛4种主要传染病的检测与分析

[目的]旨在研究口蹄疫、布鲁氏菌病、牛结核病、牛结节性皮肤病等4种牛主要传染病的免疫效果和流行情况。[方法]采用疫苗对口蹄疫、牛结节性皮肤病免疫,针对性使用荧光PCR、ELISA方法以及虎红平板凝集试验、皮内变态反应试验对上述4种牛病进行检测。[结果]免疫牛口蹄疫10.21万头次,检测血清1 534份和组织样品233份,口蹄疫免疫抗体合格率94.33%,口蹄疫病毒为阴性。使用山羊痘疫苗免疫牛结节性皮肤病2.89万头次,检测口鼻拭子/抗凝样品200份,牛结节性皮肤病病毒为阴性。监测牛布鲁氏菌病血清2 380份,阳性率为0.17%。监测牛结核病1 291头,阳性率为0.23%。[结论]口蹄疫、牛结节性皮肤病免疫效果良好,达到阻断病毒感染和传播目的。布鲁氏菌病、牛结核病总体上分别达到控制标准和净化标准,但“两病”仍有零星发生,需要加强牛只调运监管检疫。     

广东省首个国家级奶牛布鲁氏菌病、结核病净化场的创建

为推进奶牛布鲁氏菌病、结核病(简称“两病”)净化工作，保障奶牛养殖业持续健康发展和乳制品质量安全，广州市动物卫生监督所在开展本底调查的基础上，成立净化工作小组，指导广州华美牛奶有限公司(简称公司)积极开展奶牛“两病”检疫净化，包括加强宣传培训与指导，制定维持无疫的防控策略、技术路线、总体方案和技术规程，督促公司在全面检测、严格引种、牛群建设、防疫管理、监督检查、生产管理、卫生环保等方面严格落实各项管理措施，有效确保了该公司连续6年维持“两病”无疫状态，从而使公司顺利建成广东省国家级首个牛布鲁氏菌病、结核病净化场。本文总结了创建过程和维持无疫的经验做法，以期为奶牛养殖企业开展疫病净化提供参考。     

抓好奶牛“布鲁氏菌病”“结核病”的防制工作

奶牛布鲁氏菌病、结核病（以下简称奶牛“两病”）分别是由布鲁氏菌和结核分枝杆菌引起的人畜共患传染病．严重危害奶牛业持续发展和人民身体健康．危害公共卫生安全。人类特别是儿童可因饮用带菌的牛奶而感染。近年来奶牛“两病”死灰复燃．直接导致了人间结核病和布氏杆菌病感染率的上升．为了保障人民群众的身体健康．为奶牛检测结核病和布病,淘汰感染奶牛,净化奶牛群,具有很重要的现实意义。     

山东日照市规模牛羊场布鲁氏菌病和结核病净化技术

根据中国动物疫病预防控制中心《规模化奶牛场主要动物疫病净化技术指南》和《规模化种羊场主要动物疫病净化技术指南》,结合布鲁氏菌病和结核病的流行病学调查结果,选择阳性率低的养殖场,开展规模牛羊场布鲁氏菌病和结核病的净化研究。经过2～3年的净化,山东日照市规模牛羊场布鲁氏菌和结核病的阳性率均降为0。说明通过科学的净化技术和措施,规模牛羊场的布鲁氏菌和结核病可以得到净化,净化成效显著。     

大胆创新 先行先试 积极探索区域净化工作模式

按照国家对上海市提出的要求,上海市借鉴国际先进经验,将风险评估等新技术创新引人疫病净化实践中,积极探索区域净化工作模式,通过两年多的实践,上海市崇明区奶牛布鲁氏菌病和结核病(以下简称“两病”)区域净化示范区建设工作取得初步成效。     

陕西省汉中市畜间布鲁氏菌病检疫净化工作实践

陕西省汉中市采取"检疫、检测、消毒、扑杀、无害化处理、疫病净化"的综合性防控措施,对畜间布鲁氏菌病进行检疫净化,取得了明显成效。2011年,当地布鲁氏菌病流行率为0.48%,2014年下降到0,连续两年维持无疫。本文从工作思路、工作措施等方面,介绍了汉中市开展畜间布鲁氏菌病检疫净化的做法以及取得的成效,同时分析总结了汉中市布鲁氏菌病净化的成功经验,为其他地区的检疫净化工作开展提供了参考。     

