基于WebGIS的河南省草地资源信息化系统的设计与实现

本文通过对河南省草地资源清查工作成果的分析和处理,并基于WebGIS技术、数据库技术和ASP.NET技术构建B/S多层架构应用系统的思想,开发了集草地数据信息化管理、草地数据地图可视化、草地基础地理信息服务和应用、指标数据统计和分析、文档资料管理等功能于一体的草地资源信息管理系统,为河南省加强草地生态保护建设,促进草地合理开发利用,提高草地精细化管理水平提供信息基础和决策支持。     

我国温带草地草畜平衡动态监测系统的研究

本文讨论了我国温带草地放牧系统草畜平衡动态监测的原理与方法，设计了动态监测的数据库与技术系统以及遥感测产和动态监测的有关模型，以期建立可运行的大范围草地资源动态监测系统，为草地管理决策提供依据。     

基于3S技术的草地退化动态监测系统设计

草地科学的基础性研究与"3S"技术相结合,使得宏观管理和监测草地的动态变化成为现实.为解决大中尺度草地、草场管理与退化监测中信息的获取、管理和空间分析、决策等问题,以遥感、地理信息系统、全球定位系统"3S"为核心,以山丹县草地草场退化现状为应用背景,从系统目标、系统的总体功能和结构,系统实现的软、硬件支撑环境等方面探讨了黑河中上游典型地区草地草场退化动态监测系统的初步设计及其应用,旨在为科学的评价与宏观监测草地草场退化,改善草地生态环境和促进草地生产经营和现代化管理提供决策支持.     

应用高新技术实现对草地资源的信息化管理

受气候变化和人类活动的影响，内蒙古草地资源的数量、质量和生产条件都在不断变化之中，为合理开发利用草地资源，必须摸清现状和了解动态变化情况，利用遥感(QS)、全球定位系统(GPS)、地理信息系统(GIS)简称3S技术，加之计算机网络技术和信息高速公路，可以形成以章地资源与环境为对象的从数据获取和信息处理、直到预报、规划和决策的综合信息流程，达到从宏观到微观科学管理利用草地资源。     

基于WebGIS东北草地植物信息平台设计与开发

随着人类活动的加剧,东北草地面积骤减,濒危珍稀植物种类增多,草地植物资源可持续管理受到广泛关注。为了解决草地植物资源大数据,多格式,难共享等问题,开发设计了东北草地植物信息平台。平台开发环境为MyEclipse2014,系统环境为Microsoft Windows 7,编程语言为Java,依托WebGIS技术,以强大的空间数据服务为基础,运用ArcServer提供的成熟地图服务,详细设计了平台功能结构和数据库结构。在优秀的前端开发技术和高效的数据库技术的支持下,平台提供了专题地图制作的功能,开发了属性查询、数据分析、专题应用、系统管理和更新与维护五大应用模块,实现了草地植物资源在时空上的统计分析、畜牧承载力和草地质量等专题应用的功能。     

基于3S技术的草地退化动态监测系统设计

草地科学的基础性研究与“3S”技术相结合,使得宏观管理和监测草地的动态变化成为现实。为解决大中尺度草地、草场管理与退化监测中信息的获取、管理和空间分析、决策等问题,以遥感、地理信息系统、全球定位系统“3S”为核心,以山丹县草地草场退化现状为应用背景,从系统目标、系统的总体功能和结构,系统实现的软、硬件支撑环境等方面探讨了黑河中上游典型地区草地草场退化动态监测系统的初步设计及其应用,旨在为科学的评价与宏观监测草地草场退化,改善草地生态环境和促进草地生产经营和现代化管理提供决策支持。     

