一起依法应当检疫而未经检疫经营动物案例的探讨

昭通市某区动物卫生监督所执法人员查处发现,某村村民涉嫌经营依法应当检疫而未经检疫的生猪。经立案调查,认定当事人违法事实存在,根据《动物防疫法》规定,依法给予行政处罚。本文通过对该起案例探讨,对违法主体认定、违法行为认定、适用法律及处罚依据等方面内容进行了分析,以期为官方兽医依法行政提供参考。     

一起经营未经检疫动物案例的分析

当事人经营依法应当检疫而未经检疫生猪,浙江省临海市动物卫生监督所对该违法行为进行了立案查处。本文通过对本案件查处过程的叙述和分析,对本案如何正确适用动物防疫法表达了笔者的看法,以期与同行交流。     

浅谈鸡种蛋的检疫

禽卵是禽类垂直传染病的主体媒介。据有关资料介绍 ,目前发现多种鸡传染病可由隐性带菌 (毒 )鸡产的蛋孵化后感染雏鸡而发病 ,除鸡白痢、沙门氏菌病外 ,还有鸡脑脊髓炎、包函体肝炎、禽流感、鸡传染性支气管炎、马立克、鸡白血病、禽霉形体感染症、病毒性关节炎等。这种携带病原菌 (毒 )的种蛋很易造成鸡病的传播和流行 ,对日益发展的养鸡业是一大隐患。但由于有部分检疫监督人员对种蛋的检疫了解不透 ,笔者认为很有必要介绍。现将实施检疫的方法步骤介绍如下 :１作好种鸡群的检疫考察种蛋必须来源于健康种鸡群 ,对供蛋种鸡群的检疫考察是种…     

浅谈种蛋的检疫

禽卵是禽类传染病垂直传播的主要媒介。据有关资料介绍，目前已发现多种鸡传染病可由隐性带菌(毒)鸡产的卵对孵化出的雏鸡发生感染，例如鸡白痢、鸡沙门氏菌毒、鸡脑脊髓炎、鸡包涵体肝炎、鸡白血病，这对养鸡产业是一大隐患。而种蛋携带病源菌(毒)造成鸡病的传播和流行，直接威胁养鸡产业的发展。     

一起经营动物产品未附检疫证明案例的评析

1案情简介 2011年1月30日上午10时,柳州市某县动物卫生监督所（以下简称“监督所”）接到该县某乡动物检疫员举报,在该乡农贸市场肉行有人经营未附检疫证明的猪肉,请县监督所前往调查。     

一起经营病死鸡产品的案例

1案情 2005年7月25日，河北省廊坊市兽医卫生监督检验所接到群众举报，蒋某在霸州市某冷库16号分库储存病死白条鸡，并在其家中加工成熏鸡后销售，我所立即组织人员赴现场，核实并立案查处。     

动物精液、胚胎和种蛋安全性的检疫监督

《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》规定“动物产品包括生皮、原毛、精液、胚胎、种蛋以及未经加工的胴体、脂、脏器、血液、绒、骨、角、头、蹄等。”又规定“动物防疫监督机构按照国家标准和国务院畜牧兽医行政管理部门规定的行业标准、检疫管理办法和检疫对象依法对动物、动物产品实施检疫。”这些规定明确了动物精液、胚胎和种蛋均属动物产品 ,应当由动物防疫监督机构依法对其安全性进行检疫监督。由于动物精液、胚胎和种蛋是可繁衍后代的特殊动物产品 ,对受体和后代的健康直接产生影响 ,保证其安全性更具有特别重要的意义。因此《动物防疫法…     

对一起违法经营蛋鸡案查处的思考

案情经过 1月15日下午,山东省临朐县动物卫生监督所接到昌乐县动物卫生监督所关于请求协查的电话.来电称:有一车牌号为鲁G×××××的江淮牌汽车,从昌乐县乔官镇吕家庄村阎某某处收购淘汰蛋鸡1 000余只,逃避检疫,可能运往临朐县,请求协查处理.     