天津市奶牛结核病净化工程

为完成奶牛结核病净化工程,天津市引进了γ-干扰素检测新技术,结合传统的检测、扑杀、消毒、检疫、流调、监管等技术措施,制定了奶牛结核病净化技术规范。根据本市奶牛结核病防治实际情况,制定了全市奶牛结核病净化项目实施方案,确定了科学的可行的以区县为单位分区实施的净化技术路线。通过4年的努力,全市共完成奶牛结核病检测71.3万头次,检出阳性牛170头,且阳性牛呈逐年下降趋势,2013年无阳性牛检出。至2013年底,全市所有农业区县均达到农业部颁布的奶牛结核病净化标准,并通过市畜牧兽医局组织的考核验收。本文对项目实施过程及成功经验进行了分析和探讨,以期为其它地区开展奶牛结核病净化工作提供参考。     

高原奶牛布鲁氏菌病的血清学调查

为了解青海省民和县奶牛布鲁氏菌病的分布和流行情况,净化布鲁氏菌病,对来自12个乡镇的10308份奶牛血清采用试管凝集反应试验(SAT)进行了血清学检测,检出阳性血清23份,阳性率为0.223%,表明青海民和地区存在奶牛布鲁氏菌的感染。     

Serological status of Canadian cattle for brucellosis,anaplasmosis, and bluetongue in 2007–2008

A national bovine serological survey was conducted to confirm that the prevalence of brucellosis, bluetongue, and anaplasmosis does not exceed 0.02% (95% confidence) in live cattle in Canada. Sampling consisted of a systematic random sample of 15 482 adult cattle slaughtered in federally inspected abattoirs, stratified by province. Samples were tested to detect antibodies for brucellosis, bluetongue, and anaplasmosis. All samples were negative for brucellosis. Three samples were seroreactors to bluetongue, 2 of which originated from the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia and 1 from Ontario, which after follow-up, was considered an atypical result. A total of 244 samples were seroreactors to Anaplasma and follow-up identified infection in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Quebec. In conclusion, the Canadian cattle population remains free of brucellosis and free of bluetongue outside the Okanagan Valley. Canada is no longer free of anaplasmosis and will be unable to claim freedom until eradication measures are completed.     

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) brucellosis eradication program in the United States

Efforts to eradicate brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus in the United States began in 1934 as part of an economic recovery program to reduce the cattle population because of the Great Depression and concurrent severe drought conditions. A number of states saw this as an opportunity to reduce the level of brucellosis, which was the most significant livestock disease problem in the US at the time. In 1934 and 1935, the reactor rate in adult cattle tested was 11.5%. In 1954, the magnitude of the brucellosis problem in the United States in terms of economics to the cattle industry and human health prompted Congress to appropriate funds for a comprehensive national effort to eradicate brucellosis. The brucellosis eradication program was designed as a cooperative effort between the federal government, the states, and livestock producers. As the science and technology of brucellosis has developed over the years through research and experience, the eradication program has been modified many times.

As of 31 December 2000, there were no affected cattle herds in the United States. This was the first time in the history of the brucellosis program that the United States had no known brucellosis affected herds. However, brucellosis has a variable, sometimes quite lengthy incubation period, so it is expected that additional affected herds will be disclosed. It is likely that additional affected herds will be disclosed before brucellosis is finally eradicated from cattle. Animal health officials remain prepared to aggressively pursue any newly disclosed affected herds to eliminate the disease as quickly as possible.

The State-Federal Brucellosis Eradication Program has made tremendous progress since its inception. In an eradication program, it is critically important to recognize that, despite all the tools that are available to eliminate the disease, an effective surveillance system is the critical first step that must be in place in order to be successful. It is imperative, not only to be able to find the disease and eliminate it, but to find it before it spreads to susceptible herds. When brucellosis can be identified, contained, and eliminated before spread occurs, eradication can be achieved.     

Feedback from the Freezing Works

The almost complete eradication of tuberculosis and brucellosis in cattle is of great credit to both the staff of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) and the veterinary practitioners in this country. As we now move into new fields of disease control, it is vital that our expertise and resources are used for maximum effect in promoting agricultural production.     