高寒草甸家庭牧场管理模型的初步开发

家庭牧场是草地生产和经营的主体,其管理水平对于保护草地生态系统至关重要。本研究以草地生态—经济平衡理论、家畜精准管理理论、放牧适宜度理论、非平衡草场生态系统弹性管理理论为研发依据,采用Visual Studio Team System 2010和Microsoft SQL Server 2008开发了一款基于Windows系统的家庭牧场管理模型。该模型包括后台数据库、系统输入和输出3个模块,以12个月为运行周期,通过输入饲草供给、家畜需求、家庭收支等数据,从畜群结构、牧场家畜承载量、草畜平衡、草地健康、牧场收益5个方面进行评价,并形成牧场经营管理评估报告。牧户可根据评估报告进行计算机模拟优化,并依据优化方案相应改进生产管理活动。本模型以祁连山东段高寒草甸区家庭牧场为试点,完成了模型参数调试、生产管理评价以及优化等工作。测试结果证明该模型界面设置便捷、操作简单,评价和优化输出报表图文并茂,可以帮助牧场主施行有效的管理决策。此外,该模型还在后台数据库构建过程中发现一些科研空白,为后期草地畜牧业科研指出攻关方向。     

草地资源调查与智能分析系统简介

开展草地资源调查与监测是动态掌握草地资源状况、科学制定草原保护和建设决策、推进草原生态文明建设以及促进草原合理利用的重要前提。为了解决传统草地资源调查流程繁琐、工作效率低、多人协同性差、内外业分离以及数据共享难等问题,草地遥感与地理信息系统研究团队利用人工智能等技术设计开发出一套草地资源调查与智能分析系统。该系统由草地资源监测与智能分析系统和“草伴侣”app两部分组成。可以实现外业调查任务规划与分解、外业调查数据录入及动态传输、图像采集与智能分析、数据库自动构建与数据处理分析等功能,可为草地资源外业调查的全流程数字化作业和草地类型、牧草植物、草地盖度等相关数据的智能分析、数据共享、深度挖掘和应用提供基础性数据支撑,对推进我国智慧草业的发展具有重要意义。     

草地地上生物量估算模型研究进展

草地地上生物量监测是合理利用草地资源,掌握草原生态演替过程的重要依据。但是,实时观测草地地上生物量信息需要耗费大量的人力物力,亟需借助遥感、数学等工具进行间接观测。本文系统阐述了国内外主流的草地地上生物量估算方法,包括遥感统计模型、草地生长模型、作物生长模型、光能利用率模型和生态过程模型等模型,以及遥感与机理模型耦合模型,概述了当前主流模型的特点及其适用条件,总结了相关的研究策略。结合草地估产的现实需求,梳理了现有的农业遥感数据同化研究进展,展望了基于遥感数据同化方法的草地地上生物量估算思路,为草地生长模拟的大区域、高精度研究提供了新的思路。     

草地火灾生成原因及火管理系统的研究

火是管理生态系统的重要自然工具.草地火包括自然火和人为火,长期在自然界生态系统中起着作用.草地火管理可用计算机模型预测自然火烧或计划火烧等火行为,来取得可预测的资源管理目标、灾情评估数学模型和减灾系统工程,开展研究和监测保证.     

基于GIS牧草种植管理专家系统的分析与设计

介绍了牧草种植管理专家系统 (Expert System, ES)的结构体系与设计思路.系统基于地理信息系统 (GIS)、数据库管理系统(SQL server),建立以遥感图像数据、土壤养分数据、专题地图矢量数据、自然地理条件因子等为主体的数据库;由专业经验及领域知识建立了决策库;由相关模型建立模型库,将这4个库通过程序代码有机的整合在一起,形成4库一体化专家系统结构.实现了在牧草种植地区草种信息咨询服务,牧草种植优化配置分析,适宜性评价及预测预报,退耕还草的空间分布及其面积的估测等功能.     