Impact of Hatching Egg Weight and Egg Shape Index on Hatching Results in Zi Goose

This paper was aimed to study the impact of hatching egg weights and egg shape indexs on hatching of Zi goose,and then sum up the best scheme for hatching eggs screening,so as to provide scientific reference for the selection and retention of Zi goose individuals and family hatching eggs,as well as the breeding and incubation production.2469 hatching eggs of Zi geese of the second year were chosen with the weight range of 94.8 to 154.4 g and an average weight of (123.3±9.5) g;the egg shape index range was 1.24~1.63 and the average index was 1.45±0.05.Using 2 factors 4 levels test design,the weight and the shape index of eggs were divided into four levels and all the eggs were separated into 16 hatching groups.The weight and the shape index were measured and labeled on eggshells.Two hatching experiments were conducted in the same instrument and the hatching conditions were same.The results showed that:① Egg fertility rate was the highest in egg weight <118.0 g group,followed by >131.9 g group;Hatchability of fertilized eggs was the highest in >131.9 g group,followed by 125.0~131.9 g group,and the hatchability of fertilized eggs increased along with the increase of egg weight;The highest healthy chick rate of breeding egg hatching lay in 125.0~131.9 g group,followed by >131.9 g group;The highest breeding egg hatching gosling birth weight lay in >131.9 group.② When egg shape index was between 1.47 to 1.51,the egg fertility rate and healthy chick rate were the highest,followed by >1.51 group;In the group 1.47 to 1.51,hatchability of fertilized eggs was the highest,followed by 1.42 to 1.46 group.In conclusion,hatching egg weight of Zi goose had significant impact on egg fertility rate,hatchability of fertilized eggs,healthy chick rate and gosling birth weight (P<0.05),and the egg weight of Zi goose between 125.0~154.4 g was advisable;on the other hand,egg shape index also had significant impact on egg fertility rate,hatchability of fertilized eggs and healthy chick rate (P<0.05),but had no impact on gosling birth weight (P>0.05),and the egg shape index between 1.47 to 1.51 was appropriate.Egg fertility rate,hatchability of fertilized eggs,healthy chick rate and gosling birth weight were affected by interaction of egg weight and shape index.Compared with the weight of eggs,the egg shape index had greater influence on healthy geese rate.The egg shape index had no direct impact on birth weight of young geese,but it could be influenced by the interaction between the egg shape index and the weight.Thus it was not very scientific to take either the weight or the index as the only basis for choosing qualified hatching eggs.     

籽鹅种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数对孵化效果影响的研究

本试验旨在研究不同水平蛋重与蛋形指数对籽鹅种蛋孵化效果的影响,进而总结出种蛋筛选的最佳方案,为籽鹅个体、家系种蛋的选留及籽鹅的繁衍、孵化、生产提供科学参考。选取二年籽鹅种蛋2 469枚,蛋重为94.8~154.4 g,平均蛋重（123.3±9.5）g;蛋形指数为1.24~1.63,平均蛋形指数1.45±0.05。采用2因素4水平试验设计,将所有种蛋按蛋重与蛋形指数分成16个孵化组（蛋重与蛋形指数分别分为4个水平）,测量每枚种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数,并在蛋壳上做好编号,在相同孵化条件、同一孵化设备中进行两次孵化试验。结果表明,①蛋重<118.0 g组种蛋受精率最高,>131.9 g组次之;>131.9 g组种蛋受精蛋孵化率最高,125.0~131.9 g组次之,且受精蛋孵化率随着蛋重增大升高;125.0~131.9 g组种蛋孵化健雏率最高,>131.9 g组次之;>131.9 g组种蛋孵出鹅雏出生重最大。②蛋形指数在1.47~1.51组种蛋受精率及种蛋孵化健雏率最高,>1.51组次之;1.47~1.51组种蛋受精蛋孵化率最高,1.42~1.46组次之。分析以上结果可得出：籽鹅种蛋蛋重对种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率、鹅雏出生重有显著影响（P<0.05）,以籽鹅蛋重在125.0~154.4 g为宜;蛋形指数对种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率亦有显著影响（P<0.05）,对种蛋孵出鹅雏出生重无影响（P>0.05）,以蛋形指数在1.47~1.51为宜。籽鹅种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数对受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率、鹅雏出生重的影响均存在交互作用。其中,蛋形指数对种蛋孵化健雏率的影响较蛋重强,其作为单一因素对鹅雏出生重无影响。以上结果表明,以蛋重或蛋形指数任一因素作为种蛋筛选的依据都不科学,应综合考虑以达到种蛋优选的目的。     