Investigations on the Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis in Dairy Cattle in Dar es Salaam Region and in Zebu Cattle in Lugoba Area,Tanzania

A study between August 1995 and December 1997 included 343 dairy cattle on 20 farms in the Dar es Salaam region and 2289 zebu cattle on 39 bomas in the Lugoba area (coast region). The aim was to establish the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) and bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus). In the single intradermal tuberculin test (SIT), 0.9% (3/343) of the animals in Dar es Salaam tested positive and 1.2% (4/343) were doubtful. Positive reactors were found in 10% (2/20) of the farms. In the Lugoba area, 0.6% (14/2206) were positive and 6.8% (149/2206) doubtful, positive cases being found in 21% (8/39) of all bomas. In the slow agglutination test (SAT) for B. abortus, 14.1% (48/341) of the serum samples reacted positively in Dar es Salaam and 2.3% (8/341) were doubtful. Positive SAT reactors were identified on 25% (5/20) of the dairy cattle farms. In the Lugoba area, 12.3% (273/2221) proved to be positive SAT reactors and doubtful reactions were observed in 2.9% (64/2221). SAT-positive animals were detected on 87% (34/39) of all bomas. The prevalence in single herds in Dar es Salaam varied from 4.3% to 5.3% for the SIT and from 2.2% to 50% for the SAT. The prevalence in single herds in Lugoba area was between 1.1% and 2.9% for SIT and from 1.4% up to 62.1% for SAT. The two cattle populations differed significantly (p<0.001) in the prevalence of both bovine tuberculosis and bovine brucellosis. Two cows that were positive reactors were slaughtered and subjected to post-mortem examination, and organ samples were bacteriologically cultured. The occurrence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in both cows.     

Isolation of brucella abortus from two dogs in contact with bovine brucellosis.

On a farm where several cattle were serologically positive for bovine brucellosis, three dogs were found to have titres greater than 400 i.u. to Brucella abortus. The titres persisted until the dogs were killed over two months later. Two male dogs were necropsied. B. abortus was isolated from the spleen of both dogs. While farm dogs are not thought to be a major reservoir of bovine brucellosis they may be considered as possible carriers in imfected herds and should be considered during the investigation and eradication of bovine brucellosis.     

Simulation-model evaluation of bovine tuberculosis-eradication strategies in Argentine dairy herds

We used stochastic modification of the Reed–Frost model to assess the impact of 14 different eradication strategies on bovine tuberculosis, under three scenarios of disease introduction, in Argentine dairy herds. All strategies investigated were based on a test-and-cull approach using either the caudal-fold test (CFT), the single cervical test (SCT), the gamma-interferon (γ-IFN) test or a combination of these tests. The maximum, minimum and most-likely sensitivity and specificity were investigated in three scenarios simulating different epidemiological conditions.

Simulation results were highly variable; therefore, it is difficult to predict the effect of disease-control strategies within individual herds. On average, the use of the SCT was less efficient in eradicating tuberculosis from the simulated herd than the CFT. Eradication would be achieved most efficiently by strategies in which the CFT was used assuming maximum possible sensitivity and specificity (difficult to achieve in the field) and/or the γ-IFN test—which has both economical and logistical limitations to its widespread application in Argentina. When disease-control was simulated in situations in which herd tuberculosis prevalence is ≥22%, all strategies we simulated were less efficient than herd depopulation. Considering that Argentine dairy producers are not compensated financially for cattle culled because of tuberculosis, eradication strategies currently used in the Argentine national tuberculosis eradication might not succeed.     

寻甸县肉牛主要疫病病原学监测和防控研究

2021年—2022年云南省寻甸县肉牛科技特派团成员对寻甸县肉牛主要疫病进行系统调查及疫病防治研究,2年来共完成了16个乡(镇)175个肉牛养殖场(户)的现场调查,并随机在全县16个乡镇71个肉牛养殖场(户)、1个屠宰场和1个大牲畜交易市场采集样品3267份,进行了口蹄疫、牛结节性皮肤病、牛蓝舌病、巴氏杆菌病、牛支原体、牛结核分枝杆菌、牛病毒性腹泻、牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛布鲁氏菌病、巴贝斯虫10个病的病原学检测,结果显示：牛结节性皮肤病、蓝舌病病毒、牛巴氏杆菌病、牛支原体、牛结核病、巴贝斯虫病6个病种的病原监测均为阴性;在73个养殖场(户)1394份棉拭子中检出牛病毒性腹泻阳性3份、牛传染性鼻气管炎阳性2份;在29个养殖场(户)899份全血样品中检出牛巴贝斯虫病12份,样品阳性率分别为0.22%,0.14%,1.33%;场阳性率分别为1.37%、1.37%,24.13%。通过2年持续地边监测边排查隐患,精准指导养牛户科学防控疫病、规范使用兽药、强化生物安全等措施,使养殖户掌握了科学养牛和科学防病技术,切实提高肉牛疫病防控和养殖水平,提高肉牛养殖效率和肉牛产品品质。