草坪建植管理智能决策系统的建构

从实际应用角度出发,设计了以知识库、数据库、模型库为基本内容,智能决策为主要功能的"草坪建植管理智能决策系统"。该系统可综合运用推理、解释等机制,帮助用户设计在不同气候区域建植不同用途草坪的方案,并解答建植养护管理等技术问题。同时,系统采用多样灵活的查询方式,将多年来草坪专家积累的知识、经验和技术,以文本、图片等集成信息展示于用户。系统信息量大,功能全面,操作简便,对草坪建植管理具有重要意义。     

北京地区苜蓿栽培管理专家系统构建

基于PAID4.0农业专家系统开发平台,面向对象的VB6.0程序语言,辅助以InterDev、Asp、HTML语言,Dream Weaver网页制作工具,SQL Server后台数据库管理,以北京地区的地理环境、水土、气候等生产条件为主要依据,将苜蓿Medicago sativa产业化过程所需的知识库、模型库和逻辑推理机有机结合,贯穿了苜蓿适宜品种与播期选择、节水灌溉、科学施肥、病虫草害诊断与防治、适宜刈割时期预测、草产品质量评价等苜蓿产业化过程的所有环节,构建并完成了在单机或网络环境下运行的科学实用的北京地区苜蓿栽培管理专家系统,为北京地区的苜蓿种植户和企业等用户实时查询和掌握科学的苜蓿栽培管理知识与技术提供信息服务与支持。     

红三叶个体水平异黄酮含量的差异及其形态特征和草产量比较研究

为探索选育高异黄酮含量红三叶(Trifolium pratense L.)新种质材料的可行途径，本研究测定和林格尔县实验地中300株红三叶地上部分的异黄酮含量，采用K-means聚类分析方法，将不同异黄酮含量红三叶聚类为4个类群(T1～T4),同时对4个红三叶类群进行形态特征进行观测，以及对各农艺性状和产量指标进行测定。结果表明：300株红三叶异黄酮含量介于15.65～34.16 mg·g^-1,平均含量为24.88 mg·g^-1。不同异黄酮含量的红三叶类群在形态特征、农艺性状、草产量等方面具有显著性差异，其中高异黄酮含量红三叶群体占300株的18.67%,平均含量为29.61 mg·g^-1,具有绝对株高和自然株高差值大于15 cm(平卧型)和叶片面积小于350 mm²的形态特征；同时绝对株高、草产量也显著更高(P<0.05)。本研究为红三叶高产优质栽培和品种选育奠定了基础。     

The use of a geographical information system in the management of a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic

A decision support system for managing a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic is being developed at Massey University on behalf of the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. The system will comprise a variety of computer technologies, including a database management system, a geographic information system, a spatial simulation model of foot-and-mouth disease and a number of expert systems.     

饲用燕麦和草木樨混播栽培技术

为了提高单位面积土地的利用效率，增加单位面积经济效益，采用饲用燕麦和草木樨混播技术，不仅可以合理、有效地利用空间、光照、热量和水分等资源，增加牧草产量，提高牧草品质，还可以进行营养互补；草木樨还可以改善土壤结构、提高土壤肥力。通过开展饲用燕麦和草木樨混播栽培技术等方面的综合研究，明确了饲用燕麦和草木樨混播栽培选地、种子准备、播种、田间管理、收获等关键技术指标，为大田生产的规范化、标准化、产业化、市场化提供了技术支撑。     

Effects of high-sugar ryegrass silage and mixtures with red clover silage on ruminant digestion. 1. In vitro and in vivo studies of nitrogen utilization

Two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of feeding grass silages differing in their water-soluble carbohydrate content, with or without red clover silage, on the efficiency of nutrient use. High-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover were ensiled in laboratory silos for use in an in vitro experiment (Exp. 1). For an in vivo experiment (Exp. 2), the same forage types were baled and ensiled. All silages were well preserved; within experiments the grass silages had similar composition, except for greater (P < 0.05) water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the high-sugar than the control grass silage. In Exp. 1, high-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover silages were fed alone or as mixtures (30:70, 50:50, or 70:30 on a DM basis, respectively) of each grass with the red clover silage to a simulated rumen culture system. There were no significant differences in microbial N flow or efficiency of microbial protein synthesis between individual forages. However, the corresponding values for the 70:30 ratio of high-sugar grass:red clover silage were greater (P < 0.05) than for the red clover silage. The value for the efficiency of N use (g of microbial N/g of feed N) was greater (0.86; P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass silage than the control grass silage. In addition, the high-sugar grass:red clover silage mixtures all gave greater (P < 0.05) values for the efficiency of N use than red clover silage alone; this difference was not achieved with the control grass mixture. Experiment 2 was an incomplete Latin square design conducted with 6 Here-ford x Friesian steers (163 +/- 5.9 kg of BW) with rumen and duodenal cannulas fed the following 5 silage diets: high-sugar grass silage; control grass silage; high-sugar grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); control grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); and red clover silage. Rumen NH3-N concentration was lowest (P < 0.05) with the high-sugar grass silage. Microbial N flows to the duodenum and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed the high-sugar grass silage than for control grass and red clover silages, and mixing red clover with grass silages increased (P < 0.05) these values compared with red clover silage alone. In both experiments, the efficiency of incorporation of silage N into microbial N was more than 20% greater (P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass than for control grass silage. These data suggest that grass silage with high-sugar content provides a forage-based strategy for balancing N and energy supply and improving the efficiency of use of grass silage N in the rumen.     

Red urine from red deer grazed on pure red clover swards

Twenty-four red deer hinds with their calves were released on to a newly established pure red clover sward and, 2 days later, red staining of the tail, perineum and hocks was observed. This was presumed to be of urinary origin. Observation of micturition showed that when urine was passed, it was a normal straw colour but it turned scarlet-red about 1 hour after exposure to air. Midstream urine remained the normal colour when held under a pure nitrogen atmosphere immediately after micturition, but it turned red when held in air in the dark, suggesting that the colour change was due to an oxidative rather than a photosensitive reaction. All deer grazing red clover were affected but this did not occur in deer grazing ryegrass/white clover swards. No adverse effects were observed in the deer grazing the red clover, and calf growth was significantly higher than on ryegrass/white clover, suggesting that the red urine had no effect on health or productivity.

Blood and urine analyses showed no signs of haemolysis, haematuria or haemoglobinuria. Preliminary chemical analyses suggest that the compounds involved are not those found in the urine of sheep grazing oestrogenic clover. The nature of the compounds have yet to be determined.     

不同光照与水分条件下2种白三叶生长特性比较

为探究不同光照和水分条件对不同品种白三叶（Trifolium repens L.）生长特性的影响,本研究以TKPR和TNSP 2个白三叶品种为试验对象,通过温室控制设定了3个光照梯度和3个水分梯度共9个组合处理,分析了不同处理下白三叶形态、生物量积累、生物量分配比及其可塑性指标的响应特征。结果表明：品种TKPR各指标受光照强度影响较大,品种TNSP受水分强度、光照与水分交互作用的影响较大;品种TNSP的相对生长速率大于TKPR;在适宜的环境下品种TNSP的生物量积累高于品种TKPR;光照与水分的交互作用对品种TKPR的开花繁殖策略影响较大;在不利的环境下品种TKPR适应可塑性较强,TNSP较弱。本研究结果为培育白三叶的新品种和高效生产栽培管理等方面提供了一定的参考依据。     

Red urine from red deer grazed on pure red clover swards

Twenty-four red deer hinds with their calves were released on to a newly established pure red clover sward and, 2 days later, red staining of the tail, perineum and hocks was observed. This was presumed to be of urinary origin. Observation of micturition showed that when urine was passed, it was a normal straw colour but it turned scarlet-red about 1 hour after exposure to air. Midstream urine remained the normal colour when held under a pure nitrogen atmosphere immediately after micturition, but it turned red when held in air in the dark, suggesting that the colour change was due to an oxidative rather than a photosensitive reaction. All deer grazing red clover were affected but this did not occur in deer grazing ryegrass/white clover swards. No adverse effects were observed in the deer grazing the red clover, and calf growth was significantly higher than on ryegrass/white clover, suggesting that the red urine had no effect on health or productivity. Blood and urine analyses showed no signs of haemolysis, haematuria or haemoglobinuria. Preliminary chemical analyses suggest that the compounds involved are not those found in the urine of sheep grazing oestrogenic clover. The nature of the compounds have yet to be determined.