种蛋清洗消毒对孵化性能的影响试验

种蛋经机器清洗消毒处理后,与未处理的对照组相比较,入孵蛋孵化率提高了2.68个百分点,受精蛋孵化率提高了1.42个百分点,健雏率提高了0.7个百分点,经统计检验,两者差异极显著(P<0.01)。对照组死胚蛋中大肠杆菌检出率9.09%、沙门氏菌检出率54.55%,处理组大肠杆菌或沙门氏菌检出率均为零。种蛋清洗消毒后能显著提高孵化效果及雏鸡质量。     

修补破损种蛋提高种蛋利用率试验

破损种蛋一般认为不能用于孵化,而被废弃。笔者对三种较为简单易行的修补破损种蛋的方法进行了试验,证明了破损种蛋通过修补可与正常种蛋一样用于常规孵化。将破损种蛋按不同破损程度和形状、不同修补时间、不同修补材料、破损蛋与完好蛋、破损蛋修补与不修补分成五组进行对比试验,每组重复三次。经修补的破损种蛋,孵化率为80.15%,与正常种蛋孵化率(87.14%)差异不显著(P>0.05)。修补的破损种蛋孵化率显著高于未修补的破损种蛋孵化率,分别为81.24%和33.91%。用胶水、浆糊、透明胶带修补的破损种蛋孵化率分别为81.01%、80.16%、68.98%。将破损种蛋分成第二天修补、第四天修补、第六天修补三类,同时入孵,结果为第二天、第四天、第六天修补的孵化率分别为81.06%、76.28%、62.54%。由此可见,破损种蛋在内壳膜没有破裂的情况下,完全可以用来孵化。     

孵化期间鹅种蛋失重及其孵化效果的研究

本试验通过对不同品种鹅种蛋在孵化过程中的失重及孵化效果进行研究。结果表明,种蛋1 d~28 d平均失重率以莱茵鹅最高,与豁鹅、籽鹅比较差异显著(p<0.05),而豁鹅与籽鹅比较,差异不显著(p>0.05)。受精率以莱茵鹅最高,与豁鹅比较差异达到了显著水平(p<0.05),与籽鹅比差异极显著(p<0.01)。受精孵化率籽鹅与豁鹅、莱茵鹅比较,差异分别达到了极显著水平(p<0.01)和显著水平(p<0.05)。入孵蛋重与28d胚蛋重呈强正相关,失重率随蛋重增加而降低;蛋重越大,初生重也随之增大。     

两种孵化方法对泥鳅孵化效果的比较研究

为比较孵化方式对泥鳅孵化效果的影响,试验采用4mg DOM＋3μg LHRH-A2对泥鳅进行催产,将所产卵子进行人工授精后,采用西北农林科技大学安康水产试验示范站自制溢水式孵化桶与水泥池置入40目绢纱布网箱两种方法对泥鳅受精卵进行去巢流水式孵化和鱼巢附卵孵化。在pH7.0~7.5、水温24~26℃的条件下,以孵化时间和孵化率探讨两种孵化方式对泥鳅孵化的影响。结果去巢流水孵化的孵化时间和孵化率为（30.52±0.89）h、（92.25±0.84）%;鱼巢附卵孵化的孵化时间和孵化率为：（38.56±1.04）h（、88.97±0.78）%。表明去巢流水孵化显著优于鱼巢附卵孵化。     

桑蚕卵电晕人工孵化技术研究：V.电晕处理蚕种的农村饲育

通过１９９４～１９９６年电晕处理蚕种的农村饲养，得到以下几点认识，在保证卵面消毒和排除孵化不齐因素情况下，电晕蚕种与浸酸蚕种的产量质量无显著差异，专供农用的大板电晕仪存在放电不匀，孵经不齐和孵化率欠高的问题，有待改进，电晕处理蚕种还须进行卵消毒。     

自然环境下种蛋保存条件对孵化性能影响的研究

在自然环境条件下(平均温度20．8℃，相对湿度89．9％)，根据种蛋的保存时间(1～3天，4～6天，7～9天，10～12天)、放置方式(锐端向上，锐端向下)、翻蛋与否，将入孵蛋分为16个处理组，与大批量的种蛋同机孵化。试验结果表明：保存时间对种蛋孵化率起决定性影响，保存期一周内孵化率最佳，超过一周则孵化率明显下降。翻不翻蛋对种蛋孵化率的影响不显著，但显著影响早期和中后期胚胎死亡率。放置方式对保存期在10天以内的种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、胚胎早期死亡率、胚胎中后期死亡率没有影响；种蛋保存期超过10天时。锐端向下存放可提高孵化率。     

Bactericidal Effect of Several Chemicals on Hatching Eggs Inoculated with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium

Breeder flocks and commercial hatcheries represent an early contamination point for Salmonella entry into commercial integrated poultry operations. Utilizing effective antimicrobial treatments for hatching eggs is a critical part of reducing the incidence of Salmonella-colonized chicks on the farm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal effect of several chemicals on Salmonella-contaminated hatching eggs. Four replications (n = 10/treatment per replicate) were conducted to determine the efficacy of 7 commercially available compounds. The compounds tested were as follows: 1) hydrogen peroxide, 2) water-oil emulsion droplets stabilized by detergent, 3) peroxyacetic acid, 4) 4 quaternary ammonium compounds attached to a polymer, 5) 2 quaternary ammonium compounds, 1 biguanide compound and bronopol attached to a polymer, 6) N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and stabilized urea, and 7) polyhexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride. A naladixic acid-resistant Salmonella serovar Typhimurium was inoculated (10³ cfu/mL) onto fertile hatching eggs by drip-inoculation. Controls included a positive control (no spray application) and a water control (spray containing water to take into account rinsing effects). Compounds 5 and 7 had a 100% reduction, and both of these chemicals included a biguanide. Compounds 4 and 3 were also effective with a 95 and 93.5% reduction, respectively. Compounds 6 and 2 were the least effective of all chemicals, with a reduction of 47.5 and 40%, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide (compound 1), which has been used by the poultry industry, had a 70% reduction, and the water control produced a 10% reduction due to the rinsing effect. Several antimicrobials tested were more effective than hydrogen peroxide. More detailed studies will be required to adequately evaluate these antimicrobials.     

外源肌苷酸对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质及种蛋孵化性能的影响

本试验通过在种鸡的基础饲粮中加入肌苷酸(IMP)来研究其对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和种蛋孵化性能的影响。选择遗传背景相同、体重相近,产蛋率达到5%的20周龄健康AA种鸡864羽,随机分为2组(对照组饲喂基础饲粮;试验组饲喂基础饲粮+0.5%肌苷酸),每组6个重复,每个重复72羽,试验期30 d。测定试验期间所有种蛋的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率;每组随机选取部分种蛋进行蛋品质测定;于孵化开始第17天,通过照蛋处理统计种蛋受精率,第21天出雏时,计算受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率和健雏率。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组种鸡的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率均有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);蛋形指数显著升高(P<0.05),蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度和蛋黄颜色显著降低(P<0.05);受精率、受精蛋孵化率和入孵蛋孵化率显著升高(P<0.05),健雏率和雏鸡体重有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上,0.5%外源肌苷酸对种鸡的产蛋性能和种蛋孵化性能均有促进作